Concise Histroy of Gurjars-Gujjars

8/11/2019 Concise Histroy of Gurjars-Gujjars

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Concise

Histroy

of

Gurjars/Gujjars

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material,

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Adesh

Katariya

Concise Gurjar History

Compiled By: AdeshKatariya

Authers Words:

The Gurjar/Gujjar/ Kazar/ Guzar/ Gazar/Guzr/ Yue chi were the Tocharian-

speaking inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, making them the easternmost speakers of

Indo-European languages in antiquity. They known a different nomenclature at

different places and different time lines. Huna , Kushana, Nagars, Parmars etc. are

Gurjars royal sub- Tribes called Gotra. Due to their native places Tokhristan, they

called Tocharian or Tokharian ( Tushar in Indian Sanskrit Litreture ) also . Thakur

word also originated from Tocharian ,In my all research I found that Thakur, Rajput

and Gurjars have same origin so that I would like to express my words with

Tocharian nomenclature.

Name:

The term Tocharianor Tokharianhas a complex history. It is based on the

ethnonym Tokharoi(Greek ) used by Greek historians (e.g. Ptolemy VI, 11,

6). The first Greek mention of the Tocharians appeared in the 1st century BC, when

Strabo presented them as a Scythian tribe, and explained that the Tocharians

together with the Assianis, Passianis and Sakaraulis took part in the destruction of

the Greco-Bactrian kingdom in the second half of the 2nd century BC.

These Tocharians have frequently been identified with the Yuezhi and the later (and

probably related) Kushan peoples. Many scholars believe the Yuezhi originally spoke

a Tocharian language. However, the debate about the origins and original language(s)

of the Yuezhi and the Kushan continues, and there is no general consensus. The


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geographical term Tokharistanusually refers to 1st millennium Bactria (Chinese

Daxia).

Today, the term is associated with those Indo-European languages known as

"Tocharian". Tocharian Ais also known as East Tocharian, or Turfanian (of the city

of Turpan), and Tocharian Bis also known as West Tocharian, or Kuchean (of the

city of Kucha)

Based on a Turkic reference to Tocharian A as twqry, these languages were associated

with the Kushan ruling class, but the exact relation of the speakers of these languages

and the Kushan Tokharoiis uncertain, and some consider "Tocharian languages" a

misnomer. The term is so widely used, however, that this question is somewhat

academic. Tocharians in the modern sense are, then, defined as the speakers of theTocharian languages. These were originally nomads, and lived in today's Xinjiang

(Tarim basin).

The native name of the historical Tocharians of the 6th

to 8th

centuries was, according

to J. P. Mallory, possibly kuie"Kuchean" (Tocharian B), "of the kingdom of

Kucha and Agni", and ri(Tocharian A); one of the Tocharian A texts has ri-

kntw, "In the tongue of Arsi" (riis probably cognate to argenteus, i.e. "shining,

brilliant"). According to Douglas Q. Adams, the Tocharians may have called

themselves ki, meaning "borderers, marchers".

Archaeology:


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"Tocharian donors", possibly the "Knights with Long Swords" of Chinese accounts,depicted with light hair and light eye color and dressed in Sassanian style. 6th century

AD fresco, Qizil, Tarim Basin. Graphical analysis reveals that the third donor from

left is performing a Buddhist Vitarka Mudra gesture. These frescoes are associated

with annotations in Tocharian and Sanskrit made by their painters.

The Vitarka mudr("mudrof discussion") is the gesture of discussion and

transmission of Buddhist teaching. It is done by joining the tips of the thumb and the

index together, and keeping the other fingers straight. This mudrhas a great number

of variants in Mahyna Buddhism in East Asia. In Tibet it is the mystic gesture of

Trs and Bodhisattvas with some differences by the deities in Yab-yum. (Vitarkamudris also known asPrajliganabhinaya, Vykhyna mudr("mudrof

explanation"); Japanese: Sepp-in,An-i-in; Chinese:Anwei Yin.)


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The Tarim mummies suggest that precursors of these easternmost speakers of an Indo-

European language may have lived in the region of the Tarim Basin from around 1800

BC until finally being assimilated by Uyghur Turks in the 9th century AD. This is

evidenced by both the mummies and Chinese writings.

A later group of Tocharians were the Kushans and maybe some Iranian tribes of the

Hephthalites whose Iranian population also settled in modern Afghanistan, North-

Eastern Iran, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkestan, whereas the nomadic Turkic tribes

were defeated by Bahram Gur and the Gokturks, who pushed them over the

Hindukush mountains to Sindh (Pakistan) and North-West India.

The Tarim Basin mummies (1800 BC) and the Tocharian texts and frescoes from the

Tarim Basin (AD 800) have been found in the same general geographical area, and areboth connected to an Indo-European origin. The mummies and the frescoes both point

to White types with light eyes and hair color. However it is unknown if the frescoes

and mummies are directly connected.

