Organisers:

Comprehensive Certificate Course for

BEAM Plus on Energy Use (EU) 2016

Honorable Speaker – Dr. Paul Sat

Hong Kong Green Building Council

‘Key elements of energy and carbon audits’

‘Implementation of energy management policy and plan’

‘Case studies in energy efficient system and savings’

28 November 2016

Session 5 – Energy Analysis and Management

Comprehensive Certificate Course for BEAM Plus on Energy Use (EU) 2016

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Supporting organisations:

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Page 2

Chapter 1

Agenda

•Energy Management (ISO 50001)

•Knowledge-based • Benefits

• Characteristics

• Criteria

• Difficulties

• Barriers

•Way Forwards (ACT-Shop)

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ISO 50001 International Standard

Plan

P.1 Energy policy P.2 Legal and other

requirement P.3 Energy objectives, targets P.4 Energy review P.5 Energy baseline P.6 Energy performance

indicators P.7 Action plans

Do

D.1 Competence, training and awareness

D.2 Communications D.3 Documentation D.4 Operation control D.5 Design D.6 Procurement of energy

services, products, equipment and energy

Check

C.1 Monitoring, measurement and analysis

C.2 Evaluation of compliance of requirements

C.3 Internal audit for compliance C.4 Non-conformities, correction,

corrective, and preventive action

C.5 Control of records

ACT

A.1 Management Review

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Key element of energy and carbon audit

Policy (Energy Act)

• Improve energy efficiency & performance

• Reduce carbon footprint

• Obtain information for regular setting, monitoring and

reviewing objective & target

• Achieve legal & best practice compliance

• Communication and education between tenant,

employees/staffs & stakeholders

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• Energy Baseline

• Year 2005 as the baseline

• Recorded in energy review report and reviewed every

year

• Energy Performance Indicators

• Energy Utilization Index, EUI

• Recorded in energy review report and reviewed every

year

Energy Plan

Energy consumption (kWh or MJ)

Floor area (m2)

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• Management Process (Do & Check)

Implementation of energy management

DATABASE

POLICY

OBJECTIVE & TARGET

ACTION PLAN

AUDIT

MEASUREMENT & VERIFICATION

REVIEW MEETING & REPORT

ANALYSIS

ACT

PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION

DO

CHECK

Knowledge-based

DIAGNOSIS (Retro-Cx)

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Knowledge-based Energy Management

DATA INFORMATION

Benchmarking

1. Energy Use Intensity (e.g. EUI)

2. Performance Indicator (e.g. COP)

Performance Commissioning

1. Fine tune & optimisation (re-tune)

2. Fault Detection

3. Forecasting & proactive control

Modification / Retrofit

1. Saving Estimation

2. M&V

ANALYSIS

DIAGNOSIS

MEASUREMENT & VERIFICATION

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2. Benchmarking

Retrofitting

Testing,

adjusting,

balancing, Modification

1. Performance Commissioning

8

Performance

Energy

Management

Cost not Benefit

O&M Manual

Meas

ure

energ

y

inte

nsi

ty

Design energy intensity

Measure Design

Performance

Pan-Do-Check-Act

Re-tune

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Output Input

Efficiency =

Saving Estimation (DATA

INFORMATION)

How Efficient is

Our Plant?

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Saving = 9,858kWh/year

Saving Estimation (ANALYSIS +

DIAGNOSIS)

How much

can you save?

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Measurement and

Verification Method

Condition 1

Condition 2

Condition 3

Did it work?

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Always open

Always close

Fault Diagnosis Are our systems working?

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Hotels New Development Commercial Bldgs

Existing Bldg A 145

136 (50th%)

2011

2016

How do we compare with others?

Opportunities

(Benchmarking)

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Long Term Planning

Can we have a 10-year plan?

