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ConditioningA type of learning:
• Learning – relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to an experience
Classical Conditioning
Where associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral
(learned) stimulus.
The Experiment
CC Vocab
Stimulus- something that elicits a response
Response- reaction to a stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus- stimulus that naturally elicits a response
Unconditioned Response- automatic, natural response to a stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus- a previously neutral stimulus that is now
associated with a natural response
Conditioned Response- a learned response to a stimulus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
Emotional Conditioning
Example: Loud noise automatically elicits the response of a fast heart-rate.
Little Albert, the white rat,
and a loud noise.
Little Albert– BANG!!
James B. Watson Behavioralist Approach
EC Vocab
Stimulus Generalization: Process of a response spreading from one stimuli to another which resembles the first
Extinction: Gradual loss of association between stimuli and response
Spontaneous Recovery: Sudden, unexplained reappearance of an extinguished response
Kiss – Onion Breath
In Focus – Page 194
Draw a diagram of your own experience with classical conditioning. (with a partner)
Could you reverse the conditioning in any of our examples?
The Law of Effect - Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Conditioning that results from individual’s actions and the consequences they
cause.
Operant Conditioning
Voluntary Response Reinforcment
Repeat Voluntary Response
Stay after practice to work on shooting: Score winning Goal: Continue putting extra time into shooting
Explain the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning
To distinguish between the two:
Ask yourself: Is the organism learning associations between events that it doesn’t control, (classical), or is it learning associations between its behavior and resulting events, (operant)?
Reinforcements
Primary Reinforcement: Something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward (food or water, love etc.)
Secondary Reinforcement: Anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer (money)– All secondary reinforcers are related to some
primary one
Reinforcements – strengthen a response
Positive Reinforcement: A reinforcement that strengthens a response by following it with the addition of something positive.
Negative Reinforcement: A reinforcement that strengthens a response by following it with the removal of something unpleasant
Positive/ Negative Reinforcement
Skinner Box
Punishment
Punishment and Negative Reinforcement are DIFFERENT.
Punishment is the process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences.
Reinforcement increases a behavior, punishment decreases it
Shaping– a way of adding behaviors that don’t already exist
Successively reward behavior that
gets closer and closer to the desired
result
Chaining– reinforcing the connection between parts of a sequence
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement– reinforcement given each time a behavior occurs
Schedules of Reinforcement—different methods of reinforcing
Partial Reinforcement Schedule—reinforcement not given each time a behavior occurs
– Variable Ratio Schedule– Fixed Ratio Schedule– Variable Interval– Fixed Interval
Variable Ratio Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a specific but variable number of times.
Fixed Ratio Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a fixed number of times.
For every 5 times the rabbit pulls the lever, it gets reinforcement
Variable Interval Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed following a variable amount of time.
Fixed Interval Schedule– reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performedfollowing a fixed amount of time.
Classical v. Operant
Group competition
Groups of 4 – come up with 3 examples of the partial reinforcement schedules
Present to class as a skit Try to identify which schedule is being
performed Most creative and accurate group gets extra
credit on the next test!
Social Learning
Albert Bandura – We imitate those around us
Social Learning
Learning from the behaviors of others – “Monkey see, monkey do.” Thanks to
Mirror Neurons
Observational Learninghttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/divided/etc/view.html
A form of social learning where an organism observes and imitates the behavior of others.
The Scapegoats
Who caused the…
Versailles Treaty? Great Depression? World-wide Humiliation?
Versailles Treaty
The Signing
The split of Germany
The Great Depression
Anti-Semitic Propoganda
Poem German children learned to recite by heart in school
A devil goes through the land,It's the Jew, well-known to us
as a murderer of peoples,a race defiler, a child's horror in all lands!
Corrupting our youthstands him in good stead.
He wants all peoples dead.
Stay away from every Jew,and happiness will come to you!
Social Conditioning
And we turn a Blind Eye – Could this happen again?
Krystall Nacht
The Nuremburg Laws
Genocide
Prejudice spun out of control…
So why didn’t anyone speak up?
Milgram Experiment on Obedience
Cognitive Psychology & Learning
Cognitive Approach: The study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge.
– They focus on how complex knowledge is obtained, processed and organized
Cognitive Approach Vocab
Latent Learning: Learning that is not obvious but takes place under the surface
Expectancies: Beliefs about our abilities to perform an action and get the desired reward
Reinforcement Value: The preference of one type of reinforcement over another (Beyonce tickets vs. Adele, you will work harder for the one you like)
Cognitive Map: A mental image of where one is located in space
Strategies: Methods for solving problems
Latent Learning
Expectancies
Reinforcement Value
Which one do you want more?
Which types of rewards are most
reinforcing for students?
Would privileges be better in
encouraging studying than praise?
Cognitive Map
Strategies
Review
Classical Learning: Learning by Association Operant Conditioning: Learning through
Reinforcements Social Learning: Learning by observing and imitating Cognitive Learning: Learning through mental
processes
I am terrified of rodents!! Use each one of these ways to explain why I might be.