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A
ABRASION RESISTANCE:The ability of a concrete surface to withstandsurface wear from machines and other materials.
ABRAMS LAW:A rule stating that with given concrete materials and
conditions of testing, the ratio of the amount of water to the amount of
cement in the mixture design determines the strength of the concrete. (
Water to Cement Ratio ) ACCELERATORS- Chemicals, which increase the rate of hydration, shorten
setting time as well as increase the rate of hardening and strength
development.These products are most often applied in cold weather
applications.
ADMIXTURES:Materials and chemicals added to a concrete mix designwhich can increase strength, workability, lower freezing points,
accelerate or decelerate setting time, entrain air or otherwise affect the
placement, and curing of concrete.
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AGGREGATE- Inert materials, such as crushed limestone, sand, coral, and
gravel, which serve as filler materials and can add significantly to the
compressive strength of concrete. The type of aggregate is normally
dictated by the availability of natural resources and the function ofthe slab or wall.
AIR ENTRAINING AGENTS - Additives which cause the creation of minute
air bubbles in the concrete mixture. This increases workability and frost
resistance and allows for the expansion of the concrete without excessive
cracking
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B
BACKFILL - Earth or other material used to replace material removedduring excavation in preparation for the construction of concretewalls, slabs,culverts, pipelines, trenches or bridge abutments.
BATCH PLANT - An operating Installation with the equipment andmaterials required to mix and batch concrete Some plants are portable
and are capable of installation on the job site. BLEEDING - A term used to describe the rising of excessive water to the
surface of a concrete slab. This is a normal process, which can becontrolled by the addition of water reducers or other admixtures.
BONDING AGENTS - Chemicals used to insure the adhesion betweennewly poured concrete and existing substrates. These products are
manufactured both in a two-part epoxy and a one part latexproduct. Epoxies are recommended for areas where adhesion could bedifficult.
BUG HOLES - Holes left in the surface of formed concrete or grout, whichreflect the location of aggregates, snap ties, or air products.
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C
CALCIUM CHLORIDE - A chemical used to accelerate the hardening of
concrete. The chemical is added to concrete mixtures during frost to
acceleratethe rate of heat build up in the mixture, therefore increasing
setting and hardening rates
CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE:Concrete, which is poured in forms erected at
its permanent location and allowed to harden and cure in this position.
CASSON:A foundation or support system whereby cavities are drilled in
the earthen substrate and filled with concrete.
CEMENT:An ingredient in concrete, which is made by the burning of clay
and crushed limestone. CEMENT FACTOR:The number of bags or cubic feet of cement used in
a cubic yard of concrete.
COLD JOINT: A stop in a pour, usually keyed, where newly poured
concrete is placed adjacent to concrete which has set or begun to set.
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COMPACTION:The density required on the surface, which concrete is tobe poured. Compaction insures that the slab does not crack in areaswhere there is a soft under surface.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:The measure of maximum resistance to load orweight. This factor is measured in Pounds Per Square Inch ( PSI )
CONCRETE CURING:The process of hydration, which allows the retentionof moisture in a concrete mix to allow the attainment of maximumcompressive strength. The prevailing specification for liquid membranecuring compounds is ASTM C-309. The following stipulations are requiredto meet this specification:
CONCRETE JOINTS:Designed breaks or separations in a concrete pourdesigned to allow for expansion and contraction of the concrete andminimize or control cracking in a concrete pour.
Types of Concrete Joints:
Expansion Joints: A designed separation between newly poured concrete structures at critical
intervals ( usually no more than 20 ft. apart ) intendedto allow for expansion and contraction in the concrete due to temperature changes. The absence ofthese joints will allow excessive cracking.
Construction Joints: A joint formed by construction between two successive placements ofconcrete. Examples are column bases or pouring new slabs against existing concrete.
Control Joints: A joint formed by sawing, tooling or grooving, which permits the uniform crackingof concrete. Joints must be sawed as soon as the concrete surface will support the weight of themachine used to saw the joints in order for the joints to be effective.