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Benefits

• Knowledge-based vs Experiential-based operation

Experience based Knowledge based ON/OFF

Condition base

Optimization

Performance

time

Breakdown Routine Proactive

• Contractors • Operator/Technician (frontline) • Facility Mgt. (administrator)

• Contractors • Operators/Technician (frontline) • High performance sustainable

building professionals

ON/OFF malfunction Stepwise Performance base

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Characteristic

Action Research

Sources: Swire Properties Ltd

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• Knowledge-based vs Experiential-based operation

Criteria

conventional

Integrated with design & construction

Information

New ideas

Exchange of Information

Professionalism

Working group

Specialist Communication

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Difficulties

Collaboration:

• Designer/Consultants: BMS design & specifications

• Manufacturers: User-friendly products

• Contractors: T&C requirement

• Operators: Culture change

• Owners: Knowledge

Lack of market drives • Not aware benefit of

using data

Software not user

friendly • Proprietary product

High investment • Cost not directly

justified

• Product upgrade

• Staff training

Data missing • Massive data

transmission and

storage problem

Inaccurate data • Sensor malfunction/

improper location &

error

Inconsistent data

format • Bldg. Mgt. Systems

& power metering

systems not

interoperable

Lack of support • Not much demand

Inadequate hardware • Power meters on

equipment/system

base

• Flow meter / DP

sensors

DATA

FACILITIES

BUSINESS

Lack of Specification • There is no any

requirement and

standards for

reference

ACT-shop

Knowledge - Why

Operating Data Not

Commonly Used?

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Barriers Collaboration issues within the Industry

Owner Designer

Operator Contractor

•Inadequate drives for knowledge

based management

•Focus on project cost only

•Lacks BMS/PMS/DMS expertise

•Lacks O&M experiences

•Shortage of construction time

•Inadequate T&C and re-commissioning

concept

•Focus on services reliability for tenants

•Lack of interest and capabilities in

performance analysis

Manufacturer

•Focus on functional operation needs only

•Value of information management not

emphasis

•Lacks of interest in O&M market

•Emphasis on cost competitiveness

ACT-shop

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Voluntary Scheme Energy Audit Template

Central Air-conditioning (A/C)

EUI [(6)+(9)+(14)+(1)] / (2)

Annual COP (3) / [(6)+(9)+(14)+(1)]

Rated COP (7) / [(8)+(12)+(16)+(4)]

A/C – air-conditioning fans

EUI AC fan consumption (1) / AC area

(2)

Annual

COP

Thermal energy consumption (3) /

(2)

Rated

W/l/s

AC fan total rated power (4) *1000

/ AC fan total flow (5)

A/C – chiller/heat pump

EUI Chiller/heat pump consumption (6) / (2)

Annual

COP

(3) / (6)

Rated

COP

Chiller/heat pump total rated capacity (7) /

Chiller/heat pump total rated power (8)

A/C – air-conditioning pump

EUI AC pump consumption (9) / (2)

Annual

COP

(3) / (9)

Rated

W/l/s

AC chilled water pump total rated

power (10) *1000 / AC chilled water

pump total flow (11)

AC condensing water pump total rated

power (12) *1000 / AC condensing

water pump total flow (13)

A/C – heat rejection unit

EUI AC cooling tower consumption (14) /

(2)

Annual

COP

(3) / (14)

Rated

COP

Cooling tower total heat rejection

capacity (15) / cooling tower total

rated power (16)

A/C – central chilled water plant

EUI [(6)+(9)+(14)] / (2)

Annual

COP

(3) / [(6)+(9)+(14)]

Rated

COP

(7) / [(8)+(12)+(16)]

Energy consumption for chiller/heat pump, A/C pump, A/C fan, heat rejection units

Thermal energy consumption for building

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data

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Knowledge-Based Energy Management