Mallory & Mair (2000:294296, 314318) argue that the Tocharian languages were

introduced to the Tarim and Turpan basins from the Afanasevo culture to their

immediate north. The Afanasevo culture (c.35002500 BC) displays cultural and

genetic connections with the Indo-European-associated cultures of the European

steppe yet predates the specifically Indo-Iranian-associated Andronovo culture (c.

2000900 BC) enough to isolate the Tocharian languages from Indo-Iranian linguisticinnovations like satemization.

In 2008, the remains of another male were discovered near Turpan, China. Thought by

researchers to be a member of the Gushi culture, the man was buried with a number of

practical and ceremonial objects, including archery equipment and a harp, and 789

grams of marijuana.Through genetic analysis and carbon dating, the burial has been

dated to roughly 700 B.C. Only two of the 500 graves at the site contain marijuana,

leading researchers to suggest shamanic roles for the two individuals.

In 2009, the remains of individuals found at a site in Xiaohe were analyzed for Y-DNA and mtDNA markers. They suggest that an admixed population of both west and

east origin lived in the Tarim basin since the early Bronze Age. The maternal lineages

were predominantly East Asian haplogroup C with smaller numbers of H and K, while


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speakers probably yielded their original language to Turkic languages of immigrating

Turkic peoples, while Tocharian B speakers were more insulated from outside

linguistic influences. It appears that Tocharian A ultimately became a liturgical

language, no longer a living one, at the same time that Tocharian B was still widely

spoken in daily life. Among the monasteries of the lands inhabited by Tocharian B

speakers, Tocharian A seems to have been used in ritual alongside the Tocharian B of

daily life.

Besides the religious Tocharian texts, the texts include monastery correspondence and

accounts, commercial documents, caravan permits, medical and magical texts, and a

love poem. Their manuscript fragments, of the 8th centuries, suggest that they were no

longer either nomadicor "barbarian (hu)" as the Chinese had considered them.

Historic role

Asia in AD 1, showing the location of the Tocharian/Yue-Chi tribes and their

neighbors.


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The route travels northwest through the Chinese province of Gansu from Shaanxi

Province, and splits into three further routes, two of them following the mountain

ranges to the north and south of the Taklimakan Desert to rejoin at Kashgar; and the

other going north of the Tian Shan mountains through Turpan, Talgar and Almaty (in

what is now southeast Kazakhstan). The routes split west of Kashgar with one branch

heading down the Alai Valley towards Termez and Balkh, while the other traveled

through Kokand in the Fergana Valley, and then west across the Karakum Desert

towards Merv, joining the southern route briefly.

One of the branch routes turned northwest to the north of the Aral and Caspian

seas then and on to the Black Seaby the Road of Byk (NWM).

Yet another route started at Xi'an, passed through the Western corridor beyond theYellow Rivers, Xinjiang, Fergana (in present-day eastern Uzbekistan), Persia and Iraq

before joining the western boundary of the Roman Empire. A route for caravans, the

northern Silk Road brought to China many goods such as "dates, saffron powder and

pistachio nuts from Persia; frankincense, aloes and myrrh from Somalia; sandalwood

from India; glass bottles from Egypt, and other expensive and desirable goods from

other parts of the world." In exchange, the caravans sent back bolts of silk brocade,

lacquer ware and porcelain

In Sanskrit literature

Sanskrit literature in numerous instances refers to the Tocharians as Tukhra(also

Tura, Tukhra, Tukkhra).

The Atharavaveda-Parishishta associates them with the Sakas, Greeks and Bactrians.It

also juxtaposes the Kambojas with the Bactrians. This shows they probably were

neighbors in the Transoxian region. The Rishikas are said to be same people as the

Yuezhi. The Kushanas or Kanishkas are also the same people.

M. A. Stein proposed that the Tukharas were the same as the Yuezhi. P. C. Bagchi

holds that the Yuezhi, Tocharioi and Tushara were identical.

The Parama Kambojas of the Trans-Pamirs, mentioned in the Mahabharata are said to

be related to the Rishikas who are placed in Sakadvipa (or Scythia). B. N. Puri takes


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the Kambojas to be a branch of the Tukharas.Some scholars state that the Kambojas

were a branch of the Yuezhi.

Sabha Parvaof Mahabharata states that the Parama Kambojas, Lohas and theRishikas were allied tribes.Like the "Parama Kambojas" ("most distant Kambojas"),

the Rishikas of the Transoxian region are similarly styled as "most distant" or "Parama

Rishikas" Based on the syntactical construction of the Mahabharata verses 5.5.15 and

2.27.25, Ishwa Mishra believes that the Rishikas were a section of the Kambojas, i.e.

Parama Kambojas.

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