A CmlPREHENSIVE COMMENTARYONTHE QURAN:COMPRISING SALE'S TRANSLATIONANDPRELIMINARY DISCOURSE,WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES AND EMENDATIONS.'t'OG&'CIl.ER W['!"R'1l lln'lJeX to tvz ([tXt, lstlliminarll 'l!El!zwnrll.anh By THE REV. E. M. WHERRY, M.A.VOL. II.LONDON,REGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & CO. L'!'PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARIKG CROSS ROAD.1896.1'5llnan1l!nt i'J'tt$lJBALLANTYNE, HANSON AND co.ElltNDURGH AND LONDONCONTENTS.CRAP. PA.OII:IIL-E1mTLED SUR .AI. IMRAN (THE FaMILY Oll' hIR.AN) 1IV.-EmrTLED SURAT UN Nrsa (WOMEN) 64, V.-ENTITLED Sm'AT UL :M.AIDA {THE TaDLE} llSVI.-ENTITLED SURAT AL AN.AM {CATTLE} 159VII.-ENT1TLED SURAT AL AR.l.ll' (THE PARTITION WALL) 201VIII.:-ENTITLED SURAT AL AUF.AL (THE SPOILS)IX.-ENTITLED SURAT AI. ,TAmu. 1M-MU]lITY)X.-:-ENTITLED SURAT AL Ym'AS (JONAH)X;'.-ENTITLED SURAT AL BuD-. SURA'" AI. YASlJ]' (JOSEPH)XIII.-ENT!TLED SUruT AI. RAAD (THUNDER).273321THE QURAN.CHAPTER III.ENTITLED SURAT AL I1mA...'f (THE FAMILY OF nmlN).Revealed at Madina.INTRODUCTION.THIS chapter contains a variety of passages belonging to differentperiods. The revelations are, howeVel", aU of Madina origin, except-ing ve:rses- 26 and 27, which seem to be the remn.an.t of a lost Sum.As to matter, the chapteT may be divided into two portions. The.first, extending to verse 120, relates to various matters of instructionand warning, suited to the circumstances. of the Muslims during theperiod of prosperity intervening between the victory at Badr andthe defeat at Ohod. The remainder of the chapter was intendeel tocounteract the evils consequent upon ilie misfortunes of the Muslimsat Ohod.Probable of the Revelations.Verses 1-25,28-57,66-94, and 98-r2o, belong to the period inter-vening between RamadMn Of A.H. 2 (Badr) and ShawwaJ of A.H. 3(Ohod).Ver... 26 and 27 are Makknn, but their date cannot be ascertained.Verses 58--65 allude to the visit of the Christians of Najran toMadina in A.H. 9. They probably belong to that year.Verses 95-97, referring to tl1e rites of pilgrimage as fullyesb.b-}is-bed, must be l'efeJ'Iecl to the later years of fr1uhammacPs life, say&11. YOLo n. ACHAP. Ill.] ( 2 ) [INTROD. INTROD.] ( 3 ) [CHAP. !II.The remaining verses, 121-200, belong to a. period immediatelysucceeding thc battle of Ohad, and must therefore be referred to thelatter part of A.H. 3 or the beginning of A.H. 4.IN THE NAME OF THE MOST MERCIFUL GOD.U(1) A. L. M. (2) There is 110 GOD but GOD, the living, nlthe self-subsisting: (3) he hath sent down unto thee the(1) A. L. N. See note on chap. ii. ver. 1, and Prelim. Disc.,p.IOO.(2) There is no God but Goel, &c. These words express one halfof the creed; they are said to have been delivered. on theoccasion of a visit to the Prophet by certain.Christians from Najran.On being invited to join Islam, they professed their faith in Jesusthe Son of God. To this Muhammad replied that they were unableto receive the true religion because of their having attributed to theDeity the human relationships of wife and son, The Christiansdeclal'eu their belief :in the Sonsh-ip of Jesus, sayingJ "If God were-not his father, who was 1'1 To this Muhammad replied, that, accord-ing to their own religion, God ,vas immortal, and yet they believedtlmt Jesus would taste of death; that he ate and drank, slept andawoke) went and came, &c. This, he averred, could not be predi-cnted of cli"inity. See Ta/szr-i-Husaini in loco.According- to the Taftt-r-i-Rauji-, this verse contains a distinct re-jection of the Ohristian doctrine of the Divinity of Christ as we]] asof the Trinity. The traditiou handed down to the present genera-tion by these- commentators, and, so fur as I know, by all