Concept of Development-PPT.ppt

8/14/2019 Concept of Development-PPT.ppt

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The Concept ofThe Concept of

DevelopmentDevelopmentDr. D. Jeevan KumarDr. D. Jeevan Kumar

Professor of Political Science, andProfessor of Political Science, and

Director, Centre for Gandhian StudiesDirector, Centre for Gandhian Studies

Bangalore Universit, BangaloreBangalore Universit, Bangalore


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! The idea of "development# $as invented inthe post%Second &orld &ar $orld, todescri'e the process ' $hich "'ac($ard#countries $ould "catch up# $ith theindustriali)ed $orld * $ith the help of'ilateral and multilateral aid and

assistance.


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! +ore than si decades later, the conceptof "development# has created a virtualindustr-

! o$ever, the realit is that the num'ers ofpoor people in $hose name "development#is /ustified * are greater than the $ere,

$hen the concept $as invented-


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! 0ccording to some, their povert is thedirect result of "development#-

! 1n the $ords of 2a/ni Kothari,3Development is the 'iggest disaster-4

! 0ccording to one estimate5 Ten millionpeople a ear, $orld$ide, suffer forceddisplacement from the construction ofdams 6 ur'an transportation sstemsalone.


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! The num'ers compare to the 78 millionrefugees annuall displaced ' $ars andother disasters.

! But refugees ma one da go home. Thedevelopment%displaced can never do that-

! 0ccording to Bala(rishnan 2a/agopal9uman 2ights specialist, +assachusetts1nstitute of Technolog, US0:5


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! 3;orced dislocations of people is a form of"development cleansing#-

! 3The ma also constitute ethnic cleansingin disguise, since a disproportionatenum'er of the dispossessed are fromminorit groups million people around the$orld have 'een displaced ' dams

alone.


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The Dominant Paradigm ofThe Dominant Paradigm of

DevelopmentDevelopment

0. Purpose of Development

! Transformation of traditional, agrarian,'ac($ard economies and societies,

into

industrial, commodified, modern ones.


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Dominant Paradigm ofDominant Paradigm of


B. Basic 0ssumptions

! ?ndless conversion of resources intogoods and services.

! Use of Science and Technolog to ma(e

this conversion more and more productiveand efficient.


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! Possi'ilit of unlimited gro$th in a ;ree%+ar(et sstem.

! Domination and eploitation of @ature.

! Philosoph of Social Dar$inism5

% +an is the most highl evolved of all

species. % Survival of the ;ittest-


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C. Process

! Top%do$n.

! 2eliance on &estern (no$ledge, scienceand technolog.

! Aarge investments in large pro/ects.

! ?ternal control.


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D. +easurement

! ?conomic activit5

% Production and Consumption ofresources.

! 1ndustrial development.

! G@PGDP.! Per Capita 1ncome


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Conseuences

0. ?cological 1mpact! ?nvironmental Degradation.

! Glo'al &arming.

! Climate Change.


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Conseuences

B. &idening Divides

! @orth%South Divide.! 1ndustr%0griculture Divide.

! Ur'an%2ural Divide.

! 2ich%Poor Divide.


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Conseuences

C. Social 1mpact

! Povert.

! 1nsecurit.! Tension.

! Crime.

! Communalism.! ;undamentalism.

! Terrorism.


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! Toda, after more than > unprecedentedears of rapidl gro$ing glo'al prosperit,a'out E 'illion people $orld$ide survive

on less than F7 a da-

! This is a greater num'er than the entire$orld population in 7H>-

! 1nstead of creating a more eual $orld, sidecades of "development# have produced5


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! 0 socio%economic glo'al apartheid, smallislands of $ealth, $ithin and 'et$eennation%states, surrounded '

impoverished humanit.

! The attac(s on the US on 77 thSeptem'er8>>7 gave a ne$ compleion to the

continuall evolving relationship 'et$eenthe $orld#s haves and have%nots.


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! So do the escalating protests a'outGlo'ali)ation, and the ne$ politics ofpeople#s resistance all over the $orld, to

"development at gunpoint#-

! "Development# toda, is too ofteneperienced, not as opportunit, 'ut as

damage, perhaps even as disaster-


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2ight to Development 92TD:2ight to Development 92TD:

as a Basic uman 2ightas a Basic uman 2ight! 2TD $as formall recogni)ed as an

international uman 2ight, $hen theUnited @ations adopted the Declaration on

the 2ight to Development on I thDecem'er7=.

