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8/13/2019 Concepts in Biology (Lecture from Mapua Institute of Technology)
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Concepts in Biology
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What is Biology?
the study of living
organism
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Characteristics Common to All
Living Organisms Composed of cells
Organized
Require nutrients and energy Respond to the environment
Contain DNA
Ability to reproduceAbility to adapt
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Organized
atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cells The smallest unit of life is the cell. tissues
organs
organ systems
individual organism
population
community Ecosystem
biosphere
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Atoms
The smallest particle ofa chemical element
that can exist alone
or in combination.
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Molecules
A small unit of matter
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Cell
The fundamental unit of living things.
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Tissue
A group of cells with similar function. For ex. Areolar tissue (the shown fig.)
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Organ
A group of tissues
with overall function
for example: heart
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Organ System
A group of cell,
tissues and organs
that perform a
specific major
function
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Individual/ Complex Organism
The total interaction of the organ systems
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Population
Group of similar
individual who
tend to mate witheach other in a
limited
georgraphic area
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Community
the relationships
of smaller
groups oforganisms with
each other and
their
environment.
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Ecosystem The relationship of smaller groups of
organisms with each other and their
environment
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Biosphere
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Require nutrients and energy
Nothing Lives without Energy
Cells require:
Energy = Capacity to do work
Metabolism = Reactions by which
cells acquire and use energy to
grow, survive, and reproduce
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Response to the environment
Organisms sense changes in their
environment and make responses to
them
Receptors detect specific forms of
energy (stimuli)
Allows maintenance of homeostasis
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Contain DNA
The genetic instructions of all living
organisms is contained in molecules of
deoxyribonucleic acid. Only cells can build/make the
biomolecules
Capacity for lifeDNA molecules
Non-living thingsno DNA molecules
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Ability to reproduce
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction
- Mechanism by which an organism
produces offspring
- Governed by instructions in DNA
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Ability to adapt
Evolution
Evolution refers to changes in the genetic composition ofa population.
Genetic changes may result in changes in the physicalor behavioral characteristics of the individuals.
Mutation
Evolutionary change has led to diversity amongorganisms. To date, approximately 1.8 million different
species of organisms have been identified. Biologistsestimate that there are between 10 and 200 millionspecies on earth.
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Venus flytrap
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Natural Selection
operates to produce individuals that are
better adapted to their environment.
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Evolution
Genetically based change in a line of
descent over time
The relative frequency of many sharedtraits typically change through successive
generation
Population changes, not individuals
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Adaptation
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Natural selection occurs because
Individuals within a population vary; they are not all identical.
Some variants are better than others.
The traits that vary are heritable.
The better individuals will have more success reproducing;
they will have more offspring.
In successive generations, more offspring will have the bettertraits.
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Antibiotic Resistance
Powerful agent agent for selection
Mutations for antibiotic resistance exist or
arise - mutation
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria survive and
reproduce better than nonresistant
Over time, proportion of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria increases
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Process of Science
Scientific Methodway of gaining
information about the world by
forming possible solutions toquestions followed by rigorous
testing to determine if the
proposed solutions are valid.
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Scientific Methodology involves:
Observing and asking questions
Forming hypotheses Conducting controlled experiments
Collecting and analyzing data Drawing conclusions
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Role of Experiments
Used to study a phenomenon underknown conditions
Allows you to predict what will happen if ahypothesis is not wrong
Can never prove a hypothesis 100%correct
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Experimental Design
Control group
A standard for comparison
Identical to experimental group except for
variable being studied
Sampling errorNonrepresentative sample skews results
Minimize by using large samples
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Scientific Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested for its
predictive power many times and has not
yet been found incorrect
Has wide-ranging explanatory power
Darwins theory of evolution by naturalselection
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Fields of Biology
2 Major Divisions
1. Botanythe scientific study of plants
2. Zoologydeals with the study of all
aspects of animal life.
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Branches of Zoology
1.Anatomy -the study of body parts
and their location
2. Ecology- study of interrelationshipsof organisms in the habitat.
3. Embryology -it is the study of the
formation and development of anindividual from gametes to an
organism
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Branches of Zoology
4. Evolutionthe study of changeundergone by species through the
ages.
5. Geneticsthe study of genes,heredity and variation.
6. Morphologystudy on form and
structure of organism
7. Cytologystudy of cells
8. Histologystudy of tissues.
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Branches of Zoology
9. Gross Anatomyit is a study of
microscopic structure of tissues and
organs. (mix anatomy and histology)
10. Paleozoologythe study of animal
fossils
11. Physiologythe study of howbody parts function and how they
work.
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Other specialized sciences
A. Taxonomynaming, describing,
classifying living organism.
Some variations: a.1. Apiculturestudy of bees
a.2. Anthropologystudy of man
a.3. Carcinologystudy of crabs
a.4. Conchologystudy of shells
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Limits of Science
Scientific approach cannot provide
answers to subjective questions
Cannot provide moral, aesthetic, orphilosophical standards
Conflict with supernatural beliefs
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Review: Diversity of Life
Millions of living species
Millions more now extinct
Classification schemes attempt to
organize diversity
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Scientific Names
Devised by Carolus Linnaeus
Classification scheme
Two-part name
First name is genus (plural, genera)
Homo sapiens- genus is Homo
Second name is species within genus
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Eubacteria(Bacteria)
Archaebacteria(Archaea)
Eukaryota(Eukaryotes)
3 Domains
Biologist group species that are related
by descent from a common ancestor
Domain - Highest taxonomic
rank of organisms
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Origin of life
EubacteriaArchaebacteria
Eukaryotes
Protistans Plants Fungi Animals
6 Kingdoms
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Single cells
No nucleus ororganelles
Smaller, less
complex
Prokaryotic
Organisms
Eukaryotic
Organisms Single- or multi-
celled Nucleus and other
organelles
Larger, more
complex
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The Living Kingdoms
Kingdoms are divisions of living nature
categorizing living things to express their
line or phylogeny When these kingdoms of life established?
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In 1674, Antonie Van
Leeuwenhoek The father of microscopy Invented the simple microscope and
observed the single celled organisms.
......1866... Richard Owen, John Hogg and
Ernst Haeckel proposed the 3rd
kingdom
Life
Kingdom protista
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
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1938.....Herbert Copeland Proposed the fourth kingdom, after the
invention of the electron microscope.
Life
Life
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Monera (bacteria, Blue-green algae)
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Monera (bacteria, Blue-green algae)
1960as proposed byEdouard Chatton
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1970 onwards...
- increasing emphasis on molecular levelcomparisons of genes.
Carl Woese divided the prokaryotes
(Kingdom Monera) into two groups, calledEubacteria and Archaebacteria, stressing
that there was as much genetic difference
between these two groups as between
either of them and all eukaryotes.
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6 kingdoms
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The six-kingdom system is still recognizably
an expansion of the original two-kingdom
system: Animalia remains; the originalcategory of plants has been split into
Plantae and Fungi; and single-celled
organisms have been introduced and split
into Bacteria, Archaea and Protista.
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In 2004, a review article by Simpson and
Roger noted that the Protista were "a grab-
bag for all eukaryotes that are not animals,plants or fungi". They argued that only
monophyletic groupsan ancestor and all
of its descendentsshould be accepted as
formal ranks in a classification.
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As of April 2010, there appears to be a
consensus that the six supergroup modeldoes not reflect the true phylogeny of the
eukaryotes, although there is no agreement
as to the model which should replace it
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Summary