1 CHARLOTTETOWN, PEI • CPhA 2013 FINAL PROgRAm
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013conference 2013conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
conference 2013
sunday,JunE 2
conference 2013
conference 2013
CPhA 2013
conference 2013conference 2013June 1-4 • Charlottetown, PEIDelta Prince Edward Hotel & Charlottetown Civic Centre
Charlottetown Rocks!
The Link Between the Heart and the Kidneys: Implications for Pharmacists Marisa Battistella Marisa graduated from the Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Toronto in 1998 and completed her pharmacy residency at Sunnybrook and Women’s Health Sciences Centre in 1999. She has worked at the University Health Network since 1999 in various positions, including cardiology and internal medicine. In 2002, Marisa completed her Pharm D thru Idaho State University. She has worked as a clinical pharmacist specialist in the hemodialysis unit at the University Health Network since 2002. In the past 10 years, Marisa has published several papers and given many presentations on drug therapy in the area of nephrology. Recently, Marisa has accepted the position of Clinician Scientist jointly between the University Health Network and the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy where she will focus much of her time on clinical research in the area of nephrology. Objectives:
• Describe the tests used to define the stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) • Provide examples of drug dose modification in CKD • Understand the importance of managing cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD
Presentation Summary During this 45-minute presentation, the stages of CKD and how to adjust doses of medications based on these stages will be described. Pharmacists will also understand their role in managing cardiovascular risk factors in patients with various stages of CKD. Case examples will be used to illustrate the role of pharmacists in managing these patients with their expanded scope of practice.
The Link Between The Heart and the Kidney:
Implications for Pharmacists Marisa Battistella, BSc Phm, Pharm D, ACPR
Pharmacy Clinician Scientist Assistant Professor
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto Clinical Pharmacist-Nephrology
University Health Network
DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
No actual or potential Conflict of Interest
Objectives • Describe the tests used to define the
stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) • Provide examples of drug dose
modification in CKD • Understand the importance of managing
cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD
Definition of CKD
Stages of CKD
KDIGO 2012
Assessing Kidney Function
Assessment of Kidney Function • Chemical Analysis of Urine • Serum urea • Serum creatinine • Serum cystatin C • Timed urine collections
– Creatinine clearance – Exogenous markers
• Inulin clearance • Iothalamate Clearance • Iohexol • Radiolabeled markers
The perfect marker • Endogenous • Freely filtered • Not secreted or reabsorbed • Inexpensive to measure • Not impacted by non-renal influences
Such a marker does not exist
Assessment of Kidney Function • Calculated GFR approximations
– CrCl by Cockcroft Gault formula – eGFR by MDRD formula (Modification of
Diet in Renal Disease) – eGFR by CKD EPI formula (Chronic
Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration)
Cases Demonstrating Equations SCr Gender Age IW CG
(ml/min) MDRD
(ml/min 1.73m2)
CKD EPI (ml/min/1.73m2)
130 M 40 70 66.1 56 59
130 M 80 60 34 49 44
130 F 80 50 24.1 37 33
Clinical Pearls for Dose Adjustments Balance efficacy and toxicity • Disease (HTN vs depression vs infection)
– Type & Location of infection – Severity (Outpatient vs. ICU)
• Pharmacokinetics • Pharmacodynamics • Toxicity • Ability to monitor levels
Drug Dosing Case • 64 yr old male with Stage 4 CKD (eGFR
25ml/min) • PMH: HTN, DM 2, CAD • Diagnosed with shingles and comes to
you with prescription for acyclovir 200mg 5x/day
• Is this appropriate dosing?
Summary for Dosing in CKD • All 3 equations are helpful in determining
renal function • Most pharmacokinetic studies have used
CG equation • Important to consider the equations but the
patient too! • Treat the patient and not the number!
Etiology Of ESRD
Diabetes 50.1%
Glomerulonephritis 13% 10%
Other
Hypertension 27%
US Renal Data System. USRDS 2004 Annual Data Report: Atlas of ESRD in the United States.
Causes of Death in CKD Patients
CVD
Renal Causes
Other Causes
Neoplasms
54% 17%
12% 17%
CVD is the most common cause of death in CKD Patients
*GFR=mL/min/1.73 m*GFR=mL/min/1.73 m22..Go et al. Go et al. N N EnglEngl J Med.J Med. 2004;351:12962004;351:1296--1305.1305.
GFR Is an Independent Risk Factor for GFR Is an Independent Risk Factor for Death, CV Events, and HospitalizationDeath, CV Events, and Hospitalization
n= n= 1,120,2951,120,295
0246810121416
≥60 45-59 30-44 15-29 <15Estimated GFR*
A
Rate
of D
eath
Fro
m A
nyCa
use (
per 1
00 p
erso
n-y)
Hosp
italiz
atio
n Ra
te(p
er 10
0 per
son-
y)
020406080100120140160
≥60 45-59 30-44 15-29 <15Estimated GFR*
0510152025303540
≥60 45-59 30-44 15-29 <15Estimated GFR*
CV E
vent
s Rat
e (p
er 10
0 per
son-
y)
B
C
Data adjusted for ageData adjusted for age--standardized ratesstandardized rates..
Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in CKD
Case One • 72 yr old female has a new prescription for
ramipril 5mg daily. She questions you about the new drug and her bp pressure target. She says she has been fine on her water pill (HCTZ 25mg daily) with her BP around 140/85 mmg Hg. She tells you that her Family MD has told you that her kidney function is working at 30% and there is “some protein in her urine”
• What do you want to tell her about her bp target and management?
Case Two • 64 yr old male with Stage 4 CKD (eGFR
25ml/min) • MPH: HTN, DM 2, CAD • BP: 145/95 • Meds:
– ECASA 81mg; Ramipril 5mg od; metoprolol 50mg bid; amlodipine 5mg od; atorvastatin 40mg od
– What BP target and what agent do you use
Traditional vs Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Factors Potentially Related to an Increased Risk for CVD
The Role of Different Risk Factors at Different CKD Stages
Stage Predominant type of risk factor
G1 Traditional
G2
G3a/b Traditional and non-traditional
G4
G5 Non-traditional and modality specific
Traditional vs Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Factors Potentially Related to an Increased Risk for CVD
Prevention of CVD in CKD?
Overall Treatment Goals • HTN • Proteinuria • Diabetes • Dyslipidemia
Hypertension
Management of Hypertension in Non Diabetic CKD patients
• . CHEP 2013 KDIGO 2012
Target BP < 140/90 mm Hg (Grade B)
Target BP < 140/90 mm Hg (1B) If urine albumin excretion of > 30mg/24 hr target BP < 130/80 (2D)
www.hypertension.ca; www.kdigo.org
Summary of Trials- why 140/90? MDRD AASK REIN-2
N 840 1094 338 CKD stage 3-5 3 3-4 Target BP 125/75 vs 140/90 125/75 vs 140/90 130/80 vs DBP < 90 1° Endpt Rate of Change of
GFR ESRD
Kidney Failure
HR 0.76 (CI 0.52 to 1.1) P=0.15
RR 6% (CI -29% to 31%); p=0.72)
23% vs 20% p=0.62
GFR decline/yr (ml/min)
1.6 less in low target group; p=0.18
0.26 less in low target group; p=25
0.22 vs 0.24; p=0.62
Mortality% 2 (tight) vs 1; p=ND
2 (tight) vs 2 p=ND 2 (tight) vs 1; p=ND
CVD events RR 1.03 (CI 0.59 to 1.79)
2% vs 3%; p=ND ---
Ann Intern Med, 2011;154:541-548
Summary of Current Evidence • Lower BP targets (i.e < 130/80) do not
provide greater benefits compared to targeting < 140/90
• In patients with proteinuria, evidence of benefit with lower BP targets < 125/75) is low quality (post hoc or observational data)
• Participants in lower BP target groups required more antihypertensive medications and had slightly higher rate of adverse effects
Ann Intern Med, 2011;154:541-548
Back to Case 1- Targets and Treatment
• 72 yr old female has a new prescription for ramipril 5mg daily. She questions you about the new drug and her bp pressure target. She says she has been fine on her water pill (HCTZ 25mg daily) with her BP around 140/85 mmg Hg. She tells you that her Family MD has told you that her kidney function is working at 30% and there is “some protein in her urine”
• What do you want to tell her about her bp target and management?
• eGFR= 30ml/min; 100mg/day albumin in urine • BP target < 130/80 and drug of choice ACE in/ ARB
•
Management of Hypertension for Patients
WITH Diabetes
Case 2 • 64 yr old male with Stage 4 CKD (eGFR
25ml/min) • PMH: HTN, DM 2, CAD • BP: 145/95 • Meds:
– ECASA 81mg; Ramipril 5mg od; metoprolol 50mg bid; amlodipine 5mg od; atorvastatin 40mg od
– What BP target and what agent do you use?
Management of Hypertension for Patients WITH Diabetes
American Diabetes Associations 2013
KDIGO 2012 (DM with CKD)
CHEP 2013 & Canadian Diabetes Association 2013
Target for many people with diabetes & HTN should be < 140 mmHg Lower SBP < 140 mmHg may be appropriate for certain individuals such as younger pts if it can be achieved without undue treatment burden
If urine albumin excretion < 30mg/24 hrs, then target < 140/90 If urine albumin excretion > 30mg/24 hrs, then target <130/80 (2D)
Target SBP < 130 mmHg (Grade C) and DBP < 80 mmHg (Grade A)
Diaetes Care 2013; 36:S1-S110; CHEP 2013; Can J Diabetes 201 (suppl 1)S1-S212
Diastolic BP Target- HOT Trial Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial Study Design Multi-centre, randomized study; average follow up:3.8 yrs Patient population 19, 193 pts aged 50-80 yrs with HTN & DBP 100-115 mmHG (n= 1501 DM pts) Intervention Randomized to one of 3 DBP targets: <90mmHg; < 85mmHg <80 mmHg
Lancet 1998:351:1755-1762
HOT Trial
Hansson et al. Lancet 1998; 351: 1755-1762.
