Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 1 of 35 Computer Hardware & Software Session 1.

Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 1 of 35

Computer Hardware & Software

Session 1


Computer Hardware


Objectives Discuss “The City Inside” and the

components inside the CPU like the -– Mother board– Bus– Cards– Ports– Memory– Hard Disk Drive– Floppy Disk Drive– Power Supply Unit– Computer Clock (Real Time Clock)


Objectives(Contd.)

Classify Computers Identify a typical PC Configuration of -

– An ideal PC– Multimedia – The magic of technology


“The City Inside”

The city inside shows the Bus - transports data between the

processor and other components Motherboard - consists of a complex

group of circuits Controllers - controls the input/output

work in the computer


“The City Inside”(Contd.)

Cards - fixed on slots contained in buses to enable the expansion of the computer

Ports - entry and exit points of buses


“The City Inside”(Contd.)

Memory The hard disk drive The floppy disk drive The power supply unit The computer clock


Memory

Memory is classified into two types– Primary Memory

• RAM• ROM

– Secondary Memory


RAM

Random Access Memory (RAM) Essentially a read/write memory While writing new data previous data gets

overwritten RAM is volatile memory RAM may be classified as:

–Dynamic RAM

–Static RAM


ROM

Read Only Memory Essential functions are stored on the ROM Data can be read randomly from the ROM Data cannot be written onto the ROM Data is hardwired onto these chips at the

time of manufacture It is part of the computer system ROM is non-volatile storage


ROM

Though data is hardwired, the user is able to program the following types of ROM :– PROM– EPROM– EEPROM


PROM

Programmable Read Only Memory Chips are programmed by burning a

fusible link within selected cells A fused link cannot be restored Operations once written cannot be

erased


EPROM

Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory Possible to erase and reprogram the

ROM Erasing is done by exposing the

EPROM to ultraviolet rays of a specific

frequency


EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read

Only Memory

Can be programmed through special

electric pulses

Circuitry can be integrated into the

computer

EEPROM does not have to be removed

from its socket for programming


Secondary Memory

Found outside the CPU box Also called external memory or external

storage Some examples -

– floppy disks– tapes– cartridges– compact discs


Hard Disk It is the work horse of the computer

system Data is stored on platters Data is stored or retrieved using a read/write head During a read/write, the head is

stationary

while the platter rotates at a very high

speed beneath it.


Hard Disk (Contd.) Data is organised in a set of concentric

rings called tracks Each track is divided into sectors The read/write head may be fixed or

movable


Hard Disk (Contd.)

Fixed Head

Tracks


Hard Disk (Contd.)

Movable Head

Tracks


Hard Disk (Contd.) A set of corresponding tracks on all

surfaces of the disk pack equidistant from the spindle is called a

cylinder Seek time is the time taken to reach the

specified cylinder/track Rotational latency is time taken for the

specified sector to reach read/write head


Hard Disk (Contd.)

Average access time = average latency + average seek time The full set of these platters and the read/write

heads are enclosed in a vacuumed container, to protect it from dust and electrical shocks


Hard Disk (Contd.)


Floppy Disk

Allows information to be exchanged between two computers.

One of the easiest and cost effective ways to exchange information

It is enclosed in a plastic jacket to protect it from heat, dust and electrical shocks.


Floppy Disk (Contd.)

They can be made ‘write protect’, to prevent accidental loss of data


Classification of Computers

Computers can be classified on the basis

of - Purpose Components Size and processing power


Classification of Computers (Contd.)

Purpose Analog Computers Digital Computers Hybrid Computers



Components First generation of computers Second generation of computers Third generation of computers Fourth generation of computers Fifth generation of computers



Size and processing power Microcomputers Minicomputers Mainframes Supercomputers


Configuration

Configuration refers to the manner in which the hardware and software of an information processing system are organised and interconnected.


The Ideal PC (11/2004)P4 3.0GHZ / Bus 800/ Cache 1MB

Motherboard Intel 915GAV/2xRam 256MBHDD 80GB (7200 rpm)/ DVD 16XFDD1.44MB/ A keyboard/ Mouse OpticalMonitor 17“/ USB/ Parallel/ Serial portsFax ModemSound Blaster /SpeakersWindows 2000/ XP /2003


Multimedia

The multimedia kit consists of - the sound blaster card the speakers and the CD ROM drive ...


The Session in Brief The input/output work in a computer is controlled by controllers

who work with the processor to make sure that there is no clash of data.

The bus transports data between the processor and the other components. Some examples are the data bus and the control bus.

Ports are access points for the entry or the exit of data. Serial ports allow only a single bit of data to pass through.

Parallel ports allow the passage of more than one bit, i.e. 8 bits at a time.

Memory is classified into primary memory and secondary memory. The primary memory mainly consist of the RAM and ROM. The hard disk drive is the work horse of the computer system and

it is required for processing , reading and writing data. Computers are classified according to:

– Purpose : Analog, Digital, Hybrid– Size and Processing Power: Microcomputers, Minicomputers,

Mainframes, Supercomputers– Components :Generations of computers


Check Your Progress

1. The data in the computer travels on paths called .

2. The three types of buses found in the computer are , and .

3. are access point for the entry and exit of data.

4. A serial port is also called a port.

BUS

control data address

Ports

RS-232


Check Your Progress(…)5. The Centronics port is called a port.6. allow faster processing by

using multiple processors and superior technology and are used for complex tasks which require a lot of computational power.

7. computers process information using numbers which is essentially in a binary or a two state format.

8. Memory is essentially divided into_________ and ________memory.

parallelSupperComputer

Digital

primarysecondary


Check Your Progress(…)

9. ______ memory is volatile in nature.

10. The features of _______and_______ machines are combined to create a hybrid computing system.

RAM

digital analog

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Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 1 of 35 Computer Hardware & Software Session 1.

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