Comprehensive� Management of

Water Environment and

Sewage Works

Katsumi Moriyama Professor emeritus, Kyusyu Kyoritsu University,

Fukuoka, Japan

Contents 1. Comprehensive measures against environmental pollution

2. Classification of water system �

3. Sewage works in river basin �

4. Needs of nitrogen and phosphorus removal �

5. Sewage works in lake basin �

6. Regulation concept of pollutants �

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1. Comprehensive measures against environmental pollution���

（ Monitoring of environment, Establishment of regulation Laws against pollutants ）�

Standards for drinking water (217 substances)  Basic parameters…….50  Distinct toxic substances…127 　(agrichemicals of 101 are included)  Indistinct toxic chemicals… 40

Environmental quality standards related to *the protection of living environment : BOD, COD, N, P *the protection of human health : Harmful substances of 26

In 2002: Regulation Law Against Soil Contamination

Farm/stockbreeding/marine products

wastewater

Treated wastewater

In 1997: Standards of groundwater pollution (Harmful substances including nitrogen)

Human activity (consumption & production)

　In 1991: Standards of soil contamination (Harmful substances, except nitrogen)

Drinking Water Leakage of harmful

substances into soil environment

Precipitation with pollutants

In 1947: Food Sanitation Law In 2003: Food Safety Basic Law

Since 1970’s, observation points：６,000

observation well：1,000

Standards of fertilizer Harmful substances

Compost

Effluent standards Harmful substances, BOD, COD, N, P

composting

Rivers

Lakes

Coastal waters

Sludge

3

Water Supply Plant�Wastewater

Treatment Plant�

Water Environment�

Soil Environment�

Groundwater Environment�

4

5

Designation of water body classes on rivers in Fukuoka urban area

6

7 Present state of river water quality in Fukuoka prefecture (2009）

○：Rivers (regulation parameter : BOD)

□：Lakes or reservoirs (regulation parameterCOD)

○、□：environmental standard

��������� �����is unachieved�

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9

Standards related to conservation of human health

 Organic chloride compounds and agrichemicals are added to the table（total：26-28 substances）

 Environmental Quality Standard = 1/10(Effluent Standard) = Drinking Water Standard

 Purification plant does not remove these harmful chemicals.

 It is assumed that the effluent discharged from WTP is diluted to one-tenth in/by public water body.

Toxic Substances

WTP Effluent Standard

Environmental quality standard Drinking Water Public Water Body Ground Water

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

Alkyl - mercury ND ND ND -

Total - mercury 0.005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005

Cd (cadmium) 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01

Pb (lead) 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.05

Organic phosphorous compound 1 - - -

Cr (chromium) 0.5 0.05 0.05 0.05

As (arsenic) 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01

CN (cyanogen) 1 ND ND 0.01

NO3-N, NO2-N 100 10 10 10

10

Drinking water ・・・ total NOx-N(NO3-N + NO2-N) < 10 mg/L 　　（as harmful chemicals ）

Standard for irrigation water ・・・T-N 1 mg/L

Irrigation for paddy field (example 1) ･･･T-N 7 mg/L

Recommended nitrogen concentrations for water use

Drinking water 　 ・・・NH4-N 0.1mg/L ( Upper limit for preventing high dosage of chlorine )��

1 0

5 4

3 2

10

7 6

8 9

Nitrogen mg/L

Irrigation for paddy field (example 2) ･･･T-N 5 mg/L, NH4-N 3 mg/L

Observed T-N concentration range at down steam of relatively polluted river in Japan

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2. Classification of water system Discharge to river, Multiple use of water

Discharge to lake

�

lake

　�City 　WTP

Discharge to closed sea area

closed sea

Intake and water supply

discharge

For water supply

Collective basin

For water quality conservation

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Original design : Dr. TANBO

3. Sewage works in river basin(Control of BOD)

Wastewater treatment plant : 95%removal

　　　　　　 = BOD 3g/person/day BOD 10 mg/L

Water supply BOD 0.5 mg/L

BOD 2.9 mg/L!(reusable)

Excrete BOD : 60g/person/day

4Q0

Dilution Effect For water quality conservation 900 m2/person =3Q0!

person� Q0 = 300 L/person/day

For water supply 300 m2/person = Q0 (300 L/person/day)

Q0

3Q0

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2.9=�0.5×3Q0+10×Q0�

3Q0+Q0�

Stream Flow Conditions

c. low water-discharge (275-day discharge)

b. ordinary water-discharge(185-day discharge) a. plentiful water-discharge(95-day discharge)

flow

rate

Number of days

d. droughty water-discharge (355-day discharge)

Year

a b c d

flow

rate

a b c d

Min

imum

day

ly fl

ow ra

te

flow

rate

Water right

Given water right (The permission will be

renewed every ten years.)