Systolic BP Target • Lack of direct evidence from studies for
SBP target • Target < 130 mmHg not from RCTs • Observational studies suggest lower
SBP is better • CHEP guidelines recommendation for
SBP – grade C
ACCORD BP Study Design
Multi-centre, randomized unblinded study; average follow-up:4.7 yrs
Patient Population
4733 patients with DM2 age> 40 yr with CVD
Intervention
Randomized to intensive vs control: SBP < 120 mmHg vs 140 mmHg
Endpoints
1° composite: non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke or death from CVD
NEJM 2010; 362:1575-85
ACCORD BP TRIAL
Bangalore et al : Meta-Analysis Studies • 13 RCTs enrolling DM2 pts (N=37,736) with follow up > 1 yr • Achieved intensive SBP < 135 mmHg vs achieved < 140 mmHg Outcome Measures Micro & macro vascular outcomes
• Intensive BP control was associated with: • 10% reduction in all cause mortality (OR 0.9; CI 0.83-0.98) • 17% reduction in stroke (OR 0.83; CI 0.73-0.95) • 20% increase in serious adverse effects (OR 1.2; CI 1.08-1.32)
• No difference: • CVD mortality, MI, heart failure
Circulation 2011; 23:2799-2810
Summary of Current Evidence • Significant reductions in major CVD events
and CVD mortality for patients with target DBP < 80 vs < 90
• Intensive SBP control not shown to reduce major CVD events or CVD mortality
• Intensive SBP control is a trade-off between decreased risk of stroke vs potential increase in adverse effects (hypotension, syncope, bradycardia)
Back to Case 2: Target and Treatment • 64 yr old male with Stage 4 CKD (eGFR 25ml/min) • PMH: HTN, DM 2, CAD • BP: 145/95 • Meds:
– ECASA 81mg; Ramipril 5mg od; metoprolol 50mg bid; amlodipine 5mg od; atorvastatin 40mg od
– What BP target and what agent do you use?
• Target: 130/80 • Management: Increase doses of
antihypertensives
Targets for Very Elderly Patients (>80 yrs)
CHEP 2013 Recommendation: the very elderly
In the very elderly (age 80 yrs and older, the target for systolic BP should be < 150 mmHg (Grade C)
CHEP 2013
SBP < 150 in the Very Elderly: What is the evidence?
HYVET Study Design
Multi-centre, RCT, DB study; ITT analysis Patient Population Men & Women > 80 yrs with persistent HTN (SBP> 160mmHg (N= 3845) Exclusion SCr> 150 umol/L Treatment Indapamide SR 1.5mg vs placebo + perindopril or placebo Outcomes 1° endpt: fatal or non-fatal stroke (not including TIA)
2° endpt: all cause mortality, CVD death, death from stoke, death from cardiac causes
NEJM 2008;358(18): 1887-98
BP 15/6.1 mmHg lower in treatment group
Summary of Current Evidence • Previous evidence found conflicting findings of
decrease in non-fatal events with potential increase in fatal events
• Epidemiologic evidence suggests U-shaped curve with lower BP targets associated with lower rates of survival
• Exact BP targets remains uncertain & mainly expert opinion
• HYVET suggests in healthy very elderly pts target SBP < 150 mmHg provides reductions in all cause mortality and CVD events
Dyslipidemia
Lipid Profiles in CKD Patients Lipoprotein Nephrotic Syndrome
End-Stage Renal
Disease
LDL ↑ Normal
HDL Normal or ↓ ↓
Triglycerides Normal or ↑ ↑
VLDL Normal or ↑ ↑
Remnants Normal or ↑ ↑
Apo B ↑ ↑
Lp(a) ↑ ↑
Seliger SL et al. Kidney Int 2002;61:297-304.
Atorvastatin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing Hemodialysis (4D)
Wanner et al. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 238-48
Study Design
Multi-centre, randomized double-blind study;
Patient Population
Patients with DM2 on dialysis (n= 1255); aged 18-80 yrs; median follow-up:4 yrs
Intervention
Randomized to atorvastatin 20mg vs placebo
Endpoints
1° composite death from cardiac causes, nonfatal MI or stroke
Primary Endpoint
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
PrimaryEndpoint
CardiacDeath
Non fatalMI
FatalStroke
Non fatalStroke
% o
f Pat
ien
Placebo
Atorvastatin
NS
NS
NS
NS p=0.04
Wanner et al. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 238-48
AURORA: Rosuvastatin and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Fellstrom et al NEJM 2009;360;14:1395-1407
Study Design
Multi-centre, randomized double-blind study;
Patient Population
Patients on dialysis (n= 2776); aged 50-80 yrs; average follow-up:3.8 yrs
Intervention
Randomized to rosuvastatin 10mg vs placebo
Endpoints
1° composite death from CV causes, nonfatal MI or nonfatal stroke
AURORA Trial
Fellstrom et al NEJM 2009;360;14:1395-1407
The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised
placebo-controlled trial (SHARP)
Study Design Multi-centre, RCT, DB study; Patient Population 9270 CKD patients (3023 on dialysis)- no known prior CVD
Treatment Simvastatin 20mg + ezetimibe 10mg vs placebo Outcomes 1st major atherscelerotic event (non-fatal MI or coronary death, non haemorrhagic stroke or any arterial revascularization
Lancet 2011
Lancet 2011
First Major Atherscelerotic Event
Major Atherscelerotic Events
Lancet 2011
CARE Post Hoc Analysis • Creatinine clearance <75 mL/min
(mean 61.3 mL/min) • N = 1711 participants • Primary endpoint:
– CHD death or symptomatic nonfatal MI • Secondary endpoints:
– Major coronary event, all-cause mortality, stroke, revascularization
• No increase in side effects in CKD
Tonelli M et al. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:98-104.