Sensors

Analysis Useful

Information

Utilise

Information •Facilitate Research

•Implement Initiatives

Da

ta

Tra

ns

mis

sio

n

Data Bank

BM

S Always close

Saving Estimation M&V Method

Fault Diagnosis Long Term Planning

Opportunities

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BMS BMS BMS BMS

BMS BMS BMS BMS

BMS BMS BMS BMS

BMS BMS BMS BMS

BMS BMS BMS BMS

BMS BMS BMS BMS

BMS BMS BMS BMS

BMS BMS BMS BMS

BMS BMS BMS BMS

BMS BMS BMS BMS

BMS

BMS

BMS

BMS

BMS

Quality of Data

•Accuracy

•Right Form

•Accessibility

Problems:

•Missing data

•Incorrect form of data

•Huge data volume and scale

•Incompetence in analysis

Technical Challenges

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Challenges of Knowledge-Based Energy

Management

• Capital Investment

Value for Information Unknown?

• Technology Development / Investment

Who to Specify?

• Full Understanding of Users

Operator Involvement in Design?

Data Bank

Sensors

Analysis Useful

Information

Utilise

Information

Da

ta

Tra

ns

mis

sio

n

• Professional

Development in

Technology

Capacity Building?

• Drive for Change

Regulations /

Financial

incentive?

BMS

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Page 25

Building Operator

• Government • Private Sector

Services Provider

In-house Competence

e-O&M Manual

Develop & drive the products / services markets

Saving

Business

knowledge

Beyond Standard

• Detailed databank • Develop competence within the

industry • Standardise energy analysing

method / format • Raise next energy audit standard • Robust benchmarking system

Industry HKIE

BSOMES

ASHRAE

RICS…

Education VTC/IVE

Universities

AC

T SH

OP

Establish Knowledge Sharing Platform

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Page 26

.

.

.

Run to Life Retrofit Knowledge transfer

Early Replacement

House keeping

General Practices & Regulatory Compliance

Optimization

Continuous Improvement

Chiller

Lighting

Advanced Control

Air-cool Water-cool

Lift Modernization

Retro-Cx

Metering

Work with stakeholders

Routine Inspection

Knowledge-Based Practice Adopt Best Practice Maintenance Requirement

Routine Maintenance

Mandatory Audit

O&M Manual

Basic Need

Saving ~17% Saving >24%

Transformation of the Current Industry

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Chapter 2

Agenda

•ACT-shop

•Database & Analysis

•Benchmarking KPI

•Retro-Commissioning

•Case Studies

•Retrofit

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28

EXISTING BUILDING

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Knowledge Based Energy Management - Roles

Benchmark with others

Any Improvement ?

(EMO identification)

Control Tuning / Set point Reset

System optimization

[skill orientated]

Data Information

Possible Solution

(knowledge-orientated)

Professional Services

Value-added Services

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ACT-shop Objectives

• Actively supporting HK gov’s energy saving plan

支持香港政府的香港都市節能藍圖

• Building up the competence for the industry on retro-commissioning through

建立業界重新校驗的能力

• developing the data/knowledge base

建立數據/知識庫

• developing a systematic approach for retro-commissioning

建立系統化的重新校驗方法

• demonstrating the value of retro-commissioning

顯示重新校驗的價值

• transferring the knowledge and skills to the industry

向業界傳遞知識和技能

• establishing a practical operation & management system

建立實用的營運管理體系

• Promoting the adoption of best practices to the industry

促進業界採用最佳方法

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ACT-shop Methodology

Alignment Meeting

Site

Evaluation

“ACT-Shop”

Data Centre (Capture & Share

Data)

Performance

Interest

1.Schematic/Control

Instrument

LOG sheet / DATA

3.Curves

2.Bldg & System Info

Peer Sharing, Training

1.Papers

2.Guidebooks

3.Standards

Site measurement

Conference Sharing

M&V Evaluation Implementation Data Collection Data Analysis

Meters

Gauge

Competence Concern

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Preliminary Analysis:

“ACT-Shop” – Part I (retro-Cx) 1. Performance line evaluation

2. Peak demand shedding

3. Valve controllability tuning

4. Set-point re-tune

5. Sequencing re-tune

6. Set-point reset

Outdoor Ambient Temperature

Load

Inte

nsi

ty

Val

ve C

on

tro

llab

ility

24:00

Pea

k D

eman

d

0:00

summer

winter

Co

ntr

ol S

et-p

oin

t Re-tune: • Discharge valve • Double regulating

valve, etc.