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CURED CONCRETE:Concrete which has reached its maximum
compressive strength.
CUM-A-LONG:A rake or tool used to move concrete around during
placement.
CYLINDER TEST:A laboratory test which determines the compressive
strength of an actual field sample of concrete which is usually 6 inches in
diameter and 12 inches high in length. Samples are cured and then
compressed in a hydraulic ram to measure the amount of pressure
required to fracture the cylinder.
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D
DEFLECTION:Any movement or variation from the intended grade line of
the slab, beam or other structure.
DYNAMIC LOAD:A load or resistance, which is not static or stationary,
such as the moving live load which exist in a earthquake or hurricane.
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F
FINISH:The act of smoothing or impacting the desired texture on the
surface of concrete. The texture or smoothness of a surface after
finishing operations and screeding has been performed.
FLOAT:A tool, wooden or metallic, used in finishing operations to impart a
relatively level surface.
FLOATING:The process of spreading plaster, stucco or concrete surfaces to
a an equal thickness by the use of a wooden board or magnesium tool.
FLOATING SLAB:A special type of foundation made to carry the weight of
a superstructure, which is to be erected on swampy or unstable soil.
FLY ASH - A substitute for cement, ( not to exceed 25% of the weight ofthe cement ) which reduces shrinkage and retards setting time, thus
Increasing working time.
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FORMS: A temporary structure or mold for the support of concrete while
it is setting and gaining sufficient strength to be self -supporting.
Modular or Hand Set Forms - Smaller forms designed to be placed by
hand. They are produced in various heights and lengths in order to beused in specific applications.
Crane Set Forms ( Gang Forms ) - Larger forming systems which are used on
mass pours and require the use of heavy lifting equipment to be placed in
position.
Slip Form - A form, which is pulled or raised as the concrete is placed. It generally
moves horizontally to lay concrete evenly for highway pavement but can movevertically for concrete walls.
FOUNDATION:The entire substructure below the first floor frame of a
building including the footings on which the structure rest.
FOOTING:The foundation for vertical walls or the area of the slab
designed to support the weight of the roof and wall structures andtransfer weight the weight of the building to the ground.
Continuous Footing: Usually runs the perimeter and below weight bearing interior
walls.
Isolated Footing: Individual structures designed to support the weight of columns
throughout the structure.
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G
GRADE: The slope or ground level of a concrete slab, building or roadbed.
Slab on grade is the slab poured on the ground level of the structure.
GRADE BEAM:A horizontal load bearing foundation member supported
on each end like a standard beam. Not ground supported like a
foundation wall or footing.
GRADING:Modification of the earthen or rock surface by cuts, fills or
both. Normally done by mechanical equipment for gross work and shovel
for more detailed work.
GREEN CONCRETE:Concrete which is in its earliest stage of curing and
has not hardened appreciably. Typical pours take 28 days to cure.
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H
HAUNCHING:The increased depth of a beam or slab near supports or
footings to increase its strength and load bearing capability.
HEADWALL:A wall of any material at the end of a culvert or drain to serve
one or more of the following purposes:
Protect Fill from Scouring or undermining.
Increase hydraulic efficiency by diverting water flow
Serve as a retaining wall
HEAD PRESSURE:This term designates the capacity of a liquid circulator or
the pressure at which a pump can induce the flow of a liquid. The rating
is usually expressed in foot lbs. Of pressure
HIGH DENSITY CONCRETE:Concrete of exceptionally high unit weight,
usually obtained by the use of heavyweight aggregates.
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HIGH EARLY STRENGTH:Concrete which through the use of high early
strength cement or admixtures, is capable of attaining a specified strength
at an earlier age than normal concrete. It is frequently used when pours
are made in low ambient temperatures.
HYDRAULIC CEMENT:A type of cement or mortar which is capable of
hardening under water.
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I
INTRAGAL WATERPROOFING:A term for waterproofing concrete by
including a waterproofing admixture In the mix design.