CARE Post-Hoc Analysis
Tonelli M et al. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:98-104.
Pravastatin Pooling Project • WOSCOPS, CARE, LIPID • GFR=30-59.9 mL/min/1.73m2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Fatal/nonfatal CAD,CABG or PTCA
Fatal/nonfatal CAD,CABG, PTCA or stroke
All-cause mortality
% o
f Pat
ien
PlaceboPravastatin
Tonelli et al. Circulation 2004; 110: 1157-63
SS SS
SS
Summary of Statin Use in CKD In Practice • Start pts with early stages of CKD on statins • New KDIGO guidelines – this summer!! • For the most part, we do not stop or start
statins in dialysis patients – probably will not harm but the benefit is unknown
Overall Summary • Drug Dosing should not only look at
eGFR but the patient. • CV risk reduction is key to survival
– HTN (including proteinuria) – DM – Dyslipidemia
• Educate the patient
Pharmacy Practice 3.0 – Putting Prescribing In Perspective Matt Tachuk BSc Pharm. RPh Over the past 5 years Matt has worked closely with pharmacists engaged in practice change and change management. He has worked with a wide variety of pharmacists in both BC (BC Medication Management Project – BCMMP) and Alberta (Pharmacy Practice Models Initiative – PPMI), which allowed him to understand the challenges and success strategies needed by pharmacists who wish to excel at providing patient focused services. He is currently doing work with the Alberta Pharmacists’ Association (RxA) in the area of professional development, which includes developing, facilitating, instructing and mentoring students as part of the Preparing to Apply for Additional Prescribing Authorization course. Presentation Description: A changing landscape for community practice means that pharmacists more than ever need to be investing in their own employability. It’s no longer acceptable to just fill prescriptions. Pharmacists have an obligation to meet the patient’s need for prescription drug therapy which may require initiating, adjusting, modifying, adapting, and/or discontinuing a prescription therapy. Learn how to confidently implement prescribing as a practice tool to meet your patient’s needs.
Pharmacy Practice 3.0 – Putting Prescribing in
Perspective
Learning Objectives
At the end of this presentation, you should be able to:
1. Describe the variation in prescribing across Canada;
2. Understand the importance of including prescribing in your practice;
3. Describe the foundational elements of the prescriptive thought process and how to meet them;
4. Understand how to prepare yourself and your
practice to incorporate prescribing activities.
The Albertan Experience
The Albertan Experience
Primary Barriers 1. Confidence 2. Time 3. Documentation 4. Compensation 5. Support
1. Confidence 2. Think like a prescriber 3. Using Tools and Templates 4. Documenting “What”? 5. Make a decision
Key Learning
Drivers of Change
Rx
Pharmacists’ Medication Management Services, Environmental Scan of Canadian and International Services. Canadian Pharmacists Association; August 2012
Drivers of Change • Regulation
Less
Risk
More
Drivers of Change • Pharmacy Compensation
Dispensing fee revenue ($$) + Generic Rebate Revenue ($$$$) Pharmacist Salary ($$$$$$)
Dispensing fee revenue ($$) + Generic Rebate Revenue ($) ↓ Pharmacist Salary ($$$???)
Dispensing fee revenue ($$) + Generic Rebate Revenue ($) + Billable Patient Services ($$$) Pharmacist Salary ($$$$$$)
What every salaried pharmacist should know; An open letter to Alberta’s Pharmacists. Alberta Pharmacists’ Association. The Capsule. April 18, 2013 Issue.
