Comprehensive · Questions are also added with each practical to attempt well in Multiple Choice...

Comprehensive

PRACTICAL SCIENCEFOR

CLASS X

Strictly according to new syllabus prescribed byCentral Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)

andState Boards of Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Bihar, Jharkhand, Kerala, Mizoram,

Meghalaya and other States following NCERT Curriculum

ByS. P. Saxena

M.Sc. M.Ed.Rtd. Principal

State Awardee, NCR DelhiFormerly Junior Science Counsellor,

Dte. of Edu. NCT Delhi,TV Officer of School Science Programmes

Dheeraj SaxenaB.Sc.

LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTDBANGALORE CHENNAI COCHIN GUWAHATI HYDERABADJALANDHAR KOLKATA LUCKNOW MUMBAI RANCHI

NEW DELHI BOSTON, USA

All rights reserved with the Publisher. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Published by

LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD113, Golden House, Daryaganj,

New Delhi-110002

Phone : 011-43 53 25 00 Fax : 011-43 53 25 28

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T10–8735–175–COMP. (P) SCIENCE X C—2684/010/12Typeset at ABRO Enterprises, Delhi. Printed at Ajit Printers, Delhi.

CONTENTSSyllabus … (xi)–(xii)Categories of Practical Skills … (xiii)Introduction … 1–24

TERM I

Chemical Substances—Nature and Behaviour(25–42)

Experiment 1 Objective: To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator.(i ) Dilute hydrochloric acid, (ii ) Dilute NaOH solution, (iii ) Dilute ethanoicacid solution, (iv ) Lemon juice, (v ) Water, (vi) Dilute sodium bicarbonatesolution. ... 26

Viva Voce ... 29

Multiple Choice Questions ... 30

Questions from NCERT Lab Manual ... 34

Experiment 2 Objective: To study the properties of acids and bases (HCl and NaOH) bytheir reaction with (i) Litmus solution (Blue/Red), (ii) Zinc metal, (iii) Solidsodium carbonate. ... 34(A) To carry out the reactions of an acid (HCl) with (i) litmus solution (blueand red), (ii) zinc metal (iii) solid sodium carbonate ... 34(B) To carry out the reactions of a base (NaOH) with (i) litmus solution(blue and red) (ii) zinc metal (iii) solid sodium carbonate ... 37

Viva Voce ... 38



Metals and Non-Metals(43–58)

Experiment 3 Objective: To perform and observe the following reactions and classify theminto:

(i) Combination reaction(ii) Decomposition reaction

(iii) Displacement reaction(iv) Double displacement reaction

(v)

(vi)

1. Action of water on quick lime2. Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals3. Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution4. Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium

chloride solutions. ... 44

Viva Voce ... 52



Reactivity of Metals(59–66)

Experiment 4 Objective:(a) To observe action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following

salt solutions : (i) ZnSO4 (aq), (ii) FeSO4 (aq), (iii) CuSO4 (aq),(iv) Al2(SO4)3 (aq)

(b) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivitybased on the above results. ... 60

Viva Voce ... 63



Effects of Current(67–98)

Experiment 5 Objective: To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across aresistor on the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance.Also plot a graph between V and I. ... 70

Viva Voce ... 75



Experiment 6 Objective: To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors whenconnected in series. ... 79

Experiment 7 Objective: To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors whenconnected in parallel. ... 82

Viva Voce (For Experiments 6 and 7) ... 86

Multiple Choice Questions (For Experiments 6 and 7) ... 88

Questions from NCERT Lab Manual (For Experiments 6 and 7) ... 97

Life Processes–I(99–123)

Experiment 8 Objective: To prepare temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata. ... 100

Viva Voce ... 102



(vii)

Experiment 9 Objective: To show experimentally that light is necessary forphotosynthesis. ... 107

Viva Voce ... 110



Experiment 10 Objective: To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out duringrespiration. ... 115

Experiment 10A Objective: To show that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration. ... 117

Viva Voce ... 119



SAMPLE PAPER ... 124

TERM II

Carbon Compound(129–142)

Experiment 1 Objective: To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid) :(i) odour, (ii) solubility in water, (iii) effect on litmus, (iv) reaction withsodium bicarbonate. ... 130

Viva Voce ... 131



Experiment 2 Objective: To study saponification reaction for preparation of soap. ... 135