! Significantl, there $as a lone dissenting

voice, that of the US, and si a'stentions-


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U@ Declaration on theU@ Declaration on the

2ight to Development,7=2ight to Development,7=! The Right to Development is an

inalienable Human Right by virtue of which

every human person and all peoples are

entitled to participate in, contribute to, andenjoy economic, social, cultural and

political development, in which all Human

Rights and fundamental freedoms can befully realized. 90rticle 7:


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H +a/or 0rguments of the 2TDH +a/or 0rguments of the 2TD

7. The 2ight to Development is aninaliena'le uman 2ight. 90rticle 7:

8. 9a: The human person is the centralsu'/ect of development.

9': She should 'e the active participantand 'eneficiar of the 2TD.

90rticle 8.7:


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+a/or 0rguments of the 2TD


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0lternative Paradigm of0lternative Paradigm of


0. Purpose of Development

! Creation of sustaina'le economies andsocieties, 'ased on non%violence,love,cooperation, harmon, contentment, andfulfillment of need, not greed.


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B. Basic 0ssumptions

! Sustaina'le production and consumption.! Use of 0ppropriate Technolog.

! 0n understanding that gro$th can never

'e unlimited.


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Basic 0ssumptions 9contd.:

! uman activit to 'e in 'alance $ith@ature.

! Philosoph of ?cologism5

% +an is one among other species on this

planet.% Peaceful co%eistence of all species.


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C. Process

! Bottom%up.

! 2eliance on Traditional Kno$ledge and0ppropriate Technolog.

! Small investments in small pro/ects.

! Democratic inclusion and participation ofall.

! Aocal control.


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D. +easurement of Development

! ;ulfillment of 'asic material and non%material needs of all.

! Constant chec( on the condition of thenatural environment, through techniuesli(e5

% ?nvironmental 2esource 0ccounting and

0uditing.


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D. +easurement 9contd.:

! ?mpo$erment of the marginali)ed.

! 2ural Development5

% Condition of the village.

% Condition of ruralcottage industries.

! uman Development 1nde.

! Gender Development 1nde.


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?ssentials@on%@egotia'les of?ssentials@on%@egotia'les of


! olistic * Balanced, Comprehensive,1nclusive.

! 1ndigenousSelf%2eliant.

! @eed%'ased, not Greed%'ased.

! Sustaina'le.! umane.


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&hat is Development&hat is Development

!t is not simply a "uestion of economic

growth, food production, modern

e"uipment or technology transfer.

Development is about people. !t ishumanity in all its dimensions, in full

possession of dignity, and individual

rights#


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&hat is Development&hat is Development9contd.:9contd.:

choice, decision$ma%ing, and of

responsibility to its natural and socialenvironment#

$ Bertrand Schneider, &The 'arefoot

Revolution(, 1.T. Pu'lications, Aondon,7==.


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uman Developmentuman Development

Human Development is concerned with

advancing the richness of human life,

rather than the richness of the economy in

which human beings live.

$0marta Sen


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! &Human Development(presents a model ofinclusive development.

! The o'/ectives of &Human Development(are5

$ &idening people#s choices

% 1mproving their lives.


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Basic 0ssumptions

! Development must put people at thecentre of its concerns.

! The purpose of Development is to enlargeall human choices, not /ust income.


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uman Development 2eportsuman Development 2eports

! The first uman Development 2eport $aslaunched in 7>, and has 'ecome anannual feature, since then.

! The uman Development 2eport is anindependent report, commissioned ' theU@DP.

! 1t is a product of a team of scholars,initiall led ' +ah'u'%ul%a of BanglaDesh.


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! The concept is 'ased on a calculation of Eessential elements5

% 1ncome,

% ?ducation, and

% ealth.


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uman Development 1ndicesuman Development 1ndices

;our main uman Development 1ndiceshave 'een developed ' the HumanDevelopment Reports)

7. uman Development 1nde 9D1:

% Com'ines indicators of Aife?pectanc, ?ducational attainment and

Per Capita 1ncome into a compositeuman Development 1nde.


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8. Gender Development 1nde 9GD1:

! Ta(es note of ineualit 'et$een +enand &omen.

! 1mposes a penalt for ineualit.

! The greater the gender disparit, thelo$er a countr#s GD1, compared $ith itsD1.


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E. Gender ?mpo$erment +easure 9G?+:

! ?amines gender eualit in economicand political participation and decision%ma(ing.


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I. uman Povert 1nde

! Does not measure povert ' income, 'ut' the most 'asic dimension of deprivation% a short life

% lac( of 'asic education and

% lac( of access to pu'lic and privateresources.