Thermal Load Intensity

%lo

ad

100% Re-tune: 1. DTCHWS

2. DTA

3. DSP 4. DPWS

5. TAPP,C

6. TAPP,CT

1

2

3 4 5 6

Outdoor Ambient Temperature Thermal Load Intensity

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Performance line evaluation

Lo

ad

In

ten

sity

Outdoor Temp

COP keeps constant

Lo

ad

In

ten

sity

Outdoor Temp

COP increases at part load

Lo

ad

In

ten

sity

Outdoor Temp

COP decreases at part load

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Cooling Load Intensity

Perc

enta

ge o

f Fu

ll Lo

ad A

mp

ere

3 Chillers Zone

2 Chillers Zone 1 Chiller

Zone

100% Full Load

• Good operation

• Poor operation (narrow delta T due to excessive flow

through chillers or insufficient chiller heat transfer capacity)

Sequencing control evaluation

Percentage of Full Load Ampere vs Cooling Load

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Sequencing control evaluation (cont’d) –

Delta T of Chilled Water vs Cooling Load D

elta

T o

f C

hill

ed

Wat

er

3 Chillers Zone 2 Chillers

Zone 1 Chiller Zone

Delta T of Chilled Water Design Value

Cooling Load Intensity

• Good operation

• Poor operation (due to excessive flow through chillers)

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Voluntary Scheme Energy (Elect./Thermal) Consumption

Short-term data logging for year-round assessment

Long-term (1)

(487.2*23.5-545)*243 = 2,649,721

Short-term (1)

(483.2*23.5+49)*243 = 2,771,221

Long-term (2)

(308.2*23.5+357)*52 = 395,184

Short-term (2)

(336.2*23.5+19)*52 = 411,824

Long-term (3)

(144*23.5+2063)*69 = 375,843

Short-term (3)

(179*23.5+1054)*69 = 362,975

Actual Total

3,336,081

Long-term Total (1+2+3)

3,420,748 (error 2.54%)

Short-term Total (1+2+3)

3,546,020 (error 6.3%)

Energy consumption for chiller/heat pump, A/C pump, A/C fan, heat rejection units

Similar for “Thermal Energy consumption”

WD

SD

HD

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“Action” data

1. 30 VAV boxes per floor & 35 floors

2. A min.4 data is required per box

1. 35 AHUs & 4 PAUs

2. A min.10 data is required per

AHU/PAU

1. 4 chillers (15 data per chiller)

2. 5 PCHW CSD pumps & 3

SCHW VSD pumps (6 data per

pump)

3. 9 cooling towers (6 data per

tower)

4. 20 data for main header/riser &

weather data

Terminals (5,600 data)

Airside System (390 data)

Chiller plant System (182 data)

5 minutes

30 minutes

1 hour

12 hours operation per day

604,800 per day

(3,628,800 per week)

9,360 per day

(56,160 per week)

2,184 per day

(13,104 per week)

616,344 per day

(3,698,064 per week)

Once per week

Data interval

Data type

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Performance Assessment

Development of KPI (Air conditioning) Energy consumption by area

EUI

Total A/C energy consumption

Area

Thermal Energy consumption by area

TEUI

Cooling energy consumption

Area

System energy efficiency ratio

EERS

Cooling energy consumption

Total A/C energy consumption

Plant energy efficiency ratio

EERS

Cooling energy consumption

Chiller plant energy consumption

Terminal energy efficiency ratio

EERT(AS)

Cooling energy consumption

Airside energy consumption

CHW transfer efficiency ratio

TERCHW

Cooling energy consumption

CHWP energy consumption

Chiller Coefficient of Performance

COPCH

Cooling energy consumption

Chiller plant energy consumption

HR System transfer efficiency ratio

TERHRS

Cooling energy consumption

HR system energy consumption

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Performance Assessment - KPI benchmarking

