Dr. Jagannath K. DangeAssistant Professor,

Dept. of P G Studies and Research in EducationKUVEMPU UNIVERSITY

SHANKARAGHATTA – 577451, INDIAE-Mail: jkdange@gmail.com

Computer-Assisted Instruction:

Teaching-learning system

Teacher, students, curriculum, methods.

Teacher-centred and Learner-centred

Individualized Instruction

Based upon extensive laboratory studies with rats and pigeons, operant conditioning by skinner suggested that

B.F. SKINNER (OPERANT CONDITIONING)

EXPERIMENT

EXPERIMENT

A learning task could be analyzed into small-and hence easily achievable-pieces of behavior, each of which would be promptly rewarded when performed correctly.

This leads to the development of Programmed learning

PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION/LEARNING

Principle of small steps Principle of active responding Principle of immediate reinforcement Principle of self-pacing Principle of student evaluation

  

In case of human learners the material to be taught is ‘programmed’ by breaking down into small sections or frames that are presented to the learner one at a time.

At the end of each frame there is a simple test of the preceding material, which has to be completed correctly before the learner can go on to the next frame.

Since the information is given in small chunks, Once the learner has given the correct response, the correct answer is provided, often with short congratulatory expression (That’s right!, Very good!, keep it up!, Go ahead!)This is intended to constitute both feedback and reward for the student.

The same Principles involved in Computer Assisted Instruction:

Styles of Programming

Linear Branching Mathetics.

Computers in Education: Uses

Later Sydney L Pressy incorporated all principles of individualized instruction in presenting content through Hardware (Drum tutors) and called teaching machines.

In 1965 Lawrence Stalrow adopted system

of programmed instruction (Individualized instruction) into the computers and developed a system of ‘Computer Assisted Instruction’ this brought out a revolution in the field of education.

The Computer Assisted Instruction has been used on experimental basis for tutorials in arithmetic and reading for elementary school children by Patrick Suppes of Stanford University in 1966 and in fact he is considered to be the father of Computer Assisted Instruction.

CAI-DEFINITION:

Hilgard and bower (1977): “Computer-Assisted Instruction has now taken

as so many dimensions that is can no longer be considered as a simple derivative of the teaching machine or the kind of programmed learning that skinner introduced”

Bhatt and Sharma (1992):“CAI is an interaction between students, a

computer controlled display and a response entry device for the purpose of achieving Education outcomes”

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION:

Two-way interaction of a learner and computer

Computer Assisted Instruction as an instructional technique: computer much actually instruct the student, and the computer contains a stored instructional program designed to inform guide and test the student until a prescribed level of proficiency is reached.

Individually paced on and individualized instruction,

LAWRENCE STALROW PROPOSED SIX DISTINCT MODELS OF COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION

Problem solving Drill and practice Inquiry Simulation and games. Tutorial instruction, Demonstration.

Drill and Practice instructional programs simply assist the student in remembering and utilizing information that the teacher has already presented, reinforcing previous learning through repetition. It is most important to improving knowledge level.

Tutorials are designed to introduce unfamiliar subject matter. The format of a computer tutorial often emulates a dialogue between the computer and the student, i.e. information is presented, questions are asked of the student and on the basis of the response given, a decision is made to move on to new material or review what has already been presented.

Instructional Games present course content in a competitive and entertaining manner, in an effort to maintain a high level of student interest. Though most frequently used to reinforce factual knowledge at the lower levels of the taxonomy, it is quite possible to create instructional games that demand application skills from all levels.

   

Teaches students about the federal budget system and how to manage future debt.

Simulations require the student to apply acquired knowledge to a novel situation. As a result, the student must analyze a presented scenario, make decisions based on the information given and determine a course of action. The simulated environment must change based on the course of action taken, presenting a significant challenge to the programmer. Successful performance relies on skills up to Bloom’s level of analysis.

Teaching medical students the series of important steps to coronary artery bypass surgery.

Problem-solving requires the student to use high level cognitive abilities in the process of considering the problem at hand, analyzing the problem situation and its various solutions, predicting respective outcomes, determining which specific plan to attempt, and enacting the appropriate action(s).

The student would be forced to identify relationships and evaluate all aspects of the chosen set of course materials.

Ex; SUDOKU

Discovery-environment; the student is given a high level of freedom in determining the specific information presented during each session, as well as the order of presentation”.

 

COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION SYSTEM AND ITS BASIC ASSUMPTIONS Basically, Computer Assisted Instruction

system is described in terms of ‘hardware’ (the machine), ‘software’ (the programme), and communication links (the devices which allow learners to use the hardware and software) and also curriculum (teaching material stored in a computer).

The first assumption is that the Computer-Assisted Instruction can be arranged for 4000 students simultaneously. It can cope with the problem of quality and quantity in education.

In Computer Assisted Instruction, more flexible kind of branching is possible because the computer can make complex branching decisions based on the student’s performance.

promptly evaluate the learner’s performance and use the data in designing the best strategy for the learner in future.

presentation of variety of subject materials. It can be used in all types of teaching-learning programmes.

lesson material represented in words, pictures and experiments to be presented to the students.

WHY STUDENTS LIKE CAI:

Students say they like working with computer

Are infinitely patient Never get tired Never get frustrated or angry Allow students to work privately Are fun and entertaining Never forget to correct or praise Individualize learning Are self paced

STUDENT’S BENEFITS: Computer assisted instruction provides

differentiated lesson for varied levels of learning including with disabilities and gifted students

Students are able to work at their own pace while receiving instant feedback which enables them to self correct before moving on to the next skill

The programs are interactive and students can work individually or in groups

Student also gain valuable computer skill which will continue to benefit them through out life

TEACHER BENEFITS: Teachers are better able to track their students’ strength and

weaknesses though CAI.

Computer programs can enhance the lesson and allow teacher to pick different level of a programs.

When students are learning and active involved with learning teacher will have less behavior problems in the classroom.

CAI benefits teacher by allowing them to work with small group of children on a particular skill while the other students in the class are working on their computer program.

The nature of the program allows the students to work independently.

Minimizing distraction to the teacher while s/he works with the other students.

LIMITATION AND DIFFICULTIES The instruction of CAI in classroom proves

quite expensive.

Computer as an electronic device may invite significant hazards to children.

Students can become bored and restless, if computer programs are over used.

The emotional touch warmth and sympathy are not possible in CAI

Thank you

ALL THE VERY BEST…