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Computer Advancement
Kamran Faisal (13)
S. Taimoor Hussain (59)
Khubaib Ahmad Esabzai (10)
M. Danial Jan (34)
M. Haider Ali (35)
BZU Multan
Mechanical Approach & Humanistic Approach
Hardware, in the computer world, refers to the physical
components that make up a computer system. Like body of
computers, designs, working capabilities, etc.
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the
design, construction, operation, structural disposition,
manufacture and application of robots and computer
systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information
processing.
Mechanical & Automation Development History
Chinese Introduced Abacus Calculator.[2600 BC]
Aristotle’s Idea, The Greek philosopher Aristotle imagines the
great utility of robots, writing, "If every tool, when ordered, or even of
its own accord, could do the work that befits it … then there would be
no need either of apprentices for the master workers or of slaves for
the lords.“[ 322 BC ]
The Lie Zi first time described “Automation” . [250 BC]
Mechanical & Automation Development History
Greek mathematician “Hero of Alexandria” described a
machine to automatically pour wine for party guests . [AD 50 ]
Leonardo da Vinci designs a clockwork knight “Da Vinci's
Knight” that will sit up, wave its arms and move its head and
jaw. It's not certain whether the robot was ever built, but the
design may constitute the first humanoid robot.[AD1495]
Mechanical & Automation Development History
John Napier introduced a system called "Napier's Bones,"
made from horn, bone or ivory the device allowed the capability
of multiplying by adding numbers and dividing by subtracting.
[AD 1617]
Blaise Pascal invents a machine, called the Pascaline, that can
add, subtract, and carry between digits.[AD 1642]
Mechanical & Automation Development History
Gottfried Leibniz demonstrates binary arithmetic, a discovery
that shows every number can be represented by 0 and 1 only.
This was the root of the programming languages.[AD 1679 ]
Joseph Marie Jacquard invents an automated loom that is
controlled by punch cards. Afterward, These Punch cards
became popular in computer programming.[AD 1804]
Mechanical & Automation Development History
The Difference Engine is a mechanical calculator first
purposed and developed by Charles Babbage(The father of
mechanical Computer) that was capable of computing several
sets of numbers and making a hard copies of the results. [AD
1822]
The Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU), basic flow control, punch cards, and integrated
memory and is the first general-purpose computer concept. He
first time introduced ALU, MU and CU.[AD 1837]
Mechanical & Automation Development History
A lady August Ada Byron( Italian Mathematician) , who
was the first programmer in the history of computer. She helped
Babbage in his Analytical Engine. Her first program was to
calculate Bernoulli numbers. [AD 1837]
George Boole was a mathematician and logician, who
invented first time Boolean Algebra. He is regarded in
hindsight as a founder of the field of Computer Science.[AD
1854]
Mechanical & Automation Development History
Italian author Carlo Collodi writes Pinocchio, a children's
book about a marionette who turns into a real boy. The literary
theme of mechanical men who come to life will flourish along
with the technological evolution of robots--most recently, in
movies like Steven Spielberg's A.I. and in TV characters like
Data from Star Trek: The Next Generation. [AD 1881]
Herman Hollerith developed a method for machines to record
and store information onto punch cards to be used for the US
census. He later formed the company we know as IBM today.
[AD 1896]
Mechanical & Automation Development History
L. Frank Baum invents one of the literary world's most
beloved robots in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: the Tin
Woodsman, a mechanical man in search of a heart. The
character is seen as a symbol for the soullessness of
mechanized industry.[AD 1900]
Czech playwright Karl Capek popularizes the term "robot" in a
play called "R.U.R. (Rossums Universal Robot)." The word
comes from the Czech robota, which means drudgery or
forced work. The play ends with robots taking over the earth
and destroying their makers.[AD 1921]
Mechanical & Automation Development History
Film director Fritz Lang releases Metropolis, a silent film set
in a futuristic urban dystopia. It features a female robot--the
first to appear on the silver screen--who takes the shape of a
human woman in order to destroy a labor movement.[AD 1926]
Computer Development Historyof Generations
Initially discovered by Thomas Edison, the vacuum tube
formed the building block for the entire electronics industry.[AD
1883]
Vacuum tubes were later used as electron valves in the 20th
century to build the first electronic computers.[AD 1906]
Computer Development HistoryFirst Generation[1942-1959]
ENIAC was built at University of Pennsylvania.[AD 1943]
Dr. Howard Aiken designed Mark-1 or ASCC. This computer
was the first design in which binary language was used. After it,
he designed further Mark series successfully.[AD 1944 – 1959]
EDSAC was the first designed computer in which stored
program concept was used.[AD 1949]
Computer Development HistoryFirst Generation[1942-1959]
Magnetic Drums for memory
only solve one problem at a time
Main Memory 100 bytes to 2 kilobytes
Use Vacuum tubes
Using a great deal of electricity
displayed on printouts.