Full load EER issue

1

2

3

2 3

1

1 2

3

Bldg-A

Bldg-B

Bldg-C

Bldg-A

Bldg-B

Bldg-C

Bldg-A

Bldg-B

Bldg-C

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Performance Assessment -KPI benchmarking Full load EER issue

EER raise at part load

EER drop at part load

1

2

3

1

2

3

1 2

3

Bldg-A

Bldg-B

Bldg-C

Bldg-A

Bldg-B

Bldg-C

Bldg-A

Bldg-B

Bldg-C

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Performance Assessment - KPI benchmarking

EER raise at part load

EER drop at part load

1

2

3

Chiller Waterside Heat

Rejection 1

2

3

1

2

3

1 2

3

Bldg-A

Bldg-B

Bldg-C

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Performance Assessment - Identification of EMO

1 3

2

2

1 1

2

2

1 1

1

1

1 3

3

2 EER drop at part load

3 2

3

3

2 2

1

3 EER drop at part load

EMO

EMO

EMO

EMO EMO

EMO

EMO

3 EER raise at part load

Bldg-A Bldg-B

Bldg-C

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Re-commissioning Concept

Re-commissioning Re-commissioning is a system process for investigating, analyzing, and optimizing the

performance of building systems through operational and maintenance improvement

measures and ensure their continued performance overtime

Target performance

Re-commissioning mainly taken place at HVAC & lighting and focuses on:

1.Trouble spots

2.Equipment & control performance issue

Building put in

operation

Back to

target

Out

perform

Re-commissioning

Re-commissioning Concept

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Re-commissioning Process

Re-commissioning Process

Power meter

EMS BAS

(HVAC/LGT)

Sensor

kWh 1. Thermal consumption

2. Temperature

3. Flowrate

4. Differential pressure

5. Fan & pump speed

6. Valve & damper opening

Target performance

Actual performance

Design /retrofit intent

1. Maximize Thermal consumption per kWh (COP)

2. Maintain differential temperature

3. Variable flow rate

4. Variable differential pressure

5. Fan & pump speed reduced as per reduced flow &

pressure

6. Valve & damper opening keep on/off align with

thermal demand

Central

services Control

processor

Fine

tuning

Set-point /

criteria

Data Retrofit

Yes Weather

(T, RH%) HKO

No

Data logger

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Performance Assessment

Development of KPI (Air conditioning) Chiller Coefficient of Performance

COPCH

Cooling energy consumption

Chiller plant energy consumption

%Loading

%QE

Chillers Part-load (cooling)

Chillers rated-load (cooling)

Chiller Lift

DTCE

Cond. refrig. T – Evap. Refrig. T

Cond. water temperature

difference

DTCW

Condenser approach

temperature

ATC

Cond. Refrig. T – Cond. Water leaving T

Chilled water temperature

difference

DTCHW

Evaporator approach

temperature

ATE

Chilled Water supply T – Evap. Refrig. T

Wet-bulb ambient

temperature

TWB

Cooling tower approach

temperature

ATCT

Cond. Water entering T – Wet bulb ambient T

Supply air temperature

TSA

Chiller Sequencing Control

Thermodynamic Balance

QC = QE + W

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Rationale behind KPI

COP drops when %load below

60% at different Tcwe

Tc Tcwl

Tcwe

Twb

Te Tchws

Tchwr Tsa

ATC

DTCW

DTCHW

ATCT

DTCE

ATE

(Weather constraint)

Fouling

Fouling

Condensing water flow control

Chilled water flow control

(Dehumidification Requirement)

Design

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Value for Money – Retro-Commissioning

- Need to do

- TOTAL 0-3% SAVING

- <1 year payback

- TOTAL 3-8% SAVING

- 1-3 years payback

- TOTAL 8-10% SAVING

- >3-8 years payback

- TOTAL 10-20% SAVING

ENERGY

MANAGERMENT

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Audit Check (Any fault?)

