Conference Program - With Abstracts

AFTE 2006 – Technical Program

SUNDAY JUNE 25, 2006 CERTIFICATION EXAMS AND WORKSHOP SESSIONS

TIME TOPIC & PRESENTER AREA/ROOM

8:00 AM Firearm Evidence Examination and Identification MMC Meeting Room 5Certification Test (Written)

10:00 AM Overview of Tool Mark Identification MMC Meeting Room 1Carlo Rosati, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Firearms/Toolmarks UnitQuantico, VABrandon Geroux, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Firearms/Toolmarks UnitQuantico, VAGeorge Bedish, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Firearms/Toolmarks UnitQuantico, VA

10:00 AM Springfield Armory M-14/M1A MMC Meeting Room 2Robert D. Bossey, IALEFIGilford, NH

11:00 AM Digital Imaging/Photomicrograph Workshop MMC Meeting Room 3Wayne Buttermore, Leica MicrosystemsBannockburn, IL

12:00 PM Toolmark Evidence Examination and Identification MMC Meeting Room 5Certification Test (Written)

3:00 PM Gunshot Residue Evidence Examination and Identification MMC Meeting Room 5Certification Test (Written)

6:00 PM Welcome Reception


MONDAY JUNE 26, 2006MODERATORS: ROBERT HATHAWAY, RHODE ISLAND CRIME LAB AND

LAWRENCE PILCHER, RHODE ISLAND CRIME LAB


6:30 AM Breakfast (Provided) Exhibit Hall

9:00 AM Opening Ceremonies MMC Grand BallroomRobert Hathaway, Chair, AFTE 2006 Host CommitteeEdward A. Flynn, Police Commissioner, Springfield Police DepartmentDom Denio, AFTE PresidentDouglas Painter, President/CEO of National Shooting Sports Foundation

10:00 AM Break Exhibit Hall

10:30 AM NFSTC Update: Firearms CD-ROM Initiative MMC Grand BallroomDr. Katy Savage, National Forensic Science Technology CenterLargo, FL David Epstein, National Forensic Science Technology Center Largo, FL

11:10 AM What’s New In Ammunition MMC Grand BallroomGeorge Kass, Forensic Ammunition ServiceOkemos, MI

11:30 AM 2006 SWGGUN Update MMC Grand BallroomPeter Striupaitis, A & P Training ConsultantsPalos Heights, IL

11:45 AM Recall / Safety Warning List Update MMC Grand BallroomDom Denio, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Firearms/Toolmarks UnitQuantico, VA

11:55 AM AFTE 2007 Training Seminar Update MMC Grand BallroomJohn Sanchez, San Francisco Police Department - Criminalistics LabSan Francisco, CAAndy Smith, San Francisco Police Department - Criminalistics LabSan Francisco, CA

12:00 PM Lunch (Provided) Exhibit Hall

1:30 PM AFTE Business Meeting MMC Grand Ballroom


NFSTC Update: Firearms CD-ROM InitiativeDr. Katy Savage, National Forensic Science Technology Center Largo, FL David Epstein, National Forensic Science Technology Center Largo, FL Objectives:

The NFSTC is working via a Memorandum of Understanding with the Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners (AFTE) to develop a training program for newly hired and current Firearms Examiners.

The use of a technology-based-training (TBT) approach offers an engaging format to capture attention and to increase trainee comprehension. It is anticipated that this approach will streamline and standardize the training of firearms examiners, thus allowing for the effective allocation of available funds to reach the maximum number of interested parties.

Formatted in a knowledge-based CD-ROM containing theoretical and academic content

Supplemented with photographs, graphics, animations, and other multimedia tools to enhance learning and hold the attention of the trainee

Comprised of a series of modules corresponding to the current AFTE training manual

Appropriate for use in an academy or laboratory setting with an accompanying practical training guide

Reviewed extensively by a panel of reviewers appointed by AFTE

Accompanied by a digitally formatted revision/update of the existing AFTE training manual of skills and abilities as a complement to the knowledge based CD (will be made available upon request from AFTE)

The Firearms Analyst technology based training product will be available at no cost to forensic laboratories involved in firearms identification for law enforcement agencies.

The initiative was described in a preliminary form to AFTE last year at the training seminar. This year we wish to provide updates on the progress of the project and refinements made to the process in response to comments made by the AFTE membership.

Also presented will be an overview of NFSTC and other programs offered at no cost to the forensic science community.


What’s New In AmmunitionGeorge Kass, Forensic Ammunition ServiceOkemos, MI

This presentation will cover the latest updates in headstamps, new calibers and ammunition. The latest industry standards will be discussed.

2006 SWGGUN UpdatePeter Striupaitis, A & P Training ConsultantsPalos Heights, IL

This is an informational update on the Scientific Working Group for Firearms and Toolmarks. The presentation will include a brief history of the working group, current Board members, objectives, committees, and the documents/guidelines approved and available for peer review.