Special rooms to house them with air conditioning
Specially trained technicians to run & maintain
A first-generation programming language
is a machine-level programming language.
Robotic Development History[1942-1959]
American science fiction author Isaac Asimov publishes a
short story, "Runaround," that introduces the "Three Laws of
Robotics"--rules that every robot is programmed to obey:
A robot may not harm a human being, or, through inaction,
allow a human being to come to harm.
A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings
except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
A robot must protect its own existence, as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.[AD
1942]
Robotic Development History[1942-1959]
Industrial robotics pioneer George Devol files a
patent (pictured) for the first programmable
robot and coins the term “Universal
Automaton.“[AD 1954]
George Devol and Joseph Engel Berger
(pictured) form the world's first robotics
company, Unimation. It is purchased by
Condec, which later is bought, in part, by
industrial manufacturing giant Eaton.[AD 1956]
Computer Development HistorySecond Generation[1959-1965]
The name transistor comes from the word 'trans' of
transmitter and the word 'sistor' of resistor.
The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories by
William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain.[AD
1947]
Computer Development HistorySecond Generation[1959-1965]
UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC III
RCA 501
Philco Transact S-2000
NCR 300 series
IBM 7070, 7080, 7090, 1400 series, 1600 series
Honeywell 800, 400 series
General Electric GE 635, 645, GE 200
Control Data Corp. CDC 1604, 3600, 160A
LARC
Burroughs B5000, 200 series
Computer Development HistorySecond Generation[1959-1965]
Second-generation programming language is a
generational way to categorize Assembly Languages.
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
Allowing computers to become smaller,
Smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient
Magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
Atomic energy industry, business
Robotic Development History[1959-1965]
Unimate, the world's first industrial robot, goes to work on a
General Motors assembly line.[AD 1961]
Rosie the robot appears on The Jetsons, an animated TV
program about a family from the future. The iconic house maid
becomes one of the best-known robot characters in recent
history.[AD 1962]
Computer Development HistoryThird Generation[1965-1971]
The IC Integrated circuits [AD 1965]
The IC revolutionized the entire electronic technology. Ex: The
Pentium Processor contains 3.1 Million Transistors in 1.5 inch
square!
Computer Development HistoryThird Generation[1965-1971]
integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers
silicon chips, called semiconductors
drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
keyboard and monitors and interfaced with an operating system
they were smaller and cheaper
Pascal, C, Fortran, C++, Java, C#
Robotic Development History[1965-1971]
The AICSRC begins development of Shakey, the first mobile
robot. It is endowed with a limited ability to see and model its
environment and is controlled by a computer that fills an entire
room.[AD 1966]
HAL 9000 (Heuristically programmed Algorithmic computer)
appears in the Stanley Kubrick film 2001: A Space
Odyssey, written by Arthur C. Clarke. The artificially
intelligent computer runs the spaceship Discovery--and
eventually goes berserk. The character reflects concern about
the increasing power of intelligent machines over man.[AD
1968]
Computer Development HistoryFourth Generation[1971-1990]
Intel publicly introduced the world's first single chip
microprocessor, the Intel 4004 (U.S. Patent #3,821,715),
invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and
Stanley Mazor. It revolutionized computer design.[AD 1971]
Computer Development HistoryFourth Generation[1971-1990]
Microprocessor, Hard disk, Ram
SQL (for database access) and TeX (for text formatting)
Integrated circuits
Operating system
IBM introduced its first computer for the home user,
GUI technology
More fastest, cheaper, less power conception
Introduction of mouse
MS DOS 1, 2, 3, 4[AD 1981-1988]
Robotic Development History[1971-1990]
R2-D2 and C-3PO appear in George Lucas' Star Wars films.
