Computers for Management

(JSB 107)

Debasis Dasconsultdebasis.com

Content

1. Computer Fundamentals 2. Introduction to computer

Hardware3. Networking4. Introduction to Software 5. Application Software  6. Internet Applications 7. Lab Sessions

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Recommended Books

• Rajaraman, V.: Fundamentals of Computer, PHI

• Norton, P.: Introduction to Computers, TMH

• Narang, R.: Database Management System, PHI

• Tangny & Mahony, O.: Local Area Network and Their Application, PHI

• NIIT: Understanding Business Information System, PHI

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Why do we needComputers?

• Get more work done

• Get work done faster

• Get more complex work done

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How Do ComputersDo it?

• Are they more intelligent?• They work unimaginably fast• They are able to take simple

logical decisions• They don’t get tired• They don’t need a break• They don’t fall sick (usually)

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Computer Fundamentals

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Objectives & Scopeof

Computer Applications

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Objectives

• It is a general purpose tool• Can be applied to a very large range

of problems• It can handle huge volumes of data• Personal computers are aids to

personal productivity

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Basic Computer

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Basic Cycle

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ListOf

Instructions

MindlessBut

Faithfulclerk

1. Get next instruction

2. Make out What is to beDone.

Tempstorage

3. Get operands

4. Get operation done

5. Storeresults

In Von Neumann Stored memory architectureThe instructions, operands, temporary and final results are in same memory.

Computer Basic Cycle

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Fetch next instruction, incrementpointer

Execute

Decode the instruction

Store Results

Fetch operands, if necessary

Computer Systems

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Basic HardwareArrangement

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Memorysystem

ProcessorI/O

devices

System Bus

Bus

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Address Bus

Data Bus

Control Bus

ProcessorInternals

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Instruction Pointer

Address bus

Instruction DecoderOperand Register

AccumulatorControl

UnitGeneral Purpose

Registers

Data bus

Control Bus

Data Representation

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Positional Notation

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123 = 1 x 10^2 + 2 x 10^1 + 3 x 10^0; base 10 number system

Digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

101 = 1 x 2^2 + 0 x 2^1 + 1 X 2^0; base 2 number system

Digits are 0, 1 (binary digits or Bits)

Introductionto

Computer Hardware

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Processor

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Processor Types

• Simple processor• Pipelined processor• Superscaler processor• Parallel Processor• VLIW processor• Array processor• RISC & CISC processors

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Processor Types

• Single core

• Dual core

• Multiple core

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Memory Systems

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Memory Organization

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123

n

Word Address Bus

Data Bus

Memory Types

• R A M

– Dynamic, Static

• R O M

–Manufactured, Field Programmable,

Flash

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Memory Hierarchy

• Main memory

• Secondary memory

• Cache memory

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Storage Devices

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Storage Types

• Magnetic disks

• Flash disks

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I/O Devices

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Interface to The World

• Keyboard

• Monitor/display

• Mouse

• Printer

• Scanner

• And lots of others

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Networking

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Why Network!

• Prime motivation is resource sharing

• Most other reasons are derivatives

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Local Area Networking

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Network Configuration

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Connected somewaySoftware support

Network Model

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Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Data link layer

Physical

Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Data link layer

Physical

Node to node

End to end

Layer Functionality http://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/techtopics/tech-ip-interop.html

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Wide AreaNetworking

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Communications Technologies

• Wired, co-ax cables, submarine cables

• RF Communication• Fiber communication• Satellite communication

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Introductionto

Software

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Algorithms &

Flowcharts

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Algorithms

• Process/method to solve a problem• Step by step process• Deterministic• Iterative• Recursive

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Flowcharts

• Graphical representation of a process• Could be used to represent an

algorithm• Could be used to represent a

complete program

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Programming Languages

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Program

• A set of statements in a given language

• Properties– Finite– Effective– Efficient

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Programming Languages

• Machine language

• Assembly language

• High level language

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Different Kinds of

Software

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System Software

• Software that comes with the system• Usually the software required to run

the system properly– Operating system– Assemblers– Compilers– Linker– Loader– Etc.

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Application Software

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Application Software

• Everything else that helps get

something done with the computer

• Usually to solve just one set of

problems

• Takes specific inputs and outputs

specific data

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WordProcessing

• Microsoft Word, Open Office Writer• Helps create documents• Caters to all the formatting

requirements• Lets you combine other elements

besides text• Takes care of printing of the

documents

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Spreadsheet

• Table based calculations made possible• Data is arranged in rows and columns• Rows and columns can be related

through embedded formula• What-if scenarios can be studies, as

data changes in the main set will automatically generate data in other cells

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Presentation

• Electronic equivalent of flip chart presentation

• Slides could be created and presented one by one

• Each slide, like flip carts can have text and graphics

• Automatic shows can be created

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DatabaseManagement

Systems• Large amount of tabular data can be

created• In the relational database version

one such table may be related to another one

• Many such databases could be created within a DBMS

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Internet Applications

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Concept of the Internet

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Internet

• Interconnected set of computers• Network of networks• Open & Heterogeneous• Follows standards• Anyone can connect to the Internet

through an ISP

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Applications ofthe

Internet

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Major Applications

• E-Mail

• World Wide Web

• Millions of others

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WebpageDevelopment

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What is a Web Page

• A poster hanging in the cyber space

somewhere?

• How do we find a specific page?

• What’s a search engine?

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Vital Parts of a Web Page

• Content

• Format

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Lab Sessions

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Lab Tasks

• Compose a one page resume• Develop a spreadsheet for marks,

calculate class average, calculate grade

• Develop a 10 slide presentation on the workshop-what you learnt

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