Drivers of Change • Fees for Services
Patie
nt
Ass
essm
ent
Service Compensation Administration of Drugs by Injection
$20
Adaptation of Rx Medication
Prescription Renewal
Prescribing in an Emergency
Refusal to Fill
Trial Prescription
Prescribing for Initial Access or Managing Ongoing Therapy $25 (APA only)
CACP
CACP - Initial $100 (non APA)
$125 (APA)
CACP – Follow-up (no limit) $20 (non APA)
$25 (APA)
SMM
A SMMA – Initial $60 (non APA)
$75 (APA)
SMMA – Follow-up (no limit) $20 (non APA)
$25 (APA)
Ministerial Order; Compensation Plan for Pharmacy Services. Alberta Health. Available online http://www.rxa.ca/Content_Files/Files/MO_2013.pdf Accessed May 2013
Drivers of Change • Employability Rx
Prescribing Activities
Initial Access (unrestricted)
Initial Access (with restrictions)
Adapting existing Rx
• Initial Access Prescribing
• Managing therapy
• Emergency Rx • Minor Ailments
• Renewal • Therapeutic Sub • Change dose/form
Foundational Elements
Prescribing Professional Relationship
Assessment
Care Plan/ Decision Making
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Collaboration
Documentation
Your Comfort Zone
Reasonable Relevant Risk
Professional Relationship
Assessment
Care Plan/ Decision Making
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Collaboration
Documentation
Establishing Relationship
Professional Relationship
Care Plan/ Decision Making
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Collaboration
Documentation
Information
Access Process Address
Assessment
Professional Relationship
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Collaboration
Documentation
Planning Care • Goal for Therapy
• Prioritizing and
Resolving Problems
• Use of Practice Tools
• Make a decision
Assessment
Care Plan/ Decision Making
Professional Relationship
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Collaboration
Documentation
Follow-up and pay it forward
Assessment
Care Plan/ Decision Making
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Measuring Success
Professional Relationship
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Collaboration
Documentation
Assessment
Care Plan/ Decision Making
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Outcome Status Is progress being made towards the Goal of Therapy?
Is a change in drug therapy required?
Resolved Yes Yes
Stable Yes No
Improved Yes No
Partially Improved Yes Yes
Unimproved No No
Worsened No Yes
Failure No Yes
Cipolle, RJ et al. Pharmaceutical Care Practice: The Clinician’s Guide - 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 2004
Measuring Success
Professional Relationship
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Documentation
Assessment
Care Plan/ Decision Making
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Collaboration
Dentists Veterinarians Pharmacists
Optometrists Midwives Nurse Practitioners
Dental Hygienists
Physicians and Surgeons Podi
atris
ts
Die
ticia
ns
Communication
Professional Relationship
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Assessment
Care Plan/ Decision Making
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Collaboration
Documentation
Charting The What … …not the Why… … and How much is enough?
Professional Relationship
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Charting
Practice Standards - Example
Assessment
Care Plan/ Decision Making
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Collaboration
Documentation Standards of Practice for Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians. Alberta College of Pharmacists. Avail online. https://pharmacists.ab.ca Accessed May 2013.
Professional Relationship
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
CACP
Assessment
Care Plan/ Decision Making
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Collaboration
Documentation CACP/SMMA Template. Alberta Pharmacists’ Association. Avail online. http://www.rxa.ca/PharmacyServicesFramework/Pharmacist.aspx Accessed May 2013.
Professional Relationship
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Chat, Check, Chart Assessment
Care Plan/ Decision Making
Monitoring/ Evaluation of
Progress
Collaboration
Documentation Chat, Check, Chart Toolcard. Alberta College of Pharmacists. Avail online. https://pharmacists.ab.ca/Content_Files/Files/ccctoolscard_web.pdf Accessed May 2013.
Environment
•Infrastructure
•Workflow
•Staffing
•Resources
•Administration
Moving Forward
Improve Productivity in Community Pharmacy through Workflow and Design Wayne M. Caverly: Our speaker is an expert in the field of dispensary design with more than 25‐ years of pharmacy design, workflow and automation experience. He is an active member of the Retail Design Institute and several pharmacy associations including the Canadian Pharmacist’s Association, the American Pharmaceutical Association, the Association of Health‐Systems Pharmacists. Our presenter is a published author, who has written more than 50 timely articles on the subjects of pharmacy design, technology, and dispensary errors. Wayne is a contributor to the textbook, Pharmacy Management in Canada (2nd Ed.) and Focus on Safe Medication Practices (2008 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.). Objectives: Upon completing the seminar, participants will be able to: 1. Recognize the environmental and workflow factors that can lead to production
inefficiencies and dispensing errors 2. Examine how changes in pharmacy practice, including but not limited to the changes in
what tasks technicians can perform, will lead to changes in our pharmacies workflow, and therefore how our pharmacies are laid out / designed.
3. Identify the types of improvements that can be made to the physical layout and indoor environment of the pharmacy to enhance productivity, reduce errors, and allow all members of the pharmacy healthcare team to achieve their goals.
4. Develop a plan to modify a pharmacy environment to achieve higher production rates, lower error rates and more cost‐effective renovations without high cost acquisitions, installation and ongoing renovations.
Topics: The seminar will cover: 1. The demographics of Canadian pharmacy customers and changes in their prescription usage rates. 2. The impact of dispensary errors and how changes in workflow and design can help contain them. 3. The opportunities and challenges posed by installing advanced technologies. 4. The changes in pharmacy practice and how they affect the design of our pharmacies. 5. Keeping costs down: Intelligent approaches to pharmacy design and the selection of fixtures &
millwork to optimize investments.