Experiment 3 Objective: To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soapin soft and hard water. ... 137

Viva Voce (For Experiments 2 and 3) ... 139

Multiple Choice Questions (For Experiments 2 and 3) ... 140

Questions from NCERT Lab Manual (For Experiments 2 and 3) ... 141

Light(143–184)

Experiment 4 Objective: To determine the focal length of (a) Concave mirror (b) Convexlens by obtaining the image of a distant object. ... 150

(A) To determine the focal length of a concave mirror by obtaining the imageof a distant object. ... 150

(B) To determine the focal length of a convex lens by obtaining the image ofa distant object. ... 151

(viii)

Viva Voce ... 152



Experiment 5 Objective: To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangularglass slab and measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, the angleof emergence and interpret the result. ... 160

Viva Voce ... 163



Experiment 6 Objective: To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prismand measure the angle of deviation. ... 169

Viva Voce ... 173



Experiment 7 Objective: To find the image distance for varying object distances in caseof a convex lens and draw corresponding ray diagram to show the nature ofimage formed. ... 176

Viva Voce ... 183


Life Processes–II(185–202)

Experiment 8 Objective: To study (a) binary fission in Amoeba and (b) budding in yeastwith the help of prepared slides. ... 186

Viva Voce ... 188



Experiment 9 Objective: To study homology and analogy with the help of preserved/available specimens of either animals or plants. ... 193

Viva Voce ... 197


Experiment 10 Objective To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (pea,gram or red kidney bean). ... 199

Viva Voce ... 201


SAMPLE PAPER ... 203

APPENDIX I Thermometers and their Standardisation ... 207

APPENDIX II Measurement and Weighing ... 208

APPENDIX III Preparation of Standard Solutions/Reagents/Stains ... 209

Dear students,In this age of nail-biting competition, it really helps to be well equipped in subject knowledge in order

to break the ice in the competitive area. So, while the market is flooded with numerous repetitions of bookswhich mar your intellectuality and competency, we have endeavoured to reach out to your widen examina-tion needs in this edition. Keeping in mind the broader comprehensive needs of subject knowledge, we haveput in our best efforts in this book.

Present book, Comprehensive Practical Science for Class X is strictly based on the new CBSEsyllabus and NCERT course curriculum framework. An honest effort has been made in this book to attainunderlying objectives of syllabus, such as developing problem solving and decision making skills; under-standing and appreciating the joint enterprise of science, technology and society; acquiring process skillswhich form part of the attitude for developing a scientific temper; developing certain manipulative skillswhich are required in day-to-day life situations, etc. This practical book covers required practicals prescribedin the new syllabus in all the science disciplines i.e., Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Multiple ChoiceQuestions are also added with each practical to attempt well in Multiple Choice Written Test for testingpractical skills. Thus, this book fully covers the Scheme of Evaluation.

CBSE has recommended examinations for Science Practicals for Class IX and X as given below:1. Termwise examination (First term from 1st April to 30th September, Second term from 1st

October to 31st March).2. Hands on practical examination will be conducted through formative assessment once in every

term.This includes (i) Experiment set up (ii) Observation (iii) Record of observation/data (iv) Analysis ofobservation (v) Conclusion/Inference drawn by the student (vi) Practical Record File (vii) Viva.

3. Assessment of Practical Skills through MCQs will be in every term end summative assessment.Some of the salient features of the book are :★ Practical exercises are strictly according to the New CBSE Curriculum.★ Experiments are given termwise.★ Practical Exercises/Experiments are dealt very methodically i.e., according to scientific method/

process or/and pattern approved by the eminent experts. SI units are used where necessary.★ Use of locally available required materials have been suggested, as far as possible, for conduction

of experiments in the local laboratories.★ Multiple choice questions related to experiment/theory of the practical/principles are given at the

end of each experiment to test practical skills.★ Categories of Practical Skills are given after the list of experiments.★ According to marking scheme issued by the CBSE, Sample Question Papers have been given at the

end of experiments of each term.Although I have taken care and laid down all efforts to remove any discrepancy which might have crept

in, yet criticisms or suggestions are always solicited from your end. Thanking you in anticipation for yourco-operation.