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J
JETTING:A method of sinking piles with the use of high pressure water or
air jets. This method is used very commonly in marine applications where
pile-driving machinery is not practical.
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K
KEYWAY: A recess built into a lift or placement of concrete, which is filled
with the concrete from the next pour, giving shear strength to the
joint. This joint is usually formed with 10 metal strips and stakes.
KRAFT PAPER:A type of strong, water resistant brown paper, which can be
used in several construction applications, the most frequent of which is a
curing paper for freshly poured slabs.
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L
LASER LEVEL:An electronic devise which uses a laser light beam to define
and exhibit the specified grade level.
LASER SCREED:An electronic, self-propelled machine which moves
concrete to the specified grade through the use of laser light beams as
well as self-contained floating and finishing equipment.
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE:A mixture with substantially lower unit weight
and compressive strength than concrete made with crushed rock or stone
aggregate. Normally used on upper floor levels or roof tops where weight
is a factor.
LOAD BEARING WALL:Any wall, which bears its own weight as well asthe weight of a ceiling or roof. A wall built to withstand wind resistance.
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M
MODULUS:A unit of measure used in describing the strength of a
material.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY:The unit of measurement or ratio of normal
stress to corresponding strain under movement.
MONOLITHIC CONCRETE:Concrete cast with no joints other thanconstruction joints. A slab poured in a continuous uninterrupted manner.
MUDSLAB:A two to six inch slab below a structural concrete floor or
footing over soft or wet soil.
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N
NON-SLIP FLOOR:A concrete floor surface which has been roughened by
treatment with iron or synthetic filings, carborundum powder or the
placement of indentions in the surface while the surface is still wet.
NO-SLUMP CONCRETE:Concrete with a slump of one inch or less.
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P
PAN AND BEAM FORMING:A prefabricated form in a pan shape, used in
conjunction with concrete floor joist. Used most commonly for slab
pourings on multi-story structures.
PARAPET: A protective railing or low wall around and along a roofs edge
line.
PEA GRAVEL: Screened gravel, which most particles will pass through a
3/8 screen.
PLACING DRAWINGS:Detail sheets, usually provided by reinforcing steel
fabricators, to aid in the correct installation of reinforcement steel.
PLASTICITY:The measurement of a substances ability to remain in aplastic or workable state. ( The ability to be deformed or shaped ) An
index of
working characteristics.
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PILE: ( PILING )A long timber, concrete or steel structure jetted or driven
into the ground for the purpose of supporting building foundations.
PILE CAP:A structural member placed on and usually attached to the top
of a piling or group of pilings and used to transmit loads to the piling orgroup of pilings. It can be constructed of poured concrete, timber or steel
beams.
POLYMER CONCRETE:A concrete created from the use of synthetic
materials as opposed to normal Portland cements. Polymers allow a much
smoother finish as well provide strength. PORTLAND CEMENT:
Type 1: Standard Portland cement. A general purpose
cement for a variety of construction applications.
Type II: A modification of Type 1, which is resistant to
Sulphate attacts and a decreased rate of heat
evolution.
Type III: A high early strength and quick hardening cement.
Type IV: Designed for a low heat hydration.
Type V: Designed for extreme Sulphate resistance.
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POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE: A method of stressing reinforced concrete
in which tendons or cables are tightened after the concrete slab is
hardened and put in place.
PRE-CAST CONCRETE:Concrete, which is cast and cured in a location otherthan its final resting Positon and transported to its final position. ( pre-
cast beams, Lintels, wall panels and elevated slabs )
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE:A process of preparing concrete slabs and
beams for extra strength by pouring concrete mix over tightly drawn steel
cables, steel rods or tendons to provide strong dense concrete.
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R
READY MIXED CONCRETE: Concrete manufactured for delivery according
to specific mix designs to a purchaser in a plastic and unhardened state.
