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OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner...

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Energy Efficient HVAC for Commercial Buildings Mahabir Bhandari, Ph.D. Building Technologies Research & Integration Center (BTRIC) Oak Ridge National Laboratory for [Green Building Congress, Hyderabad, India] October 2012 2 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy OVERVIEW Need for energy efficient HVAC systems Whole building integration key to HVAC energy efficiency Modeling and Design Tools Sensors/Controls and BEMS Research collaboration
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Page 1: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

Energy Efficient HVAC for Commercial Buildings

Mahabir Bhandari, Ph.D.

Building Technologies Research & Integration Center (BTRIC)

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

for

[Green Building Congress, Hyderabad, India]

October 2012

2 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

OVERVIEW

• Need for energy efficient HVAC systems

• Whole building integration key to HVAC energy efficiency

• Modeling and Design Tools

• Sensors/Controls and BEMS

• Research collaboration

Page 2: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

3 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

OVERVIEW

• Need for energy efficient HVAC systems

• Whole building integration key to HVAC energy efficiency

• Modeling and Design Tools

• Sensors/Controls and BEMS

• Research collaboration

4 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Page 3: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

5 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Industry377 MMTC

(25%)

Buildings658 MMTC(43%)

End use breakdown“Considerable room for improvement.”

Savings reported from 134 Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPC) projects at US Federal facilities:Building Automation/controls : 18%HVAC : 15%

Other include: SEDS adjustment, computers, cooking, electronics

Total energy:40.4 Quad (2010)

~ 1,020 Mtoe

Source: 2007 Buildings Energy Data Book. Tables 1.1.3, 1.2.3, 1.3.3

6 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

OVERVIEW

• Need for energy efficient HVAC systems

• Whole building integration key to HVAC energy efficiency

• Modeling and Design Tools

• Sensors/Controls and BEMS

• Research collaboration

Page 4: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

7 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

System/Building Integration

• Air barriers

• Cool roofs

• Optimal integration of PCM

• Moisture/ durability

• Fenestration System Optimization

• HVAC Components

• HVAC Systems

• Water heater

• Appliances

• Internal Loads

• Lighting

• Wireless sensors

• Wireless based systems for EMCS, FDD, RX or CX

• Demand response

• Design/load analysis

• Advanced computing & visualization

• Auto-tuning of models

• Optimization

System/Building Integration

System/Building Integration

8 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

OVERVIEW

• Need for energy efficient HVAC systems

• Whole building integration key to HVAC energy efficiency

• Modeling and Design Tools

• Sensors/Controls and BEMS

• Research collaboration

Page 5: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

9 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Modeling tools for EE HVAC design/analysis

A comprehensive list of tools: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/alpha_list.cfm

1.90

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okrokrkr hPm ,,,,, ,,& ikrikrkr hPm ,,,,, ,,&

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10 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Development of 20 IEER Rooftop Unit Development of 20 IEER Rooftop Unit Development of 20 IEER Rooftop Unit Development of 20 IEER Rooftop Unit (RTU)(RTU)(RTU)(RTU)

• Goal: Develop commercial RTU with an IEER of 20 (60% improvement in efficiency) :10- 20-ton cooling capacity

• Tech Approach: Variable-speed compressors, micro-channel HXs, condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc.

– Work with Industry Partner

Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system provides capacity fine tuning and dedicated outdoor air treatment.

Mechanical Systems�18 IEER

Adding Condenser Evap Precooling �20+ IEER

Page 6: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

11 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Annual Cooling Energy Savings Using Annual Cooling Energy Savings Using Annual Cooling Energy Savings Using Annual Cooling Energy Savings Using High IEER High IEER High IEER High IEER RTUsRTUsRTUsRTUs

• 3 Story, 4,950 m2 , medium Office building

• Baseline 2-speed RTU, IEER of 12.5.

• Only lists the savings in vapor compression systems, not including savings by fans,

economizer, etc.

Average Annual Cooling Energy Saving > 25%.

12 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Next Generation Window Air-Conditioner

• Current DOE minimum EER

is 9.5

• 57 million in use in U.S.

