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Conceptual Framework of
Disaster Management
Dr. Khondoker Mokaddem HossainFounder Director and Professor,
Institute of Disaster Management and
Vulnerability StudiesUniversity of Dhaka
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Disaster Management
the actions taken by an organization in response tounexpected events that are adversely affecting people or
resources and threatening the continued operation of the
organization.
Disaster management includes: - the development of disaster recovery plans,( for minimizing
the risk of disasters and for handling them when they do
occur,) and the implementation of such plans.
- Disaster management usually refers to the management ofnatural catastrophes such as fire, flooding, or earthquakes.
Related techniques include crisis management, contingency
management, and risk management.
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Other terms used for disaster
management include
-Emergency Management which has replacedCivil defense, can be seen as a more generalintent to protect the civilian population in times
of peace as well as in times of war. Civil Protection is widely used within the
European Union and in Bangladesh and refers to
government approved systems and resources
whose task is to protect the civilian population,primarily in the event of natural and human-made disasters
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Cont.
Crisis Management is the term widely used in EU
countries and it emphasizes the political and securitydimension rather than measures to satisfy theimmediate needs of the civilian population. But in
Bangladesh it means the measures taken during andafter any natural and man made disaster and hazard.
Disaster risk reduction An academic trend is towards
using the term is growing, particularly for emergency
management in a development management context.This focuses on the mitigation and preparednessaspects of the emergency cycle
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Principles of Disaster Management
Disaster management is the responsibility of
all spheres of government
No single service or department in itself has the
capability to achieve comprehensive disaster
management. Each affected service or department
must have a disaster management plan which is
coordinated through the Disaster ManagementAdvisory Forum.
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Cont.
Disaster management should use resources
that exist for a day-to-day purposeThere are limited resources availablespecifically for disasters, and it would be
neither cost effective nor practical to havelarge holdings of dedicated disaster resources.However, municipalities must ensure thatthere is a minimum budget allocation to
enable appropriate response to incidents asthey arise, and to prepare for and reduce therisk of disasters occurring
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Cont.
Organizations should function as an extension of
their core business
Disaster management is about the use of
resources in the most effective manner. Toachieve this during disasters, organisationsshould be employed in a manner that reflectstheir day-to-day role. But it should be done in a
coordinated manner across all relevantorganisations, so that it is multidisciplinary andmulti-agency
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Cont.
Individuals are responsible for their own
safety
Individuals need to be aware of the hazards
that could affect their community and the
counter measures, which include the
Municipal Disaster Management Plan, that are
in place to deal with them
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Cont.
Disaster management planning should focus on
large-scale events
It is easier to scale down a response than it is to
scale up if arrangements have been based onincident scale events. If you are well prepared for
a major disaster you will be able to respond very
well to smaller incidents and emergencies,nevertheless, good multi agency responses to
incidents do help in the event of a major disaster
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Cont.
Disaster management planning should recognise
the difference between incidents and disasters
Incidents - e.g. fires that occur in informal
settlements, floods that occur regularly, stillrequire multi-agency and multi-jurisdictional
coordination. The scale of the disaster will
indicate when it is beyond the capacity of themunicipality to respond, and when it needs the
involvement of other agencies
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Cont.
Disaster management operational arrangements
are additional to and do not replace incident
management operational arrangements
Single service incident managementoperational arrangements will need to
continue, whenever practical, during disaster
operations
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Cont.
Disaster management planning must take
account of the type of physical environment and
the structure of the population
The physical shape and size of the Municipalityand the spread of population must be considered
when developing counter disaster plans to ensure
that appropriate prevention, preparation,response and recovery mechanisms can be put in
place in a timely manner
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Cont.
Disaster management arrangements mustrecognise the involvement and potential role
of non-government agencies
Significant skills and resources needed duringdisaster operations are controlled by non-
government agencies. These agencies must be
consulted and included in the planning
process
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE-
GENERAL
Disaster management cycle includes the
following stages/ phases
1. Disaster phase
2. Response phase
3. Recovery/ Rehabilitation phase
4. Risk Reduction/ Mitigation phase5. Preparedness phase
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Disaster phase
The phase during which the event of the disaster
takes place. This phase is characterized by profound
damage to the human society. This damage / loss
may be that of human life, loss of property, loss ofenvironment, loss of health or anything else. In this
phase, the population is taken by profound shock
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Response phase
This is the period that immediately follows the
occurrence of the disaster. In a way, all
individuals respond to the disaster, but in their
own ways
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Recovery phase
When the immediate needs of the populationare met, when all medical help has arrivedand people have settled from the hustle
bustle of the event, they begin to enter thenext phase, the recovery phase which is themost significant, in terms of long termoutcome. It is during this time that the victims
actually realize the impact of disaster. It is nowthat they perceive the meaning of the loss that
they have suffered
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Risk reduction phase During this phase, the population has returned to pre-disaster
standards of living. But, they recognize the need for certainmeasures which may be needed to reduce the extent or
impact of damage during the next similar disaster
For example, after an earthquake which caused a lot of
damages to improperly built houses, the population begins torebuild stronger houses and buildings that give away lesseasily to earthquakes
Or, in the case of tsunami, to avoid housings very close to theshore and the development of a greenbelt- a thick stretch of
trees adjacent to the coast line in order to reduce the impactof the tsunami waves on the land. This process ofmaking theimpact less severe is called Mitigation
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Preparedness phase
This phase involves the development of
awareness among the population on the
general aspects of disaster and on how to
behave in the face of a future disaster. Thisincludes education on warning signs of
disasters, methods of safe and successful
evacuation and first aid measures
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Phases and professional activities
The nature of emergency management is
highly dependent on economic and social
conditions local to the emergency, or disaster
Experts have long noted that the cycle of
emergency management must include long-
term work on infrastructure, public
awareness, and even human justice issues
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Process of disaster management
The process of disaster
management involves
four phases:
Mitigation
preparedness
Response
and recovery
A graphic
Representation of the
Four Phases in Disaster
Management
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1-Mitigation Mitigation efforts attempt
to prevent hazards fromdeveloping into disastersaltogether, or to reduce theeffects of disasters whenthey occur.