commen-tator.') of the Quran, confirms our interpretation of chap. ii. vern. 86,110. MuhammaJ knew of no Trinity save that of GoiL, Mary, andJesus, and Muhammllilan commentators. know of!lo other Trinity,unless it be tl1at of God, Jesu51 and Gabriel-see inloco-probably a modern gloss of the Bihle language, H FatlJer, Son,and Holy Gho-st/1tbe term Holy Spirit, as found in the QUl'an, bei:llg"" 182-190-" 191- 195" 196-198" 199" 200vCIses 155-157" 158,159" 160, 161n 162-r65II 166- 169H " 173-176" 177-180181The hj'pocrites rebukedMuslims slain at Ohod to enter paradise.Mild treatment of vacillating 'MuslimsThe spoils of war to be honestly dividedThe faithful ,ifted by defeat at OhodThe joy of the Ohed martyrs in paradise.Certain Muslims commended for faithfulness.The fate of unbelieven .The miser's doomScoffing Jews denounced-they charge Muhammadwith impostureMeditations and prayers of the piou:>God'a ans.,,yer to the prayers of the pious .CerWn believing Jews and Chrisuaus commended .Exhortation to patience and perseveranceverses I, 2" 3,4" 5, 6" 7" 8,9" 10, 12" 13" 14-13" 19,20" 21-2 5" 26,27" 23-34" 35-33" 39-4'" 42-57" 58-65" 66-77" 73- 33" 34-91" 92" 93-95" 96, 97" 98-105" 106-109" 110-112" 1I3-IIS" rr6-I2O" 121, 122" 123-129" 130--136,. 137, 138,. '39-'44" '45-148" '49-' 5'" '52-' 54Priru:-ipal Subjeds.God one and self-exLStentThe Quntn to be bciievedGod omniscientPlain and obscure verses of the QuranThe prayer of those versed in Qura-nie mysteryThe punishment of Pharaoh a warning to infidelsThe victory at Badr alluded toThe faithful, their character and :rewardIshun the true religionThe punishment of unbelievers eternalGod omnipotent and sovereignObedience to God enjoinedThe Vhi;tin Mary-her- conception-nurtured byZachariasJohn Bapti,t, his birthChrist announced to the Virgin-his miracles- &c.Muhammad's dispute with the Christians of NajranThe hypocritical Jews reproachedProphets not to be worship'PedGod's- curse on infidels-.AJmsgiving enjoinedThe Jew. unlawfuUj' forbid certain mea.tsThe Ka.a.bah foundedMuslims are warned against the friendship of Jews,&0.The lot of infitlels and believers contrastedMuslims safe from the enmity of Jews and Chris-tiansCertain believing Jews commended for their faith.Muslims not to make friends of Jews and ChristiansThe battle of OhoJ alluded toDisheartened Muslims encouraged .Usmy forbiddenThe iLoom of calumniators of the "postlesIslam not dependent on Muhammad for successThe former prophets are examples of pers.everance .Unbelievers to he avoidetlCertain Muslims disobeJient at Ohodbook of the Quran with truth, confirming that which was-revealed before it; for he had formerly sent down the law,and the gospel a direction unto men; and he had also sentdown the distinction betweengood and evil. (4) Verily thosewho believe not the signs of GOD shall suffer a grievouspunishment; for GOD is mighty, able to revenge. (5)Surely nothing is hidden from GOD, of that whick is on to- ::efer to the Angel Gabriel: see chap. ii. 253.No Cbnstlan \vlJuld object to the statement upon which we are now It is a clearly set forth in our Scriptures.But 11 tins statement IS mtended to refnte the Christian doctrineconcernjng the person of Christ and the Tl'inity, what becomes ofthe claims set lip for the Quran in this same verse as "confirmincr!hat. was revea1ecl befu:re it II 1 "\Vhat are we to say of th%1llsplmtlon of fl prophet who seems to have been isrnorant of theteaching of the Sc.riptnres he professed to confirm 1 If he were notignorant of th'2-oo docirinesj tllcu what becomes of his chal"acte-r 1'01' ]H::. be $(t of after personal WitU Chns-tJans as. teshfied by traditIon, as to attributeto thc1,11 Vle'WS never hdJ by any sect however heretical} I confessmyseH nH:\hle to (3) He hwl fm-merly sent down tile law, we. The lIu.lim com-ment.tors understand the reference to he to all the Sttiptures of theOld aml Nm,, and that t11ese were direction untothe Jews that they should not call Ezra the Son of God and" adirecti.on 1) to the Chris-tians. tl1at the.y should not call Christ"'God, theSon of ox: one of tlu'ee: of Trinity.'