REINFORCED CONCRETE:Concrete with added materials such as rebar,
wire mesh, fiber mesh, dowel bars, expanded metal fabric or cold drawn
wire cable, which act together with the concrete to resist external force.
RETAINING WALL:A wall built to prevent dirt, rock or other matter from
eroding on to construction areas.
RUBBED FINISH:A finish obtained by application of Portland Cement, sand
and water or other cementitious compounds to fill bug holes or other
deformities on a
Freshly poured concrete surface.
RUBBLE CONCRETE:Concrete made from rubble and concrete debris from
demolished surfaces.
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S
SCARIFYING:Disruption of the smooth surface of concrete by creating scars,dents and a generally rough surface to remove any chemical bond inhibitorsand permit the acceptance of bonding, sealing, adhesive or other coatingmaterials.
SCREED:a. The process of leveling or finishing the surface of a concrete slab.This can be accomplished by hand as well as sophisticated machinery. b. atool or machine used to level a concrete surface.
SCREED PIPE:A round steel pipe, usually 1 in diameter, used to identify thegrade level of freshly poured concrete. The pipe is used as a straight edge andpulled along the surface of the concrete.
SET:The condition reached by concrete, mortar or cement when it has lost its
plasticity to the degree that it stiffens and begins the hardening process. SHOP DRAWINGS:Incidental drawings furnished by reinforcement suppliers
and equipment manufactures that conform to the original architectural andstructural drawings. They illustrate how specific portions of a project blendand work in sequence. They also give specific installation instructions.
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SHOTCRETE:Mortar, concrete or other cementitous materials conveyed byair pressure through a hose at high velocity onto a surface for stabilization,water and debris control.
SHRINKAGE:A decrease in volume and mass caused by temperature and
chemical changes in concrete, mortar and grout during the curingprocess. It can be controlled with admixtures.
SLAB ON GRADE:A non-suspended, ground supported concrete slab,usually reinforced, on the lowest or primary level of a project.
SLUMP:The measure of the consistency of concrete rated in terms ofinches. A mixture with a 3 slump will have less flow ability than a mixture
with a 9 slump. Higher slumps are required when pouring walls to insurethat the concrete penetrates to the bottom of the form and completelysurrounds the reinforcement steel. High slumps are also required whenpumping is required. Higher slumps are achieved by the addition ofadmixtures, which increase flow ability without decreasing strength. Theslump is measured by the use of a slump cone.
SLUMP CONE:A cone shaped mold with a base diameter of 8 inches and atop diameter of 4 inches and a height of 12 inches. A sampling of concretemixture is placed in the cone and the measure of slump is measured bythe decrease in the height of the sample statue once the cone is removedfrom the sample.
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STRENGTH:The measure of a materials ability to resist load or stress.
SUBGRADE:The uppermost material of a substrate on which concrete or
asphalt is to be placed. The foundation for pavement or asphalt
structures. SUBSTRATE: The base or lower surface on which a substance is to be
applied. An earthen substrate is the normal substrate for poured in place
concrete.
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T
TRANSIT:An Instrument commonly used by surveyors for identifying levels
an measurements for project lay outs.
TROWELING: The smoothing and compacting of the uniformed surface of
freshly poured concrete.
TROWELING MACHINE:A motor driven device, which operates orbitingsteel blades on radial arms from a vertical shaft for the purpose of
smoothing and compacting freshly poured concrete.
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U
ULTIMATE STRENGTH:The maximum resistance to load that a structure is
capable of developing before failure occurs.
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V
VIBRATION:The use of a mechanical device to facilitate the consolidation
of concrete in deep pours or pours with a very low slump.
VIBRATOR:An electric, hydraulic or gasoline powered tool used to insure
consolidation of concrete during a deep pour in a wall or slab. It consist
of a power source, usually an electric motor, a whip on variable length
shaft, and a head on the end of the shaft opposite of the motor, which
vibrates and causes concrete to move down and around
reinforcement. Wall mounted models, which attach directly to the side of
metal forms are also available.