• Fault detection How Data

Helps

• Time series analysis

• Expert rules Tool

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Case Study: Problem in Air Handling Unit

Setpoint 24℃

Return Air Temp. (deg C)

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10:30

fan on

21:00

fan off

Return Air Temp. from BMS Actual Return Air Temp. by Measurement (deg C)

Temp. rise when fan on

BMS error

Case Study: Problem in Air Handling Unit

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Case Study: Problem in Air Handling Unit

Problem Verification

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Case Study: Problem in Air Handling Unit

Setpoint

24℃

Supply Air Temp (deg C)

Return Air Temp (deg C)

After problem solving

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Re-tune (Case 1)

• Optimise operation How Data

Helps

• Time series analysis

Tool

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Page 60

Case Study: Optimisation of differential

pressure set point

chiller

chiller

chiller

CC

CC

P

Differential

Pressure Set

Point

1. Lower differential pressure set point

2. Monitor the trend of the following against

time (time series anaysis):

• Actual differential pressure (according to

set point?)

• Modulating valve position of AHU at

critical path (open wider?)

• Chilled water pumps speed (reduced?)

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Case Study: Optimisation of pressure

differential set point

chiller

chiller

chiller

CC

CC

P

Differential

Pressure Set

Point

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

delta-P set SCWP#3-delta-PTime

Set Point Actual Pressure

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

SCWP#3-%HzTime

Pump Speed

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PAU-A4-%ValveTime

Valve Position

Lowest speed reached:

Need to replace a smaller

pump for further saving

Lowest speed reached:

Need to replace a smaller

pump for further saving

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Re-tune (Case 2)

• Optimise operation How Data

Helps

• Engineering Approach

Tool

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Page 63

ΔT

ΔT , design = 5C

Data of ΔT

high condensing

differential

temperature

Any Deviation?

Design

Real Operation

Underflow

7C

Any Deviation?

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Page 64

En

teri

ng Cooling

Tower

Cooling

Tower

To BMS

P

PFlowcon

collectorcollector

1m

Le

av

ing

En

teri

ng Cooling

Tower

Cooling

Tower

To BMS

P

PFlowcon

collectorcollector

1m

Le

av

ing

Le

av

ing

T

T

to remove the flow-con:

• higher water flow rate

• lower condensation temperature

• higher chiller efficiency

Underflow

Increase

pressure

Reduce

resistance

More

consumption

lower

7C

4.5C

Problem Identification & Rectification

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Page 65

Flowcon experiment

CH2

CH3

P P

P

P P P

In the experiment Compressor of CH3 was not running . Modulate CH3’s butterfly valve, and

read the pressure gages.

Flowcon

Flowcon Butterfly valve

Butterfly valve

Test time: 2010-11-08 10:00-10:30

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Page 66

Differential Pressure across components

CH3

P P P P

手动阀门开度 冷机前 冷机后 Flowcon后 手动阀门后

kPa kPa kPa kPa1(open) 950 850 750 7202/3 950 850 750 7201/2 950 850 750 7201/3 950 850 800 7201/4 960 875 860 7201/5 990 910 900 7201/5- 1000 950 950 7201/5-- 1030 1000 1000 7201/5--- 1050 1020 1020 720

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Flowcon characteristic

Full to 1/3 opening, “Flowcon” work properly with resistance 10m (100kPa)

At & fter 1/4, CHW flow become less, in which “Flowcon” does not work properly with its

resistance only 2m (20kPa) to 0kPa.

From 1 to ½ valve opening, CHW flow maintained, in which “Flowcon” work properly with its resistance 10m (100lPa).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1 2/3 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/5- 1/5-- 1/5---

Butterfly valve position

Resi

stan

ce (

m)

Chiller Flowcon Butterfly valve

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Page 68

CH2

CH3

P P

P

P P P

Flowcon

Flowcon Butterfly valve

Butterfly valve

When Flowcon works at full to half load with butterfly valve

closing, system resistance becomes 22m (220kPa).