Importance to Pharmacists: There are many challenges and concomitant opportunities for pharmacists today ‐ forcing a change from product distribution to patient care and disease management. While there are many barriers to a successful shift, improving dispensary operations through automation, re‐design and more efficient use of clerical and professional staff can help free valuable pharmacist's time and enhance patient‐pharmacist interaction. This seminar will explore new ideas in the approach to community pharmacy design as well as new concepts in pharmacy fixtures and millwork that allow community pharmacies to cost‐effectively maintain an appropriate dispensary design in changing and challenging times.
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY
Wayne Caverly Executive Director
Efficient Pharmacy Institute
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
EVERYONE'S GETTING OLDER
Impacts design Lighting Ergonomics Technology
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
RX USAGE PER CAPITA
P A S T
In 1950s 2.4
Early 90s 7.8
P R E S E N T
Currently around 14
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
RX USAGE PER CAPITA
“If you just open your doors every morning your Rx volume will grow 3 – 5% annually”.
Rx volume increasing + static pharmacist pool = need efficiencies
FUTURE
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
RX USAGE PER CAPITA
Need designs that are: Task-oriented
Work station based
Flexible
Modifiable
FUTURE, continued
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
THE VOICE OF THE CUSTOMER
P A S T
Fill my prescription P R E S E N T
Fill my prescription AND give me
information about my Rx and OTC needs
AND give me clinics AND…
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
One stop shopping
Wellness visits
In store clinics
FUTURE, continued
THE VOICE OF THE CUSTOMER
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
24/7 access IVR Drive-through Internet
Privacy Multi-levels of counselling
Flexibility
FUTURE
THE VOICE OF THE CUSTOMER
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
HOW PHARMACISTS SPEND THEIR TIME
P A S T
Manufacturing their own tablets and capsules
Total involvement in the entire dispensing process (from reception to cash)
P R E S E N T
Reducing their involvement by enabling technicians
More emphasis on verification, DUR and clinical
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
HOW PHARMACISTS SPEND THEIR TIME
Leave all but (verification) & clinical services to technicians.
Ability to perform many functions remotely (centralized)
FUTURE, continued
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
PRESCRIPTION ERRORS
P A S T
Not talked about
System errors
To err is human
Process errors
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
PRESCRIPTION ERRORS
P A S T P R E S E N T
Problem recognized Public issue Advance systems design Use technology Catching & correcting is
not enough
Not talked about
System errors
To err is human
Process errors
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
WORK OVERLOAD = ERRORS
30% can be automated 30% can be delegated
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
PHARMACIST INVOLVEMENT WHEN AN ERROR OCCURS
Picking 76% vs 41%
Counting 62% vs 4%
Place in vial 62% vs 19%
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
PREPARING AN RX FOR VERIFICATION (LICK, STICK, COUNT & POUR)
P A S T
Typewriters
Tray & spatula
Many notes on scraps of paper
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
P R E S E N T
Advanced computer systems
Some counting automation
Some workflow-enabling software
PREPARING AN RX FOR VERIFICATION (LICK, STICK, COUNT & POUR)
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
More dispensing technologies
Technician only
Bar code, bar code, bar code
Stock bottle verification
FUTURE
PREPARING AN RX FOR VERIFICATION (LICK, STICK, COUNT & POUR)
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
AUTOMATE VIAL FILLING
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
AUTOMATE COMPLIANCE PACKS
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
WILL CALL P A S T
Throw them in a drawer
Impossible to keep orders together
Very difficult to purge
No pre-purge attempt to contact patient
P R E S E N T
In drawer or in hanging bags
Difficult to keep orders together
Very difficult to purge
No pre-purge attempt to contact patient
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
WILL CALL
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
DESIGNING FOR AUTOMATION
Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal
Caverly W. Walk This Way. The Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal Oct 2002;46
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal
100 Rx * 1 metre
2 trips each (there and back)
= 200 metres per day
= 73,000 metres per year
= 73 Km.
= 33 hours of lost time!
DESIGNING FOR AUTOMATION
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
MAPPING
“Mapping” where staff are directed to the products.
“Re-Mapping” where
products are located in relation to their frequency of use.
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
RE-MAPPING
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
Retrieve / Replace
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
150 RX = 2 KM +
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
RESULTS
42232 per year, 116 per day.
