Computers Are Your Future Tenth Edition Chapter 12: Databases & Information Systems Copyright ©...

Computers Are Your Future

Tenth Edition

Chapter 12: Databases & Information Systems

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1

22

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallPublishing as Prentice Hall

What You Will Learn


Recognize the potential uses of database programs.

Describe the basic components of a database.

Distinguish between file management programs and relational database management systems, and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.

What You Will Learn

Understand advanced database programs and applications, such as data warehouses, data mining, client/server database systems, and Web-database integration.

Describe the basic qualities of a good database.


What You Will Learn

List the components and main functions of an information system.

Recognize the functional divisions of an organization.

List the major types of information systems used in today’s organizations.


What You Will Learn

Describe how the retail sector is taking advantage of computer databases to increase sales and gain a competitive edge.


Databases & Information Systems


The Levels of Data in a Database

A database is a group of data that can be entered, selected, sorted, grouped, reviewed, and produced as output.



Database units Bit

The smallest unit of data stored by a computer

Contains either a 1 or a 0 Character

A letter, number, or symbol Made of bytes, which are groups of 8 bits



Database terms Field

Composed of one or more characters Identified by its field name

Record Group of related fields Is contained in tables or data files

Primary key or key field Unique identifier for each record




Types of Database Programs

Two types of database programs, software used to create databases and use their data File management programs

Manage only one table or file Known as a flat file

Database management systems (DBMS)

Manage multiple tables or filesCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 12


File management systems are: Useful for personal or small business

needs Used to develop an uncomplicated

computerized system for information storage and retrieval

Inexpensive and easy to use Unable to link to data stored in other

filesCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 13


Database management systems (DBMS) are: Able to access, store, and edit data Available in a variety of forms Not usually tied to one particular platform Able to present information in various

formats



Database management systems (DBMS)



Database management system classifications Based on how information is organized and

retrieved Four main DBMS classifications

Flat Hierarchical Network Relational database management system

(RDBMS)



Relational database management systems (RDBMS) Most widely used class of DBMS Link data found in several tables or

files Compared with file management

programs: More expensive Harder to learn Better in controlling data redundancy Better in preventing potential data errorsCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice

Hall 17


Data warehouses Combine all the data of an organization

into one large database Help executives make decisions

Examine data through the drill-down method View performance data for whole company Search through individual department data

Data marts are similar but support a department or division



Data mining Method used for

data review and investigation

Can be used to determine unknown data patterns



Client/server database systems Use database server software that

reacts to the information requests of remote users

Also use database client software to provide an interface with the user

Use queries to request information from the database server

Examples: ATMs and online bankingCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 20


Web-database integration involves taking database information and making it accessible over the Internet.


Advantages of Database Management Systems

Characteristics of a good database: Data integrity Data independence Avoiding data redundancy Data security Data maintenance



Data within a database is considered to have data integrity if that data is considered valid.

Data validation techniques are used as an attempt to prevent data integrity errors.



Data independence Data that controls applications and

data stored in the database are kept separate.

Avoiding data redundancy Enter data only once. Multiple entry of the same data is a

sign of an inadequately developed system.



Data security: Prevents a database’s contents from being accessed by unauthorized users.

Data maintenance: Required to permit the proper care and protection of data.


Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness

A skillfully created information system: Integrates data, computer hardware,

software, procedures, and users Main functions include:

Accepting data Converting data into information Storing data Distributing the information



Methods for controlling information include: Only routing information

to appropriate users Summarizing information Ensuring information

selectivity Getting rid of needless

information that wastes time and resources



Each of the core functions of an organization is managed by the appropriate functional division (functional unit, functional area).




Functional divisions of an organization: Accounting and finance Marketing and sales Human resources Management Manufacturing Information systems

Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey

For retailers, computers and databases are no longer used solely for traditional applications.

Point of sales (POS) cash registers are computers that integrate credit card authorization and inventory systems and are used as marketing devices.


Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey

Other systems that retailers use include: Check-screening systems, which

determine if a check is written on a delinquent account

Signature capture systems, which obtain digital customer signatures

Photo checkout systems, which show the photo of a customer at the time a credit card is used


What You’ve Learned

Database programs convert data into information and can be used for both personal and business information management and organization.

Database files, which are the foundation of databases, are made up of individual units of data called fields. When grouped together, these fields are called records.


What You’ve Learned File management programs, which work

with a single flat file, are easy to use and inexpensive but cannot control data redundancy.

Relational database management systems (RDBMS), which work with multiple tables at a time, are more complicated to use and more expensive but have the ability to reduce data redundancy.Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice

Hall 33


Through a data warehouse, many small databases throughout an organization are combined into one large database to provide decision-making information.

Data mining is used to explore data and expose patterns.



Client/server database systems enable multiple users to access information simultaneously.

Data integrity, data independence, the lack of data redundancy, data security, and data management procedures are features of a good database.


What You’ve Learned An information system integrates

data, hardware, software, people, and procedures.

The information system works by accepting, processing, storing, and distributing the resultant information.



The functional divisions of an organization include the departments of a company.

Information systems include transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive information systems, knowledge systems, and expert systems.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson learning, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 37


The retail sector’s use of point-of-sale terminals, when linked with inventory databases and other systems such as check-screening systems, provides businesses with the ability to perform many business tasks effectively.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson learning, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 38

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