• Efficiency improvement

options based on efficiency

& cost impacts

• Conduct design optimization

analyses

• Partner builds lab prototype

• Test prototype to verify

efficiency

• Refine design as needed to

achieve 13.0 EER target

Page 7: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

13 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

OVERVIEW

• Need for energy efficient HVAC systems

• Whole building integration key to HVAC energy efficiency

• Modeling and Design Tools

• Sensors/Controls and BEMS

• Research collaboration

14 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

HVACs with Better Controls Save Energy

Packaged ACs with gas heat in retrofit

case -small office, stand-alone retail, strip

mall, supermarket

Strategies : air-side economizer, supply-fan

speed control, cooling-capacity (2 stage

compressor) control, and demand-

controlled ventilation.

Ave. Energy Savings: 24% - 35%

Cost savings : 24%-46%

Payback period: < 3 years

Most savings: Multi-speed fan control and

DCV

Source: PNNL, Report #PNNL-20955

Page 8: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

15 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Energy Management and Control SystemsEnergy Management and Control SystemsEnergy Management and Control SystemsEnergy Management and Control Systems

EMCS

Sensors & Controls

Standards, Deployment & Industry

Modeling and Simulation

Security

LatencyReliability

Throughput

THYME: Simulating Networked Physical Systems

Controller InverterVapor comp.system and heater

Box

-

Rapid Prototyping

Algorithms & Analysis

Fault Detection and Diagnosis

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 00

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k

p(k)

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)( 1XP NT

50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

10

20

30

40

50

60

time (hrs)

Occupancy at Buildign Level

Trending and Analysis

•Advanced sensing & control can improve efficiency by 30-50%

•HVAC faults account for 3% of US energy consumption

Current wireless sensor

Platform: $150-$300/node

Proposed Advanced Sensors

Platform: $1-$10/node

Develop Methods and Tools to

Derive Fault Impact

Develop Methods and Tools to

Derive Fault Impact

16 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Whole-Building Model Predictive Control

Page 9: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

17 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

High Performance Sustainable Buildings

Existing Buildings

All Non-Industrial campus buildings meet HPSB GP

At Least 15 % HPSB

2015List ofBuildings and Organization Plan

2010

Building 1059certified asLEED Gold

2009Nine existing HPSBs

complete

Deliver 4 new HPSBsEach year through 2015

on-going

EO:

� 15% HPSBs by FY15, 100% over time

� 30% energy intensity reduction 2015 vs 2013

� 28% Scope 2 GHG reductionby 2020 vs 2008

�16% water intensity reduction by 2015 vs 2007

EO:

� 15% HPSBs by FY15, 100% over time

� 30% energy intensity reduction 2015 vs 2013

� 28% Scope 2 GHG reductionby 2020 vs 2008

�16% water intensity reduction by 2015 vs 2007

Standards, Deployment & Industry

HPSB initiative at ORNL

18 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

OVERVIEW

• Need for energy efficient HVAC systems

• Whole building integration key to HVAC energy efficiency

• Modeling and Design Tools

• Sensors/Controls and BEMS

• Research collaboration

Page 10: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

19 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Technical Energy-Savings Potential of Selected HVAC Technology Options

• Source: Energy Savings Potential and RD&D Opportunities for Commercial Building HVAC Systems, Navigant Consulting, Inc., http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/corporate/commercial_appliances_report_12-09.pdf

1 Quad ~ 25.22 Mtoe = 1.055 x 1018 J

20 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Advanced HVAC System Research under CBERD

• Path to Advance Clean Energy (PACE)-R

• Joint Center for Building Energy Research and Development (CBERD) – LBNL/CEPT University

• Areas identified under Advanced HVAC system subtask –ORNL/ MNIT Jaipur and IIT Bombay

– Re-optimized Chilled water options for India

– Refrigerant Charge Monitor

– Non-Compressor DOAS

– Micro Channel Evaporators for Unitary HVAC

– India lead Contacts:

• Dr. Jyotirmay Mathur ([email protected])

• Dr. Milind Rane ([email protected])

Page 11: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

Vision: Science-to-application collaboration to accelerate industry’s building energy efficiency (BEE) solutions into market

Questions?

22 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Additional

Page 12: OVERVIEW · condenser evaporative pre-cooling, desiccant wheel, etc. – Work with Industry Partner Parallel refrigeration cycle, tandem system provides major capacity; VS system

23 Managed by UT-Battellefor the U.S. Department of Energy

Integrated approach – Test buildings

• Evaluate new EE technologies in realistic test bed

• Test chambers do not capture the entire building dynamics

• Industry is reluctant to embrace new design & construction techniques until proven with real buildings

• Occupied buildings are intrusive - Simulated occupancy


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