河川維持流量の目的

①「動植物の生息地または生育地の状況」および「漁業」

からの必要流量 ②「景 観」からの必要流量

③「流水の清潔の保持」からの必要流量

④「舟 運」からの必要流量

⑤「塩害の防止」からの必要流量 ⑥「河口の閉塞の防止」からの必要流量

⑦「河川管理施設の保護」からの必要流量

⑧「地下水位の維持」からの必要流量

Objectives of river maintenance flow rate

Landscape

Water pollution control

Water use for shipping

For ecological system(fishes, plant life, bird life, etc.)

Land pollution control to salt-damage For preventing of river-mouth clogging

For protection of river facilities Maintenance of ground-water level

River Act 1896（first establishment）

Formation of an original right　　　 Traditional right of water (continuous right without permission)

Several hundred years ago A start of the cultivation of rice.

today

Classification of Water Right

River maintenance flow rate River maintenance flow rate

plentiful water-discharge

vested water rights flow rate

newly developable given water right

droughty water-discharge��� (355-day discharge)

plentiful water-discharge

flow rate

flow

rate

secu

red

wat

er ri

ght

March December June September

high

-wat

er ri

ght

BOD runoff related to population density

a) Basin area 1030 km2 b) Length of main stream 61 km c) Average flow at downstream�30 m3/ sec

a) 2860 km2 b) 143 km c)� 75 m3/sec

a) 205 km2 b)� 46 km c) 5 m3/sec Number of Cattle : 53,000 Number of Hog : 38,000

River CHIKUGO

River ONGA

Nitrogen load of livestock : 1.5 million person equivalent

River GOHSHI

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Population density – BOD concentration

CHIKUGO ONGA ONGA

Population density, person/km2

15

4. Needs of advanced wastewater treatment (Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal)

Kunmig Lake, Yunnan, China

16

Eutrophication

Lake Tai, China 17

5. Sewage works in lake basin (Control of nutrients)

Excrete BOD 60 g/person/day T-N� 11 T-P� 1.3

Conventional advanced wastewater treatment : (for closed sea area) T-N=5~10, T-P=0.5~1 mg/L

Q0!

Q0

T-N 0.2mg/L!T-P 0.01mg/L!COD 3 mg/L!

Target effluent standards of Lake BIWA are COD =3, T-N=3 and T-P=0.02mg/L.

Dilution effect will not be expected.

Water use category 2 in Lake- standards :

Water quality standard of lake

Observed water quality of river without pollution

＜�

Water supply

T-N 0.2-2 mg/L!T-P 0.01-0.2 mg/L!

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T-N 0.2 mg/L (Actual value observed：0.3-0.4）!T-P 0.01 mg/L (Actual value observed ：0.01-0.02)!

Water quality standards for Lake BIWA

Lake BIWA

Collective basin 3,174km2

Population in the basin 1.36 million

Lake area 670km2

Average depth �41m

Volume of water 27.5 billion m3

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Nutrients concentrations in river water

T-N

m

g/L!

T-P

mg/

L!

Flow m3/sec

Lake-Standards

Second grade class of Lake-standards ＜ Observed water quality in river

T-N 0.2-2 mg/L!T-P 0.01-0.2 mg/L!

T-N 0.2 mg/L (actual:0.3-0.4） T-P 0.01 mg/L (actual:0.01-0.02)

River B

River A

Lake-Standards

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Nutrients runoff related to livestock densely 21

N P

11 1.3

40 25

290 50

N＆P Loading rate��（ｇ/person/day、ｇ/ Hog or Cattle /day ）

Characteristic of nutrients runoff in river basin

Farming area/Basin area（％）

Influence of livestock

Down stream side

Up stream side

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Influence of farming

6. Regulation concept of pollutant

(in consideration for the characteristic of water body)

�

Closed water body (Sea, Lake )

River

Water Use Sea water：Indirect use Lake water : Direct, Multi purpose

Direct, Multi purpose

Regulation Parameter

Objective : prevention of eutrofication T-N, T-P, COD

BOD (NH4-N, NO3-N : When nitrogen pollution is severe)

Regulation Concept

and Unit

 Total pollutant load regulation

 Unit : ton/year Annual 75% value : mg/L

 Concentration regulation according to the water usage  Unit : mg/L Daily average : mg/L

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Conclusion

Monitoring of Environment, Establishment of Regulation Laws Against Pollutants for:   Elimination of harmful/toxic substances from our environment   Protection of human health   Conservation of water-environment   Conservation of soil-environment   Food safety against various environmental pollutants

Basic Requirement for Environment

Sustainable Development

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