Recall / Safety Warning List UpdateDom Denio, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Firearms/Toolmarks UnitQuantico, VA

The firearm and ammunition recall/safety warning list is updated annually by Dom Denio. He will discuss how to use the list as well as the criteria for inclusion of a recall or warning. Copies of the 2006 update will be available to all members in good standing.

AFTE 2007 Training Seminar UpdateJohn Sanchez, San Francisco Police Department - Criminalistics LabSan Francisco, CAAndy Smith, San Francisco Police Department - Criminalistics LabSan Francisco, CA

This update will give attendees a preview into next year’s AFTE Training Seminar in San Francisco, CA.


MONDAY JUNE 26, 2006WORKSHOP SESSIONS


6:30 PM Basic Mathematics Applied to Shooting Scene MMC Meeting Room 1ReconstructionJames Kwong, FDLE -Tampa Regional Crime LaboratoryTampa, FL

6:30 PM Potential for Errors in Cartridge Case Identification MMC Meeting Room 2Beta Tam, Los Angeles Police DepartmentLos Angles, CA

7:00 PM Hi-Point Firearms Familiarization Course MMC Meeting Room 2Tom Deeb, Hi-Point FirearmsMansfield, OH


TUESDAY JUNE 27, 2006MORNING SESSION MODERATORS: WILLIAM WHEATLEY, NEW JERSEY STATE POLICE AND

GEORGE FOLEY, BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT*** SPLIT ROOM PROGRAM ***



8:00 AM 3D Imaging: Targeting Better Bullet Results MMC Grand BallroomDanny Roberge, Forensic Technologies Inc. Side AMontreal, Quebec, Canada

8:00 AM Magazines: Their Marks and Their Meaning MMC Grand BallroomCharles M. Clow, Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences Side BDallas, TX

8:30 AM Variation in Ejection Port Marks from the Same MMC Grand BallroomFirearm Side BBeta Tam, Los Angeles Police DepartmentLos Angeles, CA

9:00 AM A Tool for Classifying the Mechanisms of Penetrating MMC Grand BallroomTrauma Side ADavid Andrew, Queensland HealthToowoomba, Queensland, Australia

9:15 AM A Classification Method for the Mechanisms of MMC Grand BallroomPenetrating Trauma Side ADavid Andrew, Queensland HealthToowoomba, Queensland, Australia

9:15 AM A Numerical Comparison Study of Five Different MMC Grand BallroomChemical Procedures Using Griess Reagents Side BGarry Lawrence, Centre of Forensic Sciences Firearms and ToolmarksToronto, Ontario, CanadaSrinivasan Rathinam, Centre of Forensic Sciences Firearms and ToolmarksToronto, Ontario, Canada

9:30 AM Surface Topography Analysis for a Feasibility MMC Grand BallroomAssessment of a National Ballistics Imaging Database Side ADr. Theodore Vorburger, National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MD



TUESDAY JUNE 27, 2006MORNING SESSION CONTINUED*** SPLIT ROOM PROGRAM ***


10:30 AM Recent Changes in United Kingdom Firearms MMC Grand BallroomLegislation and the Effects on the Casework Side ASubmissions Seen at the Forensic Science Service LimitedAlice Walters, Forensic Science Service Limited - Firearms SectionLondon, United Kingdom

10:30 AM 3D Consecutive Matching Stria Research MMC Grand BallroomAlain Beauchamp, Forensic Technologies Inc. Side BMontreal, Quebec, Canada

11:00 AM Interpretation of Ballistics Examiner MMC Grand BallroomHassene Djadjaa, Ballistic AFSI Side AAlgiers, Algeria

11:15 AM An Evaluation of Body Armor MMC Grand BallroomNancy D. McCombs, California State DOJ, Fresno Regional Lab Side AFresno, CAMichael A. Appel, California State DOJ, Fresno Regional LabFresno, CA

11:30 AM Going Further with GSR Analysis: The Adaptation MMC Grand Ballroomof SWG-MAT Trace Evidence Recovery Guidelines Side Afor the Analysis of Gunshot Residues on ClothingRichard N. Ernest, Alliance Forensics Laboratory, Inc.Fort Worth, TX

11:30 AM New Technique for Identification of Country Made MMC Grand BallroomRevolver Side BAsha Dhir, Central Forensic Science LaboratoryChandigarh, Union Territory, India

11:45 PM Hawkeye Precision Borescope Improvements MMC Grand BallroomKen Harrington, Gradient Lens Corporation Side BRochester, NY



3D Imaging: Targeting Better Bullet ResultsDanny Roberge, Forensic Technologies Inc.Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Objectives: Earlier ballistic comparison relied on comparison of 2D signatures extracted from grayscale imaging; with 3D imaging the topographic profiles of the surface are used in conjunction with 2D signatures in order to increase matching accuracy of comparisons. This presentation will explore some of these opportunities and present results of a database performance study.