When “Flowcon” does not work at light load with butterfly

valve closing, system resistance >>22m.

手动阀门开度 冷机前 冷机后 Flowcon后 手动阀门后

kPa kPa kPa kPa

CH2 1(open) 1050 970 N/A 720

CH3 1/5--- 1050 1020 1020 720

950 850 750

Pump is not allow to reduce P

Pump speed would not be further reduced

Chiller Flowcon experiment result

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Page 69

kPa

Riser A B C D E F

Critical AHU 33.5 35.2 37.4 37.8 35.5 35.8

Target 54 56 57 58 56 56

ΔP ΔP ΔP ΔP ΔP ΔP

Return

Supply

Riser A Riser B Riser C Riser D Riser E Riser F

Design

Real Operation

Vs.

Any Deviation?

Organisers:

Page 70

Restricted by

under-sized AUHs

Renovation of under-

sized AUHs

A B C D E F

Original 85 110 95 95 100 100

Step 1 85 110 90 90 100 100

Step 2 75 110 80 80 80 80

Step 3 70 80 70 70 70 70

Summer time exercise

Winter time ??

P reset Over pressurized

Problem Identification & verification

Organisers:

Page 71

Modification

(Fault detection + Duct static pressure reset

w/o DDC)

• Optimise operation How Data

Helps

• Regression model + expert rules + engineer approach

Tool

Organisers:

Page 72

Re-commissioning Process Phase 3: Renovation Planning & Budget

•Demand on renovation greater improvement opportunities

•Scope & budget

Option 1

Option 2

Organisers:

Page 73

Re-commissioning Process

Phase 3: Renovation Planning & Budget

•Report & Action Plan

•Prioritization

Organisers:

Page 74

• Saving Estimation How Data

Helps

• Regression model + BIN Method

Tool

Retrofit

(Conversion from IGV to VSD control)

Organisers:

Page 75

Retrofit – Saving Estimation

75

Freq

uen

cy (

Hz)

Freq

uen

cy (

Hz)

Outdoor Air Temp Flowrate

Flowrate

Correlate outdoor temp with

frequency by regression

Correlate frequency

with flow rate

Correlate flow rate

with power for existing & retrofitted devices

Year-round Frequency Distribution of outdoor temp.

Saving = 9,858kWh/year

Organisers:

Page 76

Retrofit – Measurement & Verification

76

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

kW

/ton

CSD VSD

Temperature Range

<21.6 to 23.2oC

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

kW

/ton

CSD VSD

Temperature Range

23.3 to 28oC

Condensing water temp range 23.3 to 28 deg C

Condensing water temp range <21.6 to 23.2 deg C

Chiller Loading (%)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

CSD CSD

Temperature Range

28.1 to >30.5oC

Condensing water temp range > 28.1 to 30.5 deg C

Manufacturer claimed saving cannot be identified

Constant Speed Drive Chiller Variable Speed Drive Chiller

Performance indicator to be verified against % loading at particular range of impact factor(s)

Organisers:

Page 77

Energy Management

(Are we achieving our target?)

• Energy management reporting

How Data Helps

• Cumulative frequency plot Tool

Organisers:

Page 78

Remark: FW 2011 Energy Consumption is 24M kWh and sold at 2012

(% change since 2001) (energy used per m2)

Achievement and Target

Organisers:

Page 79

Cost and Benefit

Organisers:

Page 80

Investment, $M Saving, M kWh (%) Payback (yrs)

Air- to water-cooled 70 9.6 (6%) 5.6

Chiller replacement 307 23.7 (10%) 9.7

Lighting replacement 70.5 17.8 (7%) 3.0

HVAC Modification (1) •Automatic tube cleaning •VSD for AHU/PAU/AC pumps •Conversion to PVF •FA demand control •Conversion of cooling tower….

