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“Manchester and Early

Computers” Christopher P Burton

The Computer Conservation Society

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• “What do you mean - „Computer ?”

• The first Manchester computer - “The Baby”

• Interlude - what was going on elsewhere

• The early Manchester computers

• Replicating “The Baby”

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Numerical Tables

Books of tables

from the 18thcentury

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Early adding machines

Pascal17th c.

de Colmar1824

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Charles Babbage

Mathematician

Philosopher

Genius

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Analytical Engine - 1838

CONTROL mechanism

“Operations” cards a+b

c

b

ax b

e-a

e

b

STORE for numbers

MILL arithmetic

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Babbage s Analytical Engine

The onlyfragment everconstructed

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Arrival of Electronics

Wireless sets

Television

Radar

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Colossus Codebreaking Machine

Electronic,very fast

1943, UKSecret!

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ENIAC Machine

Electronic,very fast

1945, USAHuge

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Fixed Program Computer - 1940s

STORE for numbers

CONTROL mechanism

MILL arithmetic

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Stored Program Computer - 1940s

STOREfor numbers &

instructions

CONTROL mechanism

MILL arithmetic

Instructions

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Need for Electronic “Memory”

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Quest for a memory

• By 1945, several research teams were seeking afast memory device.

• FC Williams and Tom Kilburn at ManchesterUniversity.

• During the war they had been expert radarengineers and they believed they could solve thememory problem using radar cathode ray tubes.

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Quest for a memory

• The Cathode Ray Tube Store could rememberover 2000 binary digits by end of 1947

• But would it work in a computing machine?

• It needed to be tested “…in the hurly -burly ofcomputing.”

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The Need for Realistic Testing

• So they built a little computer to test theirmemory invention.

• Formally, it was: “The Small -ScaleExperimental Machine”

• but informally: “Baby”

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The Historic Event

• Monday, 21st June 1948, about 11:15

• The first time in the world that a stored-program computer worked

• The “Baby” was the World s first UniversalComputing Machine

• Nearly all modern computers are “like” that.

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The Firstprogram

From anotebook kept

by Geoff Tootill

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Dots & Dashes

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A film fragment showing the computer probably in 1948

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• “What do you mean - „Computer ?”

• The first Manchester computer - “The Baby”

• Interlude - what was going on elsewhere

• The early Manchester computers

• Replicating “The Baby”

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Interlude - What was happening elsewhere?

• University of Cambridge 1946 - 1949

• National Physical Laboratory 1947 - 1950

• Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton -1952

• IBM - 1953

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Cambridge - EDSAC

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London - Pilot ACE

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USA - von Neumann

IBM uses the Cathode Ray

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IBM uses the Cathode RayTube store

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Early Manchester Computers

1948 - The “Baby” - The Small-Scale Experimental Machine

1949 - The University Mark 1 computer

1951 - The Ferranti Mark 1 computer

1954 - MEG 1957 - Ferranti Mercury

1953 - Transistor machine

1956 - Metropolitan Vickers MV950 1958 - Muse

1962 - Ferranti Atlas

Small-Scale Experimental Machine

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Small Scale Experimental Machine1948 - Manchester

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A newsreel film showing the enlargedcomputer in about June 1949

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The Ferranti Mk 1 Computer - 1951

(World’s first commercially -delivered computer)

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MEG - Ten times faster - 1954

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Ferranti “Mercury” -1957

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University Transistor Computer - 1953

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Metro-Vick MV950 - 1956

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University/Ferranti “ATLAS” - 1962

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• “What do you mean - „Computer ?”

• The first Manchester computer - “The Baby”

• Interlude - what was going on elsewhere

• The early Manchester computers

• Replicating “The Baby”

The Small-Scale Experimental Machineb ld

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The Computer Conservation Society

Rebuild Project

THE MUSEUMOF SCIENCE &INDUSTRY INMANCHESTER

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Project Goal

“ To construct a working replica of theManchester University

Small-Scale Experimental Machine

by Sunday, 21st June 1998the 50th anniversary of the successful runningof the world's first stored computer program

and to re-run that program. ”

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SSEM - Building the Replica

• 1995 to June 1998 - 3½ years to do it all

• Fully sponsored by ICL - purchasing anduse of workshops

• Acquire the obsolete parts, valves etc.

• Design studies - technical detective work

Dai Edwards Drawing of the

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Dai Edwards Drawing of theClock Circuit

Alec Robinson s version of the

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Clock Circuit

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Illustrated London News Photo

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of Typewriter

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Cl f M k 1 T it

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Close-up of Mark 1 Typewriter

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Cover of WarSurplus

Catalogue

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Replica of the “Baby”

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Replica of the Baby

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Now a video of the re-building

Small-Scale Experimental Machine

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Rebuild Project

Thanks to:The University of Manchester for facilities and support

Our sole sponsor - ICL, West Gorton

The pioneer team for consultation and encouragement

The Museum of Science and Industry for a final home

Many individuals for information and parts

My team of CCS members for their volunteer effort