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uman Development 2eport, 8>>uman Development 2eport, 8>>

Countr 2an(ings7. @or$a8. 0ustraliaE. 1celandI. Canada

H. 1reland. @etherlandsL. S$eden=. ;rance. S$it)erland

7>. Japan77. Auem'ourg78. ;inland7E. United States of 0merica


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uman Development 2eport, 8>>uman Development 2eport, 8>>

Countr 2an(ings 9contd.:

8. China.

7>8. Sri Aan(a7E8. Bhutan

7EI. 1ndia

7I7. Pa(istan7II. @epal


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Sustaina'le DevelopmentSustaina'le Development

Contet5 Sorr State of the ?nvironmentToda

! 0tmospheric Pollution

! Pollution of &ater Bodies! Aoss of ;orest Cover

! Depletion of Ground &ater

! ?tinction of Species! 2educed Soil ;ertilit


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State of the ?nvironment 9contd.:

! Desertification

!0cid 2ain! Depletion of M)one Aaer

! Greenhouse ?ffect

! Glo'al &arming! Climate Change


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Mrigins

!The origin of the term can 'e traced to theesta'lishment of the &orld Commissionon ?nvironment and Development9&C?D: ' the United @ations General

0ssem'l in 7=8.

S t i 'l D l tS t i 'l D l

t


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< Mrigins< Mrigins

! +rs. Gro arlem Brundtland $asappointed Chairperson of the &C?D.

! The &C?D came to 'e popularl referredto as the "Brundtland Commission#.

! The Commission su'mitted its 2eport,"*ur +ommon uture# in 0pril 7=L.


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Definition

0ccording to the &C?DBrundtlandCommission 2eport of 7=L5

-ustainable development is development

that meets the needs of the present,

without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.

Th B dtl d C i iTh B dtl d C i i


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The Brundtland CommissionThe Brundtland Commission

0pproach to Sust. Development0pproach to Sust. Development

! Ain(s environmental degradation $ithman%made interventions.

! Ta(es a positive attitude to$ardsdevelopment5

! ?conomic development and environmentalprotection can 'e mutuall compati'legoals.

B dtl d 0 T S tB dtl d 0

T S t


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Brundtland 0pp. To Sust.Brundtland 0pp. To Sust.

DevelopmentDevelopment9contd.:9contd.:

! 2ecogni)es that there are ultimate 'io%phsical limits to gro$th.

! 2ecogni)es that the planetar eco%sstemcannot sustain the high consumption ratesof the industriali)ed countries.

B dtl d 0 T S tB dtl d 0

T S t


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Brundtland 0pp. To Sust.Brundtland 0pp. To Sust.

DevelopmentDevelopment9contd.:9contd.:

! +aintains that consumption patterns of the@orth are driven ' greed, not need.

! 0c(no$ledges the responsi'ilit of thepresent generation to future generations.

P li P i ti f P tiP l

i P i ti f P ti


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Polic Prescriptions for PromotingPolic Prescriptions for Promoting


7. Structural Sustaina'ilit

% ?sta'lishment of structures andinstitutions to promote Sustaina'leDevelopment.


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Polic PrescriptionsPolic Prescriptions9contd.:9contd.:

8. 1ndustrial Sustaina'ilit

!Creation of circular industrial eco%sstems.

! Designing products for needs.


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E. 0gricultural Sustaina'ilit

Promotion of5

! Polculture

! 0gro%?colog

! Mrganic ;arming


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Polic Prescriptions 9contd.:Polic Prescriptions 9contd.:

I. Ur'an Sustaina'ilit

! Planning, guiding and regulating the 'uiltenvironment, 'ased on "carring capacit#.

! Conservation of la(es, trees,par(sgardens.

! Treatment of $aste$aters prior to disposalinto rivers, la(es or the sea.


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Ur'an Sustaina'ilit 9contd.:Ur'an Sustaina'ilit 9contd.:

! 0n effective $ater management plan, $iththe follo$ing components5

% 2ain$ater arvesting

% ?ncouraging conservative use

% Paing realistic prices

% Better maintenance and lea(ageprevention.


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H. ;orest Sustaina'ilit

! ?nsuring retention of minimum forestcover.

! Co%ordination of authorities responsi'le forforest management functions.

! +a(ing tri'als and forest d$ellerssta(eholders in forest management andpreservation.


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. ?nerg Sustaina'ilit

! Shift to alternative, rene$a'le sources ofenerg.

! ?ncouraging change in lifestles.

! 1ntroducing energ efficienc standards.

! ?limination of su'sidies lev of energtaes.

?ssential 2euirements for?ssential 2e

uirements for


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?ssential 2euirements for?ssential 2euirements for

Promoting Sust. DevelopmentPromoting Sust. Development

! @eed to re%cast our voca'ular.

! @eed to change our materialistic culture.

! @eed to change our educational sstem.

! @eed to change our value sstems.


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+ahatma Gandhi+ahatma Gandhi

The earth has enough for every man(s

need, but not for every man(s greed

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