Date post: | 25-Jul-2015 |
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Engineering |
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concept of resilience and self healing in smart gridKUNDAN KUMAR
12EBKEE047
What is Smart Grid
Smart Grid is simply a communications system overlay on the existing electrical grid to make the electrical grid more controllable and much more efficient in the delivery of energy. The communications systems will be connected to strategically placed sensors throughout all four segments of the electrical grid: Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Consumers.
A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information - such as information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers - in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity. Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid.
Key defining Functions
Enable Active Participation by Customers
Accommodate All Generation and Storage Options
Enable New Products, Services, and Markets
Provide Power Quality for the Digital Economy
Optimize Asset Utilization and Operate Efficiently
Anticipate and Respond to System Disturbances
Operate Resilienntly Against Attacks and Natural Disasters.
Self-Healing - What is it?
Self-healability is the property that enables a system to perceive that it is not operating correctly and, without human intervention, make the necessary adjustments to restore itself to normality.
Dependable systems: Systems that are globally trustworthy with respect to their ability to always deliver its service. Fault-tolerant systems: Systems in which faults may occur but do not affect the performance of the system. Resilient systems: Systems that could reconfigure to harness disturbances. As oppose to these three definitions that specify the goals but not the means, self-healability aims at correcting or put right undesirable system situations. That is an active approach that operationalize the definitions stated above
Self-Healing Grid - Vision
A self-healing grid is expected to respond to threats, material failures, and other destabilizing influences by preventing or containing the spread of disturbances. This requires the following capabilities:
Timely recognition of impending problems
Redeployment of resources to minimize adverse impacts
A fast and coordinated response to evolving disturbances
Minimization of loss of service under any circumstances
Minimization of time to reconfigure and restore service
Definition: Resilience
The capability of a strained body to recover its size and shape after deformation caused especially by compressive stress
An ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change
Resilience is the property of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then, upon unloading to have this energy recovered. In other words, it is the maximum energy per volume that can be elastically stored. It is represented by the area under the curve in the elastic region in the Stress‐Strain diagram.
Grid Components
Generation Transmission Distribution
Transmission – Approaches
Optimal Routing/Rerouting
Multiple transmission lines - balanced routing
Adaptive active islanding
Priority of Loads (Hospitals Vs. Houses)
Graph theoretical approach
The grid is represented as a directional weighted graph.
The nodes of the graph are generators, storage, interconnects or demand units.
The edges of the graph, namely the connections between the nodes, are transmission lines.
Graph theoretical approach (2)
The Grid can be represented as a multi-weighted directed graph G = (N, L, C, D) consisting of N ={n1, n 2, … , nN} nodes, L={l1, l 2, … , l N} links of lengths D={d1,d 2,…, nN} and capacities C={c1 , c 2 , … , c N }
Node strength:
Impedance:
Clustering co-efficient, community structures, cascading models, resiliency
Distribution – Approaches
Automatic Meter Reading.
Shedding with priorities.
Consumer based; e.g., Hospitals / Offices Vs. Houses.
Service based; e.g., lights Vs. Air Conditioning.
Dynamic Pricing.
Automatic Meter Reading Process – Preparation Phase.
Asset Codification
Asset GIES Mapping
Network Planning
Automatic Meter Reading Process Network Rollout
MDMS(Mapped
Distribution Management System)
Broadband Over Power Line
Fiber Optics
Wireless
Automatic Meter Reading Process MDMS Snapshots
Automatic Meter Reading Process Network Analytics
Consumer Profiling
Billing and Collection
Report Generation
Network Planning
Theft identification and Avoidance
Complaint management and Log
Automatic Meter Reading – The whole process
data acquisitionServer
Web Server
Database Data Analysis Server
Consumer Profiting
Billing and Collection
Network Loss Manage
Report Generation
Supplier Profiting
Network Planning
Theft Identification
Data Analysis
Database Management
• Connection related • Theft Management Line Men
• Bill delivery to consumers• Spot bill collection
Accounts
• Network design• Load analysis
Engineering
Summary
Self-healing has to be a critical characteristic of Smart Grid
Has to be incorporated and supported by all components (Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Consumers)
Several ongoing studies lead by EPRI
The Self‐Healing Grid
Challenges
Management of Precursors and their Signatures (Identifying & Measuring Precursors), including DDRs, WAMS.
Fast look‐ahead simulation and modelling capability.
Adaptive and Emergency Control; Rapid Restoration.
Impact of all pertinent dynamic interactive layers including.
Fuel supply (Oil & Gas), Information, Communication and Protection layes.
Electricity Markets and Policy/Regulatory layers.
Conclusions
Utility systems are tempting targets.
Cyber attacks are very probable.
We know what we need to do to prevent & mitigate attacks.
The industry and government are working on solutions, and a lot remains to be done.