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Computer programming is the process ofcreating software through the use of logic,algorithms, and programming language

Programmers use a program code to makesoftware

Program code : a set of instructions thatsignal the CPU to perform circuit witchingoperations

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A language designed for writing systemsoftware

It offers more direct access to the physicalhardware of the machine

System Software : Operating System,Language Processor & System Utilities

Major System Programming Languages C, C++, ESPOL, PL/I, BLISS

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A language designed for writing applicationsoftware

Application Software : Payroll system,Inventory System, Attendance System etc.

Major Application Programming Languages C, C++, VB.NET, Java, etc.

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Procedural ProgrammingLanguages

Procedural programming specifies a list of operations that the programmust complete to reach the desired state.

Each program has a starting state, a list of operations to complete, andan ending point. This approach is also known as imperativeprogramming.

Integral to the idea of procedural programming is the concept of aprocedure call. Procedures, also known as functions, subroutines, ormethods, are small sections of code that perform a particular function.

Procedural programming can be compared to unstructured programming,

where all of the code resides in a single large block. It splits the programmatic tasks into small pieces, procedural

programming allows a section of code to be re-used in the programwithout making multiple copies.

It also makes it easier for programmers to understand and maintainprogram structure.

Two of the most popular procedural programming languages are

FORTRAN and BASIC.www.eshikshak.co.in

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Structured ProgrammingLanguages

Structured programming is a special type of proceduralprogramming. It provides additional tools to manage the

problems that larger programs were creating. Structured programming requires that programmers break

program structure into small pieces of code that are easilyunderstood.

It also frowns upon the use of global variables and insteaduses variables local to each subroutine.

One of the well known features of structural programming isthat it does not allow the use of the GOTO statement. It isoften associated with a top-down approach to design.

The most popular structured programming languages includeC, Ada, and Pascal.

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Object-Oriented ProgrammingLanguages

Object-oriented programming is one the newest andmost powerful paradigms.

In object oriented programs, the designer specifies boththe data structures and the types of operations that canbe applied to those data structures.

This pairing of a piece of data with the operations thatcan be performed on it is known as an object.

A program thus becomes a collection of cooperatingobjects, rather than a list of instructions.

Objects can store state information and interact withother objects, but generally each object has a distinct,limited role.

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Low Level Programming Language Machine Language Assembly Language

High Level Programming Language

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Low Level Machine Language Computer understand only a language that is

known as Machine Language It consists of set of instructions in form of 1s

and 0s Example of Machine Instruction

1110001110000

It is difficult for human to read and write machinelanguage

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i) It makes fast and efficient use of thecomputer.

ii) It requires no translator to translate thecode i.e.Directly understood by the computer

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i) All operation codes have to beremembered

ii) All memory addresses have to beremembered.

iii) It is hard to amend or find errors in aprogram written

In the machine language iv) These languages are machine dependent

i.e. a particular Machine language can be used on only one

type of computer

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Inconveniences of machine language. Assembly language in which operation codes

and operands are given in the form ofalphanumeric symbols instead of 0s and ls.

These alphanumeric symbols will be known asmnemonic codes and can have maximum up to5 letter combination

e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, START,LABEL etc.

Because of this feature it is also known asSymbolic Programming Language. Thislanguage is also very difficult and needs a lot ofpractice to master it because very small

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Advantages of Assembly Languagei) It is easier to understand and use ascompared to machine language.ii)It is easy to locate and correct errors.

iii) It is modified easily

Disadvantages of Assembly Languagei) Like machine language it is also machinedependent.

ii) Knowledge of hardware required

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High level computer languages give formatsclose to English language and the purpose ofdeveloping.

It enables people to write programs easily and in

their own native language environment(English).

High-level languages are basically symboliclanguages that use English words and/ormathematical symbols rather than mnemoniccodes.

Each instruction in the high level language istranslated into many machine languageinstructions thus showing one-to-many

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Readablity Portability Easy Debugging Easy Software Development

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