The mitigation phase differsfrom the other phasesbecause it focuses on long-term measures for reducingor eliminating risk
Mitigative measures can be
structural or non-structural.Structural measures usetechnological solutions, likeflood levees.
Non-structural measures
include legislation, land-useplanning (e.g. thedesignation of nonessentialland like parks to be used asflood zones), and insurance.Mitigation is the most cost-efficient method forreducing the impact ofhazards
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2- Preparedness- In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop
plans of action for when the disaster strikes. Commonpreparedness measures include the
communication plans with easily understandableterminology and chain of command
development and practice of multi-agency coordinationand incident command
proper maintenance and training of emergency services
development and exercise of emergency populationwarning methods combined with emergency shelters and
evacuation plans stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies and
equipment
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Cont.
An efficient preparedness measure is an
emergency operations center (EOC) combined
with a practiced region-wide doctrine for
managing emergencies
Another preparedness measure is to develop
a volunteer response capability among civilian
populations
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3- Response
The response phase includes the mobilizationof the necessary emergency services and firstresponders in the disaster area
This is likely to include a first wave of coreemergency services, such as firefighters,police and ambulance crews. They may besupported by a number of secondaryemergency services, such as specialist rescueteams
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Cont.
A well rehearsed emergency plan developed
as part of the preparedness phase enables
efficient coordination of rescue efforts
Emergency plan rehearsal is essential to
achieve optimal output with limited
resources. In the response phase, medical
assets will be used in accordance with theappropriate triage of the affected victims
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4-Recovery
The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to
its previous state. It differs from the response phase in its focus;recovery efforts are concerned with issues and decisions that
must be made after immediate needs are addressed
Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that
involve rebuilding destroyed property, reemployment, and the
repair of other essential infrastructure
An important aspect of effective recovery efforts is taking
advantage of a window ofopportunity for the implementation
of mitigative measures that might otherwise be unpopular
Citizens of the affected area are more likely to accept more
mitigative changes when a recent disaster is in fresh memory
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Phases and personal activities
1- Mitigation
Personal mitigation is mainly about knowing andavoiding unnecessary risks. This includes anassessment of possible risks to personal/family healthand to personal property
One example of mitigation would be to avoid buyingproperty that is exposed to hazards, e.g. in a floodplain, in areas of subsidence or landslides.Homeowners may not be aware of a property beingexposed to a hazard until it strikes. However, specialists
can be hired to conduct risk identification andassessment surveys. Purchase of insurance coveringthe most prominent identified risks is a commonmeasure
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Mitigation
Mitigation involves Structural and Non-
structural measures taken to limit the impactofdisasters
Structural Mitigation:- This involves properlayout of building, particularly to make itresistant to disasters.
Non Structural Mitigation:- This involvesmeasures taken other than improving thestructure of building.
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2-Preparedness
Unlike mitigation activities, which are aimed atpreventing a disaster from occurring, personalpreparedness focuses on preparing equipmentand procedures for use when a disaster occurs,i.e. planning
Preparedness measures can take many formsincluding the construction of shelters, installation
of warning devices, creation of back-up life-lineservices (e.g. power, water, sewage), andrehearsing evacuation plans
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3-Response The response phase of an emergency may
commence with search and rescue but in all casesthe focus will quickly turn to fulfilling the basichumanitarian needs of the affected population
This assistance may be provided by national or
international agencies and organizations Effective coordination of disaster assistance is
often crucial, particularly when manyorganizations respond and local emergency
management agency (LEMA) capacity has beenexceeded by the demand or diminished by thedisaster itself
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Cont.
On a personal level the response can take the
shape either of a home confinement or anevacuation. In a home confinement a familywould be prepared to fend for themselves in theirhome for many days without any form of outside
support
In an evacuation, a family leaves the area byautomobile (or other mode of transportation)taking with them the maximum amount ofsupplies they can carry, possibly including a tentfor shelter
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4-Recovery The recovery phase starts after the immediate
threat to human life has subsided. Duringreconstruction it is recommended to consider thelocation or construction material of the property
The most extreme home confinement scenariosinclude war, famine and severe epidemics andmay last a year or more. Then recovery will takeplace inside the home. Planners for these events
usually buy bulk foods and appropriate storageand preparation equipment, and eat the food aspart of normal life
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Thanksto all