Please do write to author or our publishers wishing for your success.—Authors

(ix)

PREFACE

SYLLABUS

PRACTICALSCLASS X

Practical should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes

FIRST TERM

1. To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator.(a) Dilute Hydrochloric acid(b) Dilute NaOH solution(c) Dilute ethanoic acid solution(d) Lemon juice(e) Water(f) Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution.

2. To study the properties of acids and bases HCl and NaOH by their reaction with(a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red)(b) Zinc metal(c) Solid sodium carbonate

3. To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into:(i) Combination reaction

(ii) Decomposition reaction(iii) Displacement reaction(iv) Double displacement reaction.

(1) Action of water on quick lime.(2) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals(3) Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution(4) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions.

4. (a) To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:(i) ZnSO4 (aq.)

(ii) FeSO4 (aq.)(iii) CuSO4 (aq.)(iv) Al2(SO4)3 (aq.)

(b) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above result.

(xi)

5. To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passingthrough it and determine its resistance. Also plot a graph between V and I.

6. To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series.

7. To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in parallel.

8. To prepare a temporary mount of leaf peel to show stomata.

9. To show experimentally that light is necessary for photosynthesis.

10. To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.

PRACTICALSPractical should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory classes

SECOND TERM

1. To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):(i) odour

(ii) solubility in water(iii) effect on litmus(iv) reaction with sodium bicarbonate

2. To study saponification reaction for preparation of soap.3. To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water.4. To determine the focal length of

(i) Concave mirror(ii) Convex lens

by obtaining the image of a distant object.5. To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of

incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret theresult.

6. To study (a) binary fission in Amoeba and (b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.7. To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.8. To find the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex lens and draw corresponding

ray diagram to show the nature of image formed.9. To study homology and analogy with the help of preserved/available specimens of either animals or

plants.10. To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (pea, gram or red kidney bean).

(xii)

(xiii)

CATEGORIES OF PRACTICAL SKILLS

A. Procedural and Manipulative SkillsTo – select appropriate apparatus/instrument for performing the experiment.

– know the limitations of the apparatus/instrument regarding their size, least count and accuracy.– arrange/assemble/set and adjust the apparatus systematically.– handle the apparatus, instrument, chemicals carefully to avoid any damage or injury.– perform the experiment with reasonable efficiency and accuracy.– separate and remove desired parts of a specimen for detailed study without damaging it.– use appropriate methods and materials for specimen mounting.– locate and rectify the errors in apparatus, instruments, etc.– add chemicals in appropriate quantity.– dismantle the experimental set-up carefully.– practise the precautions in handling sensitive apparatus or chemicals or flame.

B. Observational SkillsTo – find the least count of the instrument.

– read the instrument correctly.– notice colour change, evolution of gases, formation of precipitates, chemical reactions, etc. carefully.– notice the relevant details in the given specimens minutely.– locate the desired parts in a specimen accurately.– take observations carefully and in a systematic manner.– read graph correctly.

C. Drawing SkillsTo – make proper observation tables.

– draw circuit diagrams, ray diagram, experimental set-up, sketches, etc. correctly and proportionately.– label sketches and diagrams correctly.– draw graphs from observed data correctly.

D. Reporting and Interpretative SkillsTo – make a proper plan for recording the observation.

– record the observation/data/information correctly and systematically.– classify and categorize organisms.– make correct calculations/predictions.– use proper formulae and mode of summarising and reporting the result.– report the result using correct symbols, units, terms and chemical equations.– interpret the observation and results correctly.

INTRODUCTION

A scientist always likes to be in his laboratory for his internal joy and to satisfy his curiosity,to find the truth of the phenomenon happening around. He feels greatest joy to accomplish originalwork for the betterment of the human beings.

Science is both—the product and the process. The product of science is—what has been achievedby scientists, through their experiments, as theories, laws and principles of science. The process ofscience is the ways, methods and skills through which scientific achievements are being attained. Byadopting scientific method we can develop scientific temper.

One develops scientific temper only when he/she adopts scientific method in solving problems.Thus, scientific temper does not relate to science teaching but also helps us in solving problems in ourday to day life. How can we develop scientific temper in our children? The only ways are:

(a) Demonstration of experiments by the teacher by strictly adopting scientific method so that thestudents can visualise how does the scientist adopt and perform scientific method.

