CONCENTRATING SOLAR THERMAL POWER...

CONCENTRATING SOLAR THERMAL POWER

TECHNOLOGY CLOSE UP

Manuel J. Blanco, Ph.D.

Director, Solar Thermal Energy Department

National Renewable Energy Centre of Spain

(CENER)

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1. Solar radiation as an energy source

INDEX

2. General characteristics of solar thermal

power systems

3. Overview of Concentrating Solar Thermal

(CST) technologies

4. Suitability of CST technologies for Southern

Africa

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Solar Constant = 1.367 W/m2

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2. General characteristics of solar thermal power systems

Solar Radiation Characteristics Solar Thermal System Functional

Requirement

Low surface density Large collector areas to achieve aarge

powers

Intermittency & randomness Thermal storage

High exergy content (ability to

produce work)

High temperature operation minimizing

thermal losses

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The need for concentration


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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

Maun Ghanzi Mahalapye Jwaneng Tsabong


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Concentrated radiation

Concentrator

Direct solar irradiance

(DNI)

Receiver

Thermal

Storage

Power

Block

Fosil Fuel/ BiomassAuxiliary

Boiler

GThermal

Energy

Electric Energy


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Parabolic Trough Linear Fresnel

Absorber tube and

secondary concentrator

Reflector

2D Concentrating technologies

1 Axis Tracking

Central Receiver Parabolic Dishes

3D Concentrating technologies

2 Axis Tracking


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WEIZMMAN, Rehovot, IsraelNSTTF, Nuevo Mexico, USA THEMIS, Targassone, France EURELIOS, Adriano, Italy SUNSHINE, Nio, Japan

SEGS Plant, California USA

3. Overview of Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST) technologies

CESA 1, PSA, Almería, España

SOLAR 1, California, USA

CRS, PSA, Almería, España

SOLAR 2, California, USA

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SKAL-ET 150 Flagsol

Solargenix

EuroTrough

ALBIASA SOLAR

Acciona SGX SENER

SENER


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• Array mirror surface

approximates a very large

parabolic surface

• Reflects light onto central line

receiver

• Array made of many parallel

and extended segments (one

segment shown here)

• Direct steam generation

“Keep It Solar Simple: KISS”


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1.1 m

31 m77.5 m

10 m

3 m

2.25 m

13 m


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Power Conversion System

Heliostat field

Receiver

Tower


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North field Circular field

+ secondary reflectionBeam Down concept


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Advanced Sodium Receiver

Pressurized Air Technology

Water/Steam Receiver

Open Air Receiver


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Distributed generation:

• Up to 25kW

ConcentratorReceiver

Structure

Stirling Engine


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STM


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Applications Advantages Disadvantages

Centralized electricity generation

plants. Grid-Connected.

Maximum demonstrated power up

to date: 80MW.

Process heat production.

Commercially available.

Maximum solar to electrical

efficiency: 12% -16%

Hybridization and heat storage

capabilities.

Moderate operating temperatures

(up to 400ºC) due to thermal oil

characteristics and limitations.

Parabolic-Trough Collectors


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Max. Power up to date: 1 MWe.

Process heat production.

Relatively low cost of

manufacturing.

Low maintenance. Simple

tracking system.

Efficient land use.

Direct steam generation.

Low operating

temperatures (up to 300ºC,

lower than parabolic-

trough). Relatively

immature technology for

commercial applications.

Linear Fresnel Collectors


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Central Receiver (Tower)




Max. Power up to date: 20MW.

High temperature process heat

production.

Expected to achieve high efficiencies

in the mid-term (42%-%53% solar to

thermal conversion efficiencienciy at

565ºC reaching 23% solar to electric

peak efficiencies). Hybridization and

high temperature heat storage

capabilities.

Large uncertainty regarding

capital cost estimations and

other economic parameters.


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Distributed and/or modular electricity

generation plants.

Grid-connected or standalone.

Max. Power up to date: 25 kWe

High efficiencies (up to 30% solar

to thermal peak efficiency)

Modularity and hybridization

capabilities.

Operational experience.

Hybrid systems have low burning

efficiency and reliability is not

demonstrated.

Dish-Stirling


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Parabolic Trough

100%

58%

48%

16%

Linear Fresnel

100%

42%

34%

11%

Tower System

100%

62%

53%

Parabolic Dish

100%

82%

62%

18%

22%

Op

tica

l

Th

erm

al

An

nu

al D

irect

So

lar

En

erg

y a

t th

e In

pu

t A

pe

rture

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781 MW of CSTP plants

in advanced state of

construction.

A total of 2400 MW

already authorized and

planned for 2013.

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Expected evolution of

the Levelized

Electricity Cost (LEC)

for Concentrated Solar

Thermal Power Plants

within Spain (25 years

lifetime) in Euro cents

per kWh.

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DNI Typical Histogram

4. Suitability of CST technologies for Southern Africa

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Spain

Maun

Mahalapye

Ghanzi

Jwaneng

Tsabong


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Concentrating Solar Thermal Technologies (CST) for electricity

production are in the initial stages of commercial deployment.

These technologies, because of their technical characteristics, have the

potential to make a large contribution to the world energy mix.

As the industry develops it is expected that the CST technologies will

rapidly evolve to increase performance and reduce cost significantly in

the short to mid-term.

The speed at which these technical advances and cost reductions are

achieve will be critical to the determine the market penetration of CST

technologies in the next decade.

www.cener.com

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