Alphabetical: 551 kilometers annually. Reduced to 375 kilometers. Average distance per Rx reduced by 31%
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
PHARMACY DESIGN 101
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
WORKFLOW / WORKLOAD FACILITIES DESIGN
P A S T
Linear, no work stations First in, first out No task allocation Difficult to find Rxs All work performed in the
physical pharmacy Pharmacists up 8”
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
P A S T P R E S E N T
Linear, no work stations First in, first out No task allocation Difficult to find Rxs All work performed in the
physical pharmacy Pharmacists up 8”
Work stations and fill islands Layouts used properly? Bar code scanning (beg) Rx and pill images (beg) Rx tracking improving Work still in pharmacy “Workaround” workflow
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
Workflow fully integrated
Extensive use of technology
Flexible fixtures & millwork
Customizable fixtures & millwork
FUTURE
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
REDUCING COSTS
High density shelving makes most efficient use of space and is highly reconfigurable
Modular under counter “inserts” make most efficient use of space and are highly reconfigurable
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
HIGH-DENSITY SHELVING
16 inches with slat wall-style backing
30% more storage space
Flexible
Easily and quickly adjusted to size
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
HIGH-DENSITY SHELVING
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
Backless Better visibility Ventilation Shipping costs
HIGH-DENSITY SHELVING
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
Sliders
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
Shelves & printer stands
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
LINE OF SIGHT
Avoid check-out counter in direct line of sight from the entrance
Must refer patients to correct counter
Must accept Rx Cash
Reception
Entrance
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
USE SIGNAGE TO REINFORCE - NOT FORCE TRAFFIC FLOW
choose a logical location for dispensary reception
Reception
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
VISIBILITY
limit dispensary-front shelving to ≤ 54 inches
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
SEPARATE RECEPTION AND CASH/PICK-UP AREAS
Curtails patient confusion No waiting due to
lingering patients No waiting for pick-ups Improves work flow
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
ENOUGH WORK SPACE
For automated equipment For individual needs To accommodate traffic flow around work stations
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
EASY ACCESS IN AND OUT OF DISPENSARY
To assist clients in store front Will not block or disturb other workers No undue walking
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
SHOULD WE ADD A FILL ISLAND?
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
LIGHTING
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
Type of Work Examples Recommended (lx)
General Storeroom 80 – 170
Moderately precise Packing, simple assembly 200 – 250
Fine Work Reading, writing, laboratory technician, assembly of fine equipment
500 – 700
Very Fine to precision work Technical drawing, colour proofing, watchmaking
1000 - 2000
EXAMPLES OF SUITABLE LIGHTING LEVELS
Kroemer KHE, Grandjean E., Fitting the task to the human, page 301, table 18.2
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
VENTILATION
Work stations need proper ventilation Adequate ventilation often overlooked Consult interior designer with retail experience
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
TEMPERATURE
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
TEMPERATURE
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
NOISE
Old Printers Telephones Ventilation People (especially children) White (ambient) Noise Music
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
CARPETING & NOISE
Carpeting reduces noise Position printers,
telephones carefully Distracting sounds may
hinder productivity, lead to dispensing errors
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
SUGGESTIONS
Sound absorbing materials Laser printers Reduce phone traffic – IVR Work Stations White Noise
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR NOISE LEVELS IN THE WORKPLACE*
Office Area Noise Level [dB(A)]
Characterization
Executive Office 35 Very quiet office, large conferences (50), telephone use
Private / Semi-private 43 Quiet office, smaller conferences (20), telephone use possible
Medium Office 48 Satisfactory for 8 ft. table, Industrial business, normal voice at 12 ft.
Engineering & Drafting 55 Satisfactory for 5 ft. table, slight difficulty for telephones, normal voice at 6 ft.
Business / typing 63 Unsatisfactory for conferences (>3), Accounting, Slightly difficult telephone use, Normal voice at 2 ft.
Not recommended 65 Very noisy and unsatisfactory
*Lewis, Frank A. “Noise levels in the office” Enviros, September 1991
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
MATCHING PAINT COLOURS WITH FURNITURE, FABRICS AND CARPETING
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
COLOUR & PERCEPTION
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
“White walls are an optical strain and psychological hazard”.
Louis Cheskin Founder of the Color Research
Institute
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
76% of consumers make “where to shop” decisions based on emotional factors
86% of retail customers say music makes a difference in where they shop
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
Improvement in accuracy rates,
Compared to Silence
Radio: 2.3%
Muzak: 25.8%
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
10-Minute Maze
After 4-weeks of:
Mozart: 90 seconds
No music: 5 minutes
Heavy metal: 30 minutes
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
THE FUTURE OF PHARMACY DESIGN
Computer assisted design
Computer assisted modeling
Flexible fixtures & millwork
Designs for older workers and older patients
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
REDUCING COSTS
Using pharmacy designer vs. generic Computer designed and tested designs = faster
prototype to install AutoCAD Systems modeling Optimization programs
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
EVERY PHARMACY IS A SNOWFLAKE
Staff Clientele Physical restrictions
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
LOW VOLUME SITE
IS ONE DESIGN ENOUGH?
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
IS ONE DESIGN ENOUGH?
HIGH VOLUME SITE
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
LOW TO HIGH VOLUME, OVERNIGHT
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
HIRING A PHARMACY DESIGNER
Excellent knowledge of practice of pharmacy
Interior designer on staff or hired as consultant
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute SIMULATION MODELING
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
Recommended Reading:
http://pages.infinit.net/wcaverly/writings.html
© 2013 The Efficient Pharmacy Institute
THANK YOU!
Wayne Morgan Caverly Executive Director, Efficient Pharmacy Institute
www.efficientpharmacy.com e-mail: [email protected]
1-888-864-9322
Please direct your questions regarding CEUs to Phil Emberley, Director of Pharmacy Innovation, CPhA, [email protected].
Continuing Education Form
CPhA National Conference 2013 June 1 – 4, 2013, Charlottetown, PE
The Canadian Council on Continuing Education in Pharmacy has approved CPhA as an Accredited Provider of continuing education. The conference has been accredited under program number 8002-2013-115-C-P for a total of 12.75 CEUs.