(b) Students themselves perform science experiments/practicals so that they themselves undergothe scientific processes such as identification of problem, formulation, hypothesis, experimentation,collection of data, drawing inference on the basis of data obtained. It also includes verification ofexperiments done by the scientists or other fellows. This inculcates scientific temper amongst studentsi.e., a spirit of team work, rational thinking, acceptance of other’s ideas, openmindedness, communicationskill, manipulation of equipments etc. Experimentation by the students also provides ‘Learning bydoing’ and correlation between the theory and practical verification.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

For doing practical work smoothly, effectively and more efficiently in the laboratory, studentsmust follow the following important instructions:

1. A student must carry with him/her the following things, needed for doing experimentseffectively.

Carry the following things on each practical turn:

(a) Practical book(b) Laboratory notebook (Practical record book)

(c) Auxiliary notebook for keeping record before entering into the final practical record book.

1

2 PRACTICAL SCIENCE—X

(d) A scale(e) A pencil (preferably HB)

(f) A sharpener(g) An eraser2. Always occupy the seat allotted to you by your teacher in the laboratory. This will save your

time and will avoid confusion. It is always better if you seriously and silently reach your laboratorywithin 2–3 minutes after the previous period is over.

3. Preparation. Before actually performing an experiment, you must observe the followingthings:

(i) Listen the instructions given by your teacher carefully.

(ii) Clearly understand the objective of the experiment, the theory of the practical, apparatusneeded, precautions to be observed.

4. Apparatus. Select right type of apparatus, check the apparatus before starting the work. Neveruse an item of apparatus about which you have not been instructed earlier. Handle all the apparatusvery carefully and return the various items of apparatus to their respective place after use.

If you use glassware or washable apparatus, you must wash or clean the apparatus after usebefore keeping the apparatus at its original position. Carelessness not only causes the damage to theinstrument or apparatus but may also cause injury or infection to the other students.

5. Experimentation(i) Follow precautions meant for the experiment strictly. Precautions are to be actually observed

while doing the experiment.

(ii) Take at least three observations systematically and record them honestly on the practicalnotebook/record book. Never write your observation on a loose paper. Do not make theattempt to cook or overwrite observations in order to get good results.

(iii) Take every observation at least three times, even though their values each time may beexactly the same. You must know the proper plan for recording the observations. In mostof the experiments, recording in tabular form is essential.

6. Cleanliness. See that your apparatus, seat and surroundings are neat and clean. Observecleanliness at all levels of the work.

7. Disposal of waste. Dispose off waste material as early as possible. Do not mix solid wastewith the liquid waste. Wash liquid chemical waste down the sink with lot of water. Deposit brokenglassware at the proper place.

8. Some Don’ts(i) Do not enter the science laboratory in the absence of teacher.

(ii) Do not sit or lean or scribble on the working table.

(iii) Do not try any secret experiment.

(iv) Do not use anything from unlabelled containers or bottles.

(v) Do not work with all doors and windows closed.

(vi) Do not heat inflammable material directly on flame.

INTRODUCTION 3

(vii) Do not inhale fumes of chemicals. If you want to smell the odour of a gas or vapour, use yourhand to waft a small sample of the gas towards your nose (Fig. 1).

(viii) Do not heat a liquid in a test tube that is pointed towards your classmate or you. Sometimesliquid bumps out of the test tube and may cause injury to your classmate or you(see Fig. 2).

WAFTING ODOUR

TEST TUBE

SUBSTANCE

TEST TUBE

LIQUID

BURNER

TEST TUBE HOLDER

Fig. 1. Correct way to smell the odour. Fig. 2. Proper method of heating ; keep the mouthof the test tube away from you or your classmate’s face.

(ix) Do not add water directly to a strong acid. Always pour acid into water for dilution (Fig. 3)and stir gently.

MEASURINGCYLINDER

CONCENTRATED ACID

BEAKER

WATER

GLASS ROD

CLOTH

GENTLETWIST

HAND CLOSE

CORK

Fig. 3. Correct way of dilution of acids. Add conc. acid Fig. 4. Correct way of inserting a glass tubeto water slowly through a glass rod. or thermometer in a cork.

Comprehensive Practical Science Class-X

Publisher : Laxmi Publications ISBN : 9788131808214 Author : S. P. Saxena,Dheeraj Saxena

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