CONCEPT OF EXTRACTION AND EXPRESSION…..

Submitted to Submitted By

Dr. Smita Johar PhD Dr. Nitika Rattan MD

INTRODUCTION

A Wide range of Technologies is Available for the Extraction of Active Components and Essential Oils from Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.

The Choice depends on the Economical feasibility and suitability of the process in the particular situation.

Definition Of EXTRACTION……

EXTRACTION ,as the term is used pharmaceutically involves the seperation of Medicinaaly Active portion of the plants or Animal tissues from the inactive or inert component by using selective solvent in standard extraction procedure.

The product so obtained from the plants are relatively impure liquids , semisolids or powders intended only for oral or external use.

TYPES OF EXTRACTION ….

EXTRACTION is classified into following Categories :

1.DECOCTION2. INFUSION3. MACERATION4. FLUID EXTRACTS5. TINCTURES6. POWDERED EXTRACTS

BENEFITS of EXTRACTION PROCEDURES….

The Purpose of Standardised Extraction Procedures for the Crude drugs are to attain the therapeutically desired portion and to eliminate the inert material by treatment with selective solvents.

Thus , Standardisation of Extraction Procedures contributes significantally to the Final quality of Herbal Drug.

CONTINUED…….

The Mixture then is strained , the Marc (the damp solid material)is pressed and the combined liquids are clarifiedby Filterartion or decantation after standing.

The Strained mixture then is used for various therapeutic purposes .

In this method whole part of Crude Drug is Strained out.

INFUSION…

It is also the type of Extractive procedure.

In this process ,fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period of time with cold or boiling water.

These are dilute solutions of the readilly soluble constituents of crude drug.

INFUSION / FAANTA TYPES:

FAANTA is of two Types : The HOT WATER INFUSION The COLD WATER INFUSION

* THE HOT WATER INFUSION- Faanta is prepared from the plant material requiring low grade temperature for extraction of water soluble ingredients which are likely to be sensitive at high temperature.

Continued…..

Finally powdered plant material is soaked in hot water and thoroughly mixed.

The Mixture then is filtered through four layered muslin cloth . The filterate so obtained is termed as FAANTA.

The Dose of FAANTA is 80 ml.

SHEETA or COLD WATER INFUSION..

Heat sensitive plant material is subjected to cold water infusion and the product so obtained is termed as SHEETA or HIMA.

Finally powdered plant material is soaked overnight in sixparts of water .

The Contents then filtered through four layered muslin cloth . The Filterate so obtained is called as SHEETA.

Dose is 80 ml.

Stability period of different dosage forms… (Sarangdhara Samhita)

DRUG FORM SHELF LIFE1. UNPROCEESED DRIED PLANT MATERIAL

1 YEAR

2. POWDER 2 MONTHS3. TABLET ,PILLS SYRUPS 1 YEAR4. MEDICAL OIL AND GHEE 16 MONTHS5. LOW POTENCY DRUGS 1 YEAR

DECOCTION (KWATHA KALPANA)

In this process ,the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for definite time.

It is then cooled and strained out or filtered. This procedure is suitable for extracting water

soluble and heat stable constituents. This procedure in Ayurvedic terms is called as

KWATHA procedure. The Starting Ratio of crude drug to water

fixed eg 1:4 or 1:16 ,the volume brought down to one fourth its original volume by extraction procedure.

IMPORTANCE OF DECOCTION PROCEDURE

Decoction procedure is very easy and cheap.

It require less instruments. Whole content of the drug is

obtained. Herbs whose swaras is not obtained

can be used either by Kwatha process or by Puta paka Swarasa process.

Less time consauming and can be obtained by less skills.

PERCOLATION

This is the procedure used most frequently to extract active ingredients in the preparation of Tinctures and fluid extracts.

An instrument called Percolator is mainly used in this procedure.

Steps involving in this procedure are as follows;

Continued…….

The Solid Ingredients are moistened with an appropriate amount of menstrum and are allowed to stand for approximately 4 hr. in a well closed container, after which top of the percolater is closed.

Additional Menstrum is allowed to form shallow layer above the mass.

The outlet of the percolator then is opened and the liquid contained there in is allowed to drip slowly .

Continued…

Additional Menstrum is added as required.

The Marc is then pressed and the expressed liquid is added to percolate.

Sufficient Menstrum is added to produce the required volume , and the mixed liquid is clarified by filteration or by standinf followed by Decanting.

ADVANTAGES OF EXTRACTION PROCEDURES

The Extraction of constituents at low temperature , which strictly avoid damage from heat nd some organic solvents.

No solvent residues. Environmemt friendly Extraction

procedures.

DISTILLATION….

INTRODUCTION : In order to isolate essential oils by Distillation the aromatic plant material is packed in a still and sufficient quantity of water and is added and brought to boil and alternatively live steam is injected into the plant charge.

Due to the influence of hot water and steam , the essential oil is freed from the oil glands in the plant tissues.

Continued…..

The Vapour mixture of water and oil is condensed by indirect cooling with water.

From the condenser , distiilate flows into the seperator ,where oil seperates automatically from the distillate water.

TYPES OF DISTILLATION…..

1. WATER DISTILLATION2. WATER AND STEAM DISTILLATION3. DIRECT STEAM DISTILLATION

Water and Steam Distillation has more benefits over Water distillation and Direct steam Distillation.

EXPRESSION

Expression or cold pressing and is mainly used in the production of citrus oils..

The term Expression refers to any physical process in which the essential oil glands in the peel are crushed or broken to release the oil.

This process is not widely used as that of Extraction procedure.

CONCLUSION….

The Process of Extraction determines how Efficientely we add value to the Bioresource.

In case of Essential Oils , the Extraction process affects the physical as well as internal composition.

Furthermore, Essential Oils are evaluated internationally for their various preparations.

Variations in the chemical constituents of the extracts of the plants may result by using non staandardisation procedure of extraction.

THANK YOUUU……