PLEASE NOTE: • Sessions indicated by an asterisk (*) are sponsored. These sessions are not accredited under the conference
program number. The sponsor will provide accreditation information at the session. • Pre-conference workshops are not accredited under the conference program number, nor listed on this
form. Participants will receive their Statement of Participation at the workshop(s).
Delegates are encouraged to use this form to track their learning. For delegates who must submit CEUs to their licensing body, please make a copy of this form for your files and submit the original to your provincial licensing body.
Name: __________________________________________________________________________________________
Province: _____________________________________ License #: ___________________________________
SUNDAY, JUNE 2, 2013
Time Session Speaker/Sponsor CEUs 7:00 am-8:30 am CE Satellite Breakfast Presentation* 1.0*
11:45 am-1:00 pm Luncheon Presentation – Learn How to Interpret Your Financials
Teva Canada 0.75*
1:15 pm-2:00 pm Balancing Risk & Benefits of Hormone Therapy for Menopause
Anne-Marie Whelan 0.75
1:15 pm-2:45 pm Pharmacy Practice Research – Oral Presentations Oral Abstract Presenters 1.5 1:15 pm-2:45 pm Canada’s Drug Review Processes Brian O’Rourke 1.5 2:00 pm-2:45 pm The Link Between the Heart and the Kidneys Marisa Battistella 0.75 3:00 pm-4:30 pm Pharmacy Practice Research – Oral Presentations Oral Abstract Presenters 1.5 3:00 pm-4:30 pm Improve Productivity in Community Pharmacy through
Workflow and Design Wayne Caverly 1.5
3:00 pm-4:30 pm Pharmacy Practice 3.0 – Putting Prescribing in Perspective
Matt Tachuk 1.5
Maximum daily CEUs under conference accreditation: 3.00 *Maximum daily CEUs from sponsored CE sessions: 1.75
Please direct your questions regarding CEUs to Phil Emberley, Director of Pharmacy Innovation, CPhA, [email protected].
MONDAY, JUNE 3, 2013
Time Session Speaker/Sponsor CEUs 7:00 am-8:30 am CE Satellite Breakfast Presentation* Disease
Interrupted: Tobacco Reduction & Cessation Charl Els, Jane Ling LifeScan Canada
1.0*
8:30 am-9:30 am New Oral Anticoagulant Therapy: Is Newer Better? Bill Semchuk 1.0 8:30 am-9:30 am e-Health: A Cross Country Check-Up Justin Bates 1.0 8:30 am-9:30 am CPJ Session – Translating Research Evidence into
Australian Pharmacy Practice: Successes & Challenges Ines Krass 1.0
10:00 am-12:00 pm Pharmacy Practice Innovation Showcase Bareham, Barnes, Gray, Jorgenson, Sadowski, Taylor
2.0
2:30 pm-3:30 pm Looking Back, Looking Forward: The Public Policy Landscape in Pharmacy
Jeff Morrison 1.0
2:30 pm-4:30 pm Diabetes Mini Sessions (CANRISK, Diabetic Foot Care, 2013 CDA Guidelines)
Kerry Mansell, Rob Roscoe 2.0
3:30 pm-4:30 pm Debt Management for Pharmacy Students and New Practitioners
Michèle Seaton-Gascon 1.0
Maximum daily CEUs under conference accreditation: 5.00 *Maximum daily CEUs from sponsored CE sessions: 1.0 TUESDAY, JUNE 4, 2013
Time Session Speaker/Sponsor CEUs 7:00 am-8:30 am CE Satellite Breakfast Presentation* D-lemmas of
Vitamin D: Who Needs It and How Much? Stephanie Atkinson Kellogg Canada
1.0*
8:45 am- 9:45 am Managing Chronic Non-cancer Pain (CNCP): Finding Pearls & Avoiding Pitfalls
Loren Regier .75
8:45 am-10:15 am Pharmacy Practice Research – Oral Presentations Oral Abstract Presenters 1.5 8:45 am-10:15 am Connect and CARE: Engaging Patients Over-the-
Counter in Canada’s New Pharmacy Environment Lisa Guirguis, Sherrill Johnson
1.5
9:45 am-10:15 am Pharmacist’s Role in Shingles Vaccination Kathryn Slayter .75 10:30 am-11:15 am Parkinson’s Disease: Optimization of Medication
Management Janice Irvine-Meek .75
10:30 am-11:45 am Pharmacy Trends-A Time of Global Change Jeff Poston 1.25 11:15 am-11:45 am Managing Behavioural & Psychological Symptoms of
Dementia Susan Bowles .5
12:00 pm-1:30 pm Luncheon Presentation – from Pharmacist to Premier Hon. Darrell Pasloski (invited)
1.0
1:45 pm-2:45 pm The Multi-Generational Workplace David Foot 1.0 Maximum daily CEUs under conference accreditation: 4.75 *Maximum daily CEUs from sponsored CE sessions: 1.0