}-Pafs1%-i-Rau:fi.The; dtsttnctwn. origmal word 18 Al FU'l'iJa.n., a word usua-ll"\"translated in the Persian and UrdU. versions of the Quran "mirAcles:)"It is to the Quran in the of the text,' as the dis- "between good and eVl}/ espccwlly between the false true in rel,igion. This name, say the Ml1s1iIru::, is intended topo.tnt to the numeulous- character of the Quran. But if so the samecluu.'uctey nmst be cl'cdited to- the Christian and Jewish Scripturesfor the commentators aihnit that what is. referred to in the. :first pa.rtof this verse in detail is J,ere referred to in general (TaJs,r-i-Raufi inloco}_ The word therefore probably points to the seal of mi1"acleswhIch God set upon all his prophets and his word as revealed bythem. In the caE!' of the Quran, the verses (Ayiit = signs) are themlraculous seal of l.nSpuatlOll.(4) Those who [;eli"" not the sign" i.e., who reject the teachin" ofthe Quran. If our view of the Jatter clause of the preceding be correct, allusion may be had to the teaching of former Scriptar..as well..(5} 1'!othing is hidden from Goa, &:0. A distinct recognition otheom1ll5Clence of God. The commentators see in this statement a. refu-tation of the Christian doctrine of the Divinity of Christ. The Sonearth, or in heaven: (6) it is he who formeth you in thewombs, as he pleaseth ; there is no GOD but he the miO"hty, 0'the wise. (7) It is he who hath sent down unto thee thebook, wherein are some verses clear to be understood, theyare the foundation of the book; and others are paraboliciLBut they whose hearts are perverse will follow that wliichis parabolical therein, out of love of schism, aud a desireof the interpretation thereof; yet none knoweth the inter-pretation thereof, except God. BtIt tlley who Me wellof Mary not know everytbingJ therefore he could not be divim..Here '"am we see that the Muslim conception of Christ's divinityis that his humanity was di.vinQ.(6) He that fvrrneth you, &:c., i,e., ,( tall or short, mn]e or female?hck or white, deformed Of. 'Perfect, beautiful or- ug-ly, good antiior:'=-mate, or wretched and (j) Rome .clea1'J' .. paraboUaal. HThis passa.g-e istran,lated nccordmg to the expoSltlOn of ,,) Zamakhshal'l and Bai-dln1.wi, which seems to be the truest. .H The contents the are. ]1ere distingni:shed into $11Ch pa.'3-l':ap;cs 11: nre to be-. taken 1U {he lrteml sense, and such as :require- n.figurattve ncceptnt1on. The furmer, being- pb.in and ouvio-us- to beunderst?od) compose t,ne fUHlhml:-ntal part, Ott u the original ex'kpresses J1:, the- :rywlher ol the. bOQk, a.lld contalll the principal doctrineli"and prec::Rts, agreeably tOr and consistently ",Yith which, those pM- whIch are wrapt up In llletaphors anrl (1e1ivered in eni!!ffiaticRlallegorical style are ahvays tu be iIlte:rprcul!d.l1See ..Disc.:p_ 1 J }--&; his Muslim authorities are, as usual, Bardha'i\'i awlZamaJ::hsha,ri :-a Aim'an i::;. the name of two several persons.,- according: to Muhnmma\l:m tITHHtio-n. One wns the faillc-!" of Moses and Aaxm\tmtd the otlwr- -..\,;1$ the fu.thex of the Virgin. 