193 30.9 (12%) 4.8

HVAC Modification (2) 40 13 (6%) 2.4

LANDLORD

Database

Organisers:

Page 81

Chapter3 – Carbon

Energy use (Indirect CO2e

emission)

CO2, SOX, NOX,….

Energy use < norm (carbon

offset)

1. Building-to-building

2. Tenant-to-landlord

Renewable energy (Indirect

CO2e emission)

CO2, SOX, NOX,….

OPERATION

Embody carbon

1. HFC refrigerant

2. Water transportation

3. Travel

4. Tree

1. Paper waste

2. Waste water treatment

MANUFACTURING DISPOSAL

1

2

3

4 3

Organisers:

Page 82

Sustainable

Growth

Eco-Cost

Financial Cost

Natural

Capital

Considering Eco-Cost

Capitalism GDP Growth Consumerism

Profit

Maximisation

Business

Case

Organisers:

Page 83

Natural

Capital

Eco-Cost?

DEFINITION Eco-cost is a measure to express the amount of environmental burden of a product on the basis of prevention of that burden. This is the cost which should be made to reduce the environmental pollution and materials depletion in our world to a level which is in line with the carrying capacity of our earth.

Source: Delft University of Technology

to prevent, mitigate or remediate the burden caused to HK G-PASS focuses on 4 impacts

Resource Depletion

Environmental Pollution

Global Warming

Human Health

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

RESOURCE CONSUMPTION

ECOSYSTEM IMPACTS

HUMAN TOXICITY

Organisers:

Page 84

multiple impacts

Organisers:

Page 85

Process/

Materials

Impacts

Eco-

cost

Source: Delft University of Technology

Eco-cost principle

Organisers:

Page 86

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Financial Cost Eco-Cost Total Cost

Electricity Wind Turbine

+ =

How much will you invest in wind

turbine?

A Change in Decision Making?

Organisers:

Page 87

Including Eco-Cost in Financial Considerations

By applying Pollutor-Pay Concept, Eco-cost is reflected in financial cost via •Carbon tax •Eco-tax •Cap and Trade •Trade effluent surcharge •Plastic bag charge •Fine for exceeding emission standard

TOTA

L C

OST

TIME

Fin

anci

al C

ost

Ec

o-C

ost

Fin

anci

al C

ost

Ec

o-C

ost

Fin

anci

al C

ost

Ec

o-C

ost

Fin

anci

al C

ost

Paid by Pollutor

Paid by Society

Organisers:

Page 88

Eco-Cost Creates Value for Low Carbon

Technology

Organisers:

Page 89

Cases: Puma

Net Earn Envir. Profit & loss

2/3 of total

Organisers:

Page 90

3

Outside

Hostel

Famili

es

Colleagu

es

Neighbor

s

2 Restore ecosystem •Food production

•Water recycling

•Bio-diversity

•Natural breeze & sunlight 1 Reduce

consumption •Passive design

•Active system

•Green living

Cases: A Hostel

Cases: A Hostel

Within SPL

Stakeholders Opportunities

elsewhere

Organisers:

Page 91

Total Eco-cost: $60M Offset by green education: $62M

Calculation based on:

• Building life: 30 years

• No of people educated each year: 874

• Occupancy rate: 70%

• % of attendees change behavior after training: 20%

• How long this change lasts: 5 years

Within SPL

Stakeholders Opportunities

elsewhere

Hostel Throughout the whole building lifespan, we target to:

Cases: A Hostel

Organisers:

Page 92

Planning & Concept Design

Detail Design Construction T&C and Handover

Operation De-

commissioning

Life Cycle of Buildings

Target for integrated design & management

Organisers:

Page 93

Eco-Cost

Financial Cost

• Prevention • Mitigation • Remediation

Sustainable

Growth

Eco-Cost

Financial Cost

Natural

Capital

Capitalism GDP Growth Consumerism

Profit Maximisation Business

Case

Act Now!