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What is CTBT ?
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
bans all nuclear explosions in all environments, for
military or civilian purposes. It was adopted by the
United Nations General Assembly on 10 September
1996. when it was signed by 71 States, including five
of the eight then nuclear-capable states.
As of February 2012, 157 states have ratified theCTBT and another 25 states have signed but not
ratified it.
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Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (LTBT) ,1963.This Treaty banned nuclear testing in theatmosphere, outer space, and under water,
but underground tests were still permitted. When the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
was being negotiated in 1968, acomprehensive test ban was discussed, butthe international community failed to reachagreement on the issue.
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History
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History
In 1974, the United States and the Soviet
Union signed the Treaty on the Limitation of
Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests, also
known as the Threshold Test Ban Treaty
(TTBT). It established a nuclear "threshold" by
prohibiting the United States and the Soviet
Union from conducting tests that wouldproduce a yield exceeding 150 kilotons.
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History
In 1976, scientists from different countries
formed the Group of Scientific Experts (GSE)
and began conducting joint research into
monitoring technologies and data analysis
methods for the verification of a
comprehensive test ban.
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Articles of the treaty
Article I stipulates the basic obligations of the
Treaty.
Article II provides for the establishment of the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban TreatyOrganization in Vienna to ensure the Treaty's
implementation as well as providing a forum for
consultation and cooperation.
Article III focuses on national implementation
measures.
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Articles
Article IV is to comprise a global network of monitoringstations (the International Monitoring System), anInternational Data Centre in Vienna, a consultation andclarification process, On-site Inspections, and confidence-building measures.
Article V outlines measures to redress a situation whichcontravenes the CTBT provisions and to ensure compliancewith the Treaty.
Article VI deals with the settlement of disputes that may ariseconcerning the application or the interpretation of the Treaty.
Article VII is concerned with amendments to the Treaty.
Article VIII stipulates when a review of the Treaty will takeplace after its entry into force.
Article IX states that the Treaty is of unlimited duration.
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Articles
Article X deals with the status of the Protocol and theannexes.
Article XI is concerned with signature of the Treaty.
Article XII deals with ratification of the Treaty.
Article XIII is about accession to the Treaty. Article XIV is about the Treaty's entry into force. This will
take place 180 days after the 44 States listed in Annex 2 tothe Treaty have all ratified.
Article XV specifies that the Treaty shall not be subject to
reservations. Article XVI refers to the Depositary of the Treaty.
Article XVII deals with the authenticity of Arabic, Chinese,English, French, and Russian and Spanish Treaty texts.
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Obligations Of The CTBT
Each State Party undertakes not to carry outany nuclear weapon test explosion or anyother nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and
prevent any such nuclear explosion at anyplace under its jurisdiction or control.
Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, torefrain from causing, encouraging, or in anyway participating in the carrying out of anynuclear weapon test explosion or any othernuclear explosion.
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National Positions on Testing and the CTBT
1.United States: The first nuclear explosive test
was conducted by the United States on July 16,
1945. President Clinton had to decide whether
to ask Congress to resume testing. On July 3,
1993, he announced his decision. "A test ban
can strengthen our efforts worldwide to halt the
spread of nuclear technology in weapons," and"the nuclear weapons in the United States
arsenal are safe and reliable.
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2.UNITED KINGDOM
The United Kingdom cannot test because it has
conducted all its nuclear tests for several decades at
the Nevada Test Site and does not have its own test
site. Its last test was held in 1991.
3.FRANCEFrance conducted six tests from September 5, 1995, to
January 27, 1996. On January 29, 1996, Chirac
announced the end to French testing. On April 6, 1998,
France and Britain deposited instruments of ratification
of the CTBT with the United Nations.
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Russia
Several press reports between 1996 and 1999
claimed that Russia may have conducted low-
yield nuclear tests at its Arctic test site at
Novaya Zemlya; other reports stated that U.S.
reviews of the data determined that these
events were earthquakes.
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Obligations
Russia ratified the treaty on June 30, 2000,and has urged the United States to ratify it. In
February 2001, President Vladimir Putin of
Russia and President Kim Dae Jung of the
Republic of Korea issued a joint communique
that said in part that they "appealed to other
countries to ratify the treaty without any
delays and they also appealed to thosecountries whose ratification is needed for it to
come into effect."
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Pakistan:
Pakistan announced on May 28, 1998, that it hadconducted five nuclear tests, and announced a sixth
on May 30.
North Korea:
On February 10, 2005, North Korea declared, "We ...
have manufactured nukes for self-defense to cope
with the Bush Administration's," and on June 9 it
claimed it was building more such weapons.
On May 15, the United States warned that it and other
nations would take punitive action if North Korea
conducted a nuclear test.CTBT 15
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Nuclear Testing After CTBT Adoption
Three countries have tested nuclear weaponssince the CTBT opened for signature in 1996.
India and Pakistan both carried out two sets of
tests in 1998. North Korea carried out twoannounced tests in 2006 and 2009. Both
North Korean tests were picked up by the
International Monitoring System set up by the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
Organization Preparatory Commission.
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Proponents Of CTBT Ratification
Establish an international norm that would pushother nuclear-capable countries like North Korea,Pakistan, and India to sign.
Constrain worldwide nuclear proliferation byvastly limiting a country's ability to make nuclearadvancements that only testing can ensure.
Not compromise US national security because theScience Based Stockpile Stewardship
Programserves as a means for maintainingcurrent US nuclear capabilities without physicaldetonation.
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Opponents Of CTBT Ratification
The treaty is unverifiable and that others
nations could easily cheat.
The ability to enforce the treaty was dubious.
The U.S. nuclear stockpile would not be as
safe or reliable in the absence of testing.
The benefit to nuclear nonproliferation was
minimal.
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Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization
(CTBTO)
The CTBTO consists of two organs, the
Preparatory Commission (a plenary body) and
the Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS).
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1.Provisional Technical Secretariat
The PTS began its work on 17 March 1997 and
has an international staff of approximately
270 members from 70 countries. The PTS
cooperates with the host countries in the
development and running of an international
network of 321 monitoring stations and 16
radionuclide laboratories.
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2.Preparatory Commission
The main task of the Preparatory Commission
is to establish a global verification regime as
foreseen in the Treaty so that it will be
operational by the time the Treaty enters into
force.
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Advantages Of CTBT
It makes it very difficult for countries to
develop nuclear bombs for the first time, or
for countries that already have them, to make
more powerful bombs.
It also prevents the huge damage caused by
radioactivity from nuclear explosions to
humans, animals and plants.
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Cont.
The CTBT is essential for nuclear non-proliferation
since it limits the ability of countries that do not
have nuclear weapons to develop these weapons.
The CTBT is also essential for nuclear disarmamentsince it curbs the development of new types and new
designs of nuclear weapons.
The CTBT is crucial in a world in which we see the
resurgence of nuclear energy. A legally binding Treaty
banning nuclear test explosions provide a clear and
visible barrier between prohibited and permitted
nuclear activities. CTBT 23
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Cont.
The CTBT is a strong confidence- and security
building measure internationally, regionally
and bilaterry.
The CTBT also protects against the devastatingeffects of nuclear testing on human health and
the environment.
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