1tfary; but he- is calledby some "\-vriters Joachim. The commentators supposetile firsL, N' :rather both of them, to be meAnt. i:,- place; ho\\'-ever, til\: per:::,on 11ltended in next pn... It Is: wo..,.'l tht::Jatte-r, \yho, be-sides :Mary the mother of Jesl.1::.,}md nlso a son nan:edAaron and another sister named hha (or EhzaUeth), who marnellZaeha;jas, and \va.'3 the mother of John Hie Baptist; whence thatpruphet and J esns are called hy the Muhammadans, Thetwo sons of the aunt, or the oouslus-german. .. From the of names it has: been generally Imagmed hyChri&tian writers lllat the Quran lmr. confonllds :Mary the motheFof J esns with Mary or Miriam the sister of Moses alld Aaroll;which intolerable anachronism, if it certain, :is. sufficient ofitself to destroy the pretended authority of this . But though may be supposed to Iw.ve been enough inancient history and chronology to have commItted so gross nblunder, ye.t 1 do see how it,can be made out from the wordsof the QUl'an. For It does not follow, because two persons haYl.l same nanw) and have each a fnt11er and brother who bear thefor thou art he who heareth and knoweth. (36) AnJwhen she was delivered of it, she said, LORD, verily Ihave brouht forth a female (aud GOD well knew whata .she had brought forth), and a male is not as a female.same nnmes, that tiley ll:ust be the person: besides, such 0. mIstake IS wlth a number ofother places in the QUd.n, wherehy It malulestly appears tha.t;.:Munammad well knew alJd asserted. that lIoses Jesussevernl ages. And the camme.nt-.ntors- accordingly faH nrJt to ten usthat there 11,. (115) And ye shall not be denied the 1'eward(Ill) Tlle.if ,hal! not be helped. "This verse, al Baidhawi says is(!Ee of wh?se meaning is a?d relates to somethingfltture; mtlTItatmg the low condltIon to winch the Jewish tribes ofQuraidha, Nadir, Bani Qiinuqaa, and those who dwelt at Khaibarwere- afterwards reduced by nlubammacU'-Sale. . 1(112) ThB'lj are smitten. The past tense used for the fut-ure menn-tng that they slw?[, ce:tai!tly be smitten, &e-. The passage indi- .the change of polIcy 11l respect to the Jews of Madina and th(1Vh;-llllty. They aTe now to s1.1bmit to be plundered and exiled. astIle Bani Nadhir, or be slaughtered as the Bani Quraidha as theollly altenlative to their accepting Ishun. The fate of tribe$at the hands of Muhammad sadly illustrats Matt. xxvii. 25. It i.remarkable tha.t the reason given here for t1H3 punishment of theJew's accords with the denunciations o-f the Bible, and this the selfish and cruel designs of the .I.\rabian prophet. U The\' the prophets, ... ",:ere rebellious and t:ransgre.szed." The1j are not ail alike. Some had become Muslims. Thesem'.!ditu.-te on !he of Gou," i.e., the Quran. any 'weregood or had,Just 01' unJust, depended now upon therr beincr Muslims-or nr:-oolieve:rs-. Co;:npare om ;Lord's words, Matt... vii. 22,23_ NIght devotions, those pel"fol'med be-t,,cen :nidnight and morning, are regarded as peculiarly meritorious.See l1hshqat ul NasliMn" book iv. chap. xxxvi.(115) And ye not be denied, d:c. Rodwell,also translates" yes1w.U not be demed,H &c. Sale says, .tSome copIes have a. differentof the good which ye do; for GOD knoweth the pious.(116) As for the unbelievers, their wealth shall not profit1hem at all, neither their children, against GOD: theyMall be the companions of hell fire; they shall continuetherein for ever. (11'7) The likeness of that which theylayout in this present life is as a wind wherein tllere isa scorching cold: it falleth on the standing corn of thosemen who have injured their own soule, and destroyeth it.And GOD dealeth not unjustly with them; hut they injuretheir own souls. (118) 0 true believers, contract llot allintimate friendship with any besides yourselves; they willnot fail to CO!TUPC you. 'They wish for that which maycause you to perish: their hatred hath already appearedTe.."l.ding," viz_, the,1f shall 1wt be den-iea. This: readiJ!g, in the tkirdperson jnstead of the seoondt is. th.at of all Ar