Computer Storage Brief History of Magnetic Storage 1953-early 1960’s Drum divided into tracks Each...

Computer Computer StorageStorage

Brief History of Magnetic Brief History of Magnetic StorageStorage• 1953-early 1960’s

•Drum divided into tracks• Each track has own read head – eliminating time to move heads• Controller just waits until sought data comes by• Speed of data storage/retrieval dependent on rotational speed.• Programmers wrote code onto drum in a particular fashion


Brief History of Magnetic Brief History of Magnetic StorageStorage



IBM 305 RAMVAC – Introduced 1956


Brief History of Magnetic Brief History of Magnetic StorageStorage1965 – Removable disk Pack introduced

Cassette tapes used for storage in early 1970’s

1971 -- First floppy disk (8”) introduced by IBM (100k)

1973 -- IBM introduces the IBM 3340 hard disk unit

1976 -- 5 ¼” first built – Single sided 180K

1978 -- 5 1/4 “ floppy did not become popular until Apple 2E in

(Price for drive $495)

1980 – 3 1/2 “ floppy introduce by Sony

1987 - SEP. Microsoft ships Microsoft Bookshelf, its first CD-ROM application.



1990 - NOV. The Multimedia PC Marketing Council sets the minimum configuration required of a PC to run MPC-class software: 10-MHz 286 processor, 2MB RAM, 30MB hard drive, 16-color VGA, mouse, 8-bit audio card, 150KBps CD-ROM drive.

1991 - JUN. Tandy introduces its low-cost CDR-1000 CD-ROM drive for PCs. At US$400, including drive and controller card, it is about half the price of other drives.

1991 - Insite Technology begins shipping its 21 MB 3.5-inch floppy disk drive



1993 - OCT. NEC Technologies unveils the first triple-speed (450KBps) CD-ROM drive. 1994 - JAN. NEC Technologies ships its quad-speed CD-ROM priced at US $1000. 1994 - DEC. Iomega Corp. introduces its Zip drive and Zip disks, floppy disk sized removable storage in sizes of 25MB or 100MB.


Brief History of Magnetic Brief History of Magnetic StorageStorage1980 - Seagate Technologies announces the first Winchester

5.25-inch hard disk drive 1982 - Davong Systems introduces its 5MB Winchester Disk Drive

for the IBM PC, for US $2000. 1983 IBM introduced the IBM PC/XT and hard disk drives also became standard on most personal computers. 1985 – Hard disks shrunk to 1.6” tall (still 5 ¼”)1987 -- 3.5-inch form factor hard drives began to appear 1992 -- 1.8-inch form factor hard drives appeared, weighing only a few ounces and delivering capacities up to 40 MB 1997 - NOV. IBM announced the world's highest capacity desktop

PC hard disk drive with new breakthrough technology called Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) heads.


Brief History of Magnetic Brief History of Magnetic StorageStorage1999 - IBM introduces the 10,000 RPM Ultrastar 72ZX -- the

world's highest capacity drive at 73 gigabytes (GB). 2000 - IBM announced the availability of the 1Gb Microdrive, the world's smallest, lightest and largest capacity mobile hard disk increasing storage by a factor of three.

Computer Computer StorageStorageInterfacesInterfaces

MFM(Modified Frequency Modulation) RLL (Run-Length-Limited)ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface or ESDI )IDE (Intelligent Drive Electronics or Integrated Drive Electronics )ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment )SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)USBFirewireFibre ChannelISCSI (Internet SCSI)INFINIBAND


Mass StorageMass StorageHow much hard disk storage is there in the world?

Table 4.3: Annual production of hard disks: units shipped and total storage capacity

Year Disks Sold (Thousands) Storage Capacity (Petabytes)

1992 42,000

1995 89,054 104.8

1996 105,686 183.9

1997 129,281 343.63

1998 143,649 724.36

1999 165,857 1394.60

2000 200,000 (IDEMA) 4,630.5

2001 196,000 (Gartner) 7,279.14

2002 213,000 (Gartner projection) 10,849.56

2003 235,000 15,892.24

TOTAL 1,519,527 (1.5 billion drives) 41,402.73 (41 exabytes)

Source: Raw data, various sources. Chart, How much information 2003

Table 1.1: How Big is an Exabyte?

Kilobyte (KB)1,000 bytes OR 103bytes 2 Kilobytes: A Typewritten page. 100 Kilobytes: A low-resolution photograph.

Megabyte (MB)

1,000,000 bytes OR 106 bytes1 Megabyte: A small novel OR a 3.5 inch floppy disk.2 Megabytes: A high-resolution photograph.5 Megabytes: The complete works of Shakespeare. 10 Megabytes: A minute of high-fidelity sound.100 Megabytes: 1 meter of shelved books. 500 Megabytes: A CD-ROM.

Gigabyte (GB)

1,000,000,000 bytes OR 109 bytes 1 Gigabyte: a pickup truck filled with books. 20 Gigabytes: A good collection of the works of Beethoven. 100 Gigabytes: A library floor of academic journals.

Terabyte (TB)

1,000,000,000,000 bytes OR 1012 bytes 1 Terabyte: 50000 trees made into paper and printed. 2 Terabytes: An academic research library. 10 Terabytes: The print collections of the U.S. Library of Congress. 400 Terabytes: National Climactic Data Center (NOAA) database.

Petabyte (PB)

1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes OR 1015 bytes 1 Petabyte: 3 years of EOS data (2001). 2 Petabytes: All U.S. academic research libraries. 20 Petabytes: Production of hard-disk drives in 1995. 200 Petabytes: All printed material.

Exabyte (EB)1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes OR 1018 bytes 2 Exabytes: Total volume of information generated in 1999. 5 Exabytes: All words ever spoken by human beings.

Source: Many of these examples were taken from Roy Williams “Data Powers of Ten” web page at Caltech.

Computer Computer StorageStorageMass StorageMass Storage

How many are sold annually?


Table 4.3: Annual production of hard disks: units shipped and total storage capacity

Year Disks Sold (Thousands) Storage Capacity (Petabytes)

1992 42,000

1995 89,054 104.8

1996 105,686 183.9

1997 129,281 343.63

1998 143,649 724.36

1999 165,857 1394.60

2000 200,000 (IDEMA) 4,630.5

2001 196,000 (Gartner) 7,279.14

2002 213,000 (Gartner projection) 10,849.56

2003 235,000 15,892.24

TOTAL 1,519,527 (1.5 billion drives) 41,402.73 (41 exabytes)


For what usage?


Table 4.4: Total Storage Capacity and Original Info on Hard Drives, 2002

Drive type Est. Units Shipped 2002 Total Storage (in TB) Est. % Original Total Original (in TB)

Single-user (PC, laptop, and workstation) 200 million 9 million TB 1% 90,000 TB

Server (midrange and enterprise) 20 million 0.9 million TB 35% 313,000 TB

220 million 9.9 million TB 403,000 TB

Note that although the number server disks is only 10% of single-user disks, the capacity is about 347% times as much.


It is estimated that 60% of this capacity is unused.

Also note that these figures do not include tapes, CDs, DVDs, floppies, etc.


So, where does this leave us?

The need for more storage.

Enter:

• DAS

• NAS

• SANS

• DAFS


Coming soon:

Feature attraction:

The Protocols

Starring: Fibre Channel

FCIP

iFCP

And Introducing: ISCSI

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