ConceptsGeography I

POPULATION

POPULATION

• Distribution • spread across surface• uneven and changes• dot map• dots represent people • crowded• sparcely populated

Dot map

1 dot represents 100 000 people

POPULATION

• Density • number of people• per km2

• total population/area• choropleth map• generalisation• hide concentrations

Choropleth map

Over 500 people per km2

200/500 people per km2

100/199 people per km2

POPULATION

relief

vegetation

natural routes natural resources

soil

climate

water supply

Physical factors

POPULATION

social political

economic

Human factors

POPULATION

• Population growth

• death rate• birth rate• natural increase• natural decrease

POPULATION

• Demographic transition model

• total population• population change• birth rate• death rate• natural increase• natural decrease• four stages

The demographic transition modelStage 1 Stage 3Stage 2 Stage 4 Stage 5

POPULATION

• Stage 1

• Stage 2

• Stage 3

• Stage 4

• very hight fluctuating birth and death rates

• birth rate very hight, death rate falling rapidly

• birth rate falling rapidly, death rate falling slowly

• birth and death rates falling slowly

POPULATION

• Population structures

• population pyramid:

– birth rate– death rate– life expectancy– age groups– males – females– population growth

65

15

males females

Population pyramidStage 1

Life expectancy

Death rate

Birth rate

Economicly active

65

15

males females

Population pyramidStage 2Life

expectancy

Death rate

Birth rate

Economicly active

65

15

males females

Population pyramidStage 3Life

expectancy

Death rate

Birth rate

Economicly active

65

15

males females

Population pyramidStage 4Life

expectancy

Death rate

Birth rate

Economicly active

POPULATION

• Dependency ratio

Non economically active(children 0-14 and elderly over 65)

Economically active(working age 15-64)

100 = dependency ratio

(how many dependent for 100 working age)

POPULATION

• Population trends

• population explosion• always growing• LEDCs more rapidly• only estimates• fastest growth – Africa,

Asia and Latin America

• slowest growth – Europe, North America and Australasia

• most population live in Asia

POPULATION

• Changing population structures

• Too many under 15s– stages 2 – 3– high birth rates– proportion 40%– work on farms– infant mortality rate– religion– lack of education– contraceptives

POPULATION

• Changing population structures

• Too few under 15s– approaching stage 5– natural decrease– replacement rate– workers– technology– services– social care for elderly– one-child policy

POPULATION

• Changing population structures

• Ageing population– increase in life expectancy– standard, hygiene, health

care– diet, medical knowledge– proportion 20%– amount of money– services

MIGRATION

MIGRATION

Migration

external internal

seasonalpermanent

MIGRATION

Migration

voluntary forced

immigrantsemigrants

MIGRATION

• net migration gain

• net migration loss

•migration balance

emigrants immingrants emigrants immingrants

MIGRATION

• Voluntary migration

• employment• pioneers• territorial expansion• better climate• social amenities• family

MIGRATION

• Forced migration

• persecution• war• slaves• discrimination• famine• disasters• overpopulation

MIGRATION

• Refugees • forced migration• 15 million• 80% developing• bad conditions

MIGRATION

• Economic migrants

• voluntary• assimilation• labour shortage• restriction• ethnic minority• concentration/segregation

MIGRATION• Differences:

• wealth• education• colour• religion• quality of

environment

• Difficulties:

• housing• education• jobs• discrimination• crime

Economic migrants

MIGRATION• Push factors:

• poor-quality housing

• decline of industries

• poorly paid jobs• poor transport

links• pollution• fewer social

amenities

• Pull factors:

• better housing• footloose industries• better paid jobs• better transport links• better services• cultural amenities

Urban-to-rural migration

MIGRATION

• Counterurbanisation

• reverse direction• dormitory settlements• commuter settlements• suburbanised villages

MIGRATION

• Reasons:

• employment• housing• changed family

status• environment

factors• social factors

• Which groups:

• higher income• higher skills• better qualified• parents – young

families

Counterurbanisation

MIGRATIONadvantages disadvantages

Losing country

fewer resources

decline in birth rate

new skills

money sent back

loses working people

loses people with skills

manly males

division of families

high death rate - elderlyReceiving country

labour shortage

unskilled jobs

long hours

some skilled migrants

first to be unemployed

bad housing

segregation

language, less healthy

racial tension

Settlement

Settlement

• Site

• Situation

• point• local relief• soil• water supply• resources

• surrounding features• determines growth

Settlement

• Situation• wet-point site• dry-point site• building material• defence• fuel supply• food supplies• nodal points• bridging points• shelter and aspect

Types of

settlements

RURAL URBAN

Isolated building

Hamlet VillageLarger

industrial town

CityConurbationcapital city

Small markettown

increasingly rural increasingly urban

Settlement

patterns

dispersed nucleated linear or street

functions

market town

mining town

industrial-manufacturing

ports

route centres

commercial

cultural/religious

administrative

residential

tourist resort

capital city

conurbationor city

city

large town

small town

village

hamlet

numerous isolated buildings or farms

Hierarchy distance appart

over 200 km

100-200 km

50-100 km

20-50 km

5-10 km

2-3 km

500 metres

1 family

5/6 buildings

several hundred

10,000-20,000

100,000

1000,000, 1-2 mill.

several mill.

Settlement

• Hierarchy• population size• range of services• number of services• sphere of influence• threshold population• range

Settlement

capital

city

large town

small town

village

hamlet

Range of services

Service

goverment buildings, museums, galleries, intermational airport

shopping complex, cathedral, university, theatre, airport

hypermarkets, bus station, hotels, banks, hospital, football team

town hall, doctor, cares, restaurants, secondary school, railway station

church, post office, shop, junior school, village hall

none, public phone

Settlement

• Sphere of influence

hamlet

village

town

Settlement

• Urbanisation

outer city

suburbia

old inner city

CBD

Settlement

• Urbanisation

high-class residential

medium-cost housing

low-cost housing

light manufacturing

CBD

Settlement

• Land use and functional zones • land value

• space• competition - demand• age• accessibility• wealth of inhabitants

Settlement

• UrbanisationCBC – hirgh-rise, shops,

banks, offices

inner city - terraced housing, 19th cent. industry, low quality h.

inner city – high-rise flats, redeveloped

outer suberbs – interwar medium, postwar high-quality

housing,

edge of the city – green belt, greenfield,

commuter villages

Settlement

• Central business district • the oldest and most accessible

• limited space • shops, banks and offices • high-rise building • shops with high profit margin

and threshold population

• congestion

Settlement

• Old inner city

• industry in the 19th century• low-cost housing (terraced houses)

• high density, few amenities• corner shops • 1960s – urban redevelopment and

renewal• social problems • skilled manual workers• many born outside of the UK

Settlement

• suburbia

• inter-war period • public and private transport • medium-cost housing • parades • park or play areas • introduction of town planning• owner-occupied• most non-manual and born in the UK

Settlement

• Rural-urban gringe

• 1960s – private and city council housing

• high-cost housing • low density • free of traffic with open space• skilled manual and form the UK• easier access

next time – urban change and industry

thanx