The plucky androids are arguably the best-known robots in
modern culture.[AD 1977]
The Terminator Movie, in which a robotic assassin from a post-
apocalyptic future travels back in time to eliminate a waitress,
whose son will grow up and lead humanity in a war against
machines.[AD 1984]
Computer Development HistoryFifth Generation[1990-Present]
Artificial Intelligence came in this generation.
Massively Parallel computing/processing
voice recognition
nanotechnology
Touch screen
Finger print recognition
MS DOS 5 & 6[AD 1991-1994]
Windows 95, 98, 2000, ME, XP
VISTA, 7, 8
Windows 8.1 [AD Oct 18, 2013]
Computer Development HistoryFifth Generation[1990-Present]
Tianhe-2 or TH-2 (Chinese: literally "Skyriver-2") is a
33.86 petaflop(20,000 trillion calculations per second),
supercomputer located in Guangzhou, China.[AD
2013]
It is currently the world's fastest supercomputer.
Tianhe-2 runs a total of 3,120,000 processor cores
divided among 16,000 nodes.
The system is configured with a total of 1.404
petabytes of memory and a parallel storage system
with 12.4 petabytes of space.
1 Petabyte = 1048576 Gigabyte
Robotic Development History[1990-Present]
Sony developed Aibo robots like dog, which had abilities to
navigate around itself and respond to a set of limited
commands.[AD 1999]
Honda's humanoid robot ASIMO steps onto the stage. Standing
1.3 meters tall, it can walk and run with a near-human gait.[AD
2000]
Robotic Development History[Present/Beyond]
The robotics business hits the big time, becoming a $1.06
billion business in North America. Pictured is the humanoid
robot Speecys SPC-003.[AD 2004 - Present]
Self-Assembling Robot Furniture, Developed by Swiss
BioRobotics Laboratory, this fantastic set of roving robots
rolls into position and assembles into whatever piece of
furniture you need at that moment.
Robotic Development[Present/Beyond]
The human consciousness robot BINA48 is like human and
stores memories of the human in the head. The somewhat-
creepy project is the work of the Terasem Movement, an
organization that seeks to prevent the finality of death by
allowing humans to store their consciousness in technology,
where it will live on forever.
Losing weight is never easy. That’s why Autom, this adorable
big-eyed robot, wants to know all about you. She asks
questions about your food intake and activity levels every day,
then gives you tips on getting and staying healthy.
Robotic Development[Present/Beyond]
Some South Korean students are learning English
from outsourced teachers who happen to be based in
the Philippines – but the teachers have a constant
classroom presence in the form of egg-shaped robot
Engkey. The schools are happy because the robot
teachers are cheaper than human teachers, and the
students are happy because many of them find a
robot less intimidating than a human teacher.
Robotic Development[Present/Beyond]
Researchers are developing itty-bitty solar-powered robots
that could move in swarm formations to gather data from
targets and it wouldn’t matter much if some were lost or
destroyed in the process because they would be so cheap to
produce.
Japanese researchers are developing a homeworking robot
which helps in home maintenance and settle the things at the
right place where home user want. It can cook and serve in
front of you.
Robotic Development[Present/Beyond]
Da Vinci Surgical Robot is popular among
prostate and heart surgeries. During surgery
the unit is remotely controlled by a surgeon
who moves the robot arms while watching
through an endoscopic camera. This robot
has become popular because it can perform
complex operations while being less
invasive. Patients have reported less pain,
blood, and a faster healing during recovery
than normal surgeries.
Computer Development[Present/Beyond]
In now-a-days Windows 8 and 8.1 are working or may be in
the future:
Disadvantages of Computer
Potentially destroy your social life and interactions with
humans.
It may effect to the destruction of your eye sight due to
radiation.
It may cause pimples and wrinkles.
It may damage your studies and life.
Too much time in front of monitor may make you fat.
Distract towards unproductive activities.
Cause violation of privacy, impact on labor force, health risks,
impact on environment, distraction from work, and possible
antisocial influences.
Disadvantages of Robot
Robot works on human instructions, who can track the robots in
wrong direction.
Robots can’t help like human in emergency because robots still
need serious development.
Robots can’t work more than installed instructions, limited
thinking.