Methodology: Forensic Technology, has developed a new automated ballistic comparison system called BulletTRAX 3D, this technology uses 3D confocal microscopy to image and compare bullet evidence. The introduction of 3D imaging technology to this field has opened up new avenues for ballistics comparison that have never been available to the scientist before now. Simplified imaging of ballistics evidence, increased comparison accuracy, quantitative measures of the surface topology at the nanometer level of precision, and developing quantitative measures will significantly help firearms experts.

Earlier ballistic comparison systems relied on comparison of 2D signatures extracted from grayscale imaging; with 3D imaging the topographic profiles of the surface are used in conjunction with 2D signatures in order to increase matching accuracy of comparisons. This presentation will explore some of these opportunities and present results of a database performance study.

Results: This presentation will explore some of these opportunities and present results of a database performance study.

Conclusions: Results & Conclusions will be provided upon completion of the presentation.

Magazines: Their Marks and Their MeaningCharles M. Clow, Southwestern Institute of Forensic SciencesDallas, TX

Objectives: Firearm magazines, like other tools, have the potential to produce toolmarks on cartridge cases. These marks and their uniqueness have come into question in the legal arena. This study will:

1) Review the manufacturing processes involved in magazine manufacture.

2) Identify the areas of the magazine that have an opportunity to make marks.

3) Identify situations that could influence the production of magazine marks.

4) Produce magazine marks with ten consecutively manufactured Hi-Point magazines.

5) Produce magazine marks with ten “same lot” magazines manufactured by Check-Mate Industries, Inc.


6) Review the findings of the microscopic comparison of the magazine marks produced by consecutive and “same lot” manufactured magazines.

Variation in Ejection Port Marks from the Same FirearmBeta Tam, Los Angeles Police DepartmentLos Angeles, CA Objectives: Provide a visual discussion on how much ejection port marks on cartridge cases fired from the same firearm could be different from each other so that incorrect elimination could be avoided.

Methodology: 1. Comparing ejector port marks for over fifty fired cartridge cases.2. Observing the firing marks with different prospective.3. Locating the identification marks on individual cartridge case.4. Combine ejection port marks on different cartridge cases together using the matching area as orientation.5. Study the whole length of the combined marks and appreciate the differences.

Results: 1. Different prospective of the marks revealed different types of marks seen.2. The full length of the combined ejection marks is at least a couple of times longer then individual ejection ports marks.3. The marks have a striated area and also some impressed area too.4. The texture of the marks varies from one end to the other.

Conclusions: 1. The contact area around the ejector port is so inconsistent that elimination is almost impossible.2. When multiple cartridge cases are available, go through the whole length with different orientation to ensure identification is not missed.


A Classification Method for the Mechanisms of Penetrating Trauma David Andrew, Queensland HealthToowoomba, Queensland, Australia

Objectives: When trying to defeat an adversary we must first understand what we are trying to defeat. In body Armour design we know what works but how do we define/describe what a fragmentation, stab or bulletproof vests designed to do. This method allows us to do this. It also provides information that is useful in an Emergency Department or Crime Statistics reports.

Methodology: A brainstorming session to identify the threat, evaluating the information, hashing it out over many months and finally a tool in the form of a flow chart.

Results: A Penetrating Trauma Mechanism Classification Tool.

Conclusions:It works for instances I and others could think up, remember or research.

A Tool for Classifying the Mechanisms of Penetrating TraumaDavid Andrew, Queensland HealthToowoomba, Queensland, Australia

Objectives: To have a tool to describe the forms of penetrating trauma for descriptive and statistical analysis.

Methodology: Define penetrating trauma by type of penetrating tool and the force propelling it.

Results: A flow chart that describes the mechanism of injury.

Conclusions: A useful tool to help define the type of protective item needed against a specific threat.


A Numerical Comparison Study of Five Different Chemical Procedures Using Griess ReagentsGarry Lawrence, Centre of Forensic Sciences Firearms and ToolmarksToronto, Ontario, CanadaSrinivasan Rathinam, Centre of Forensic Sciences Firearms and ToolmarksToronto, Ontario, Canada

Objectives: To rank five different Griess reagents procedures in the order of most effective to least effective. This will be done by examining the processed test panels and assigning a numeral value to the nitrites that have reacted to the different Griess reagents.

Methodology: Five sets of three test panels were created at a distance of 18, 24, 36, 48 and 60 inches. The test panels were then processed using the Griess procedure with desensitized photographic paper, Griess procedure with inkjet paper, Modified Griess procedure with desensitized photographic paper, Modified Griess procedure with inkjet paper and Simplified Griess procedure. A one-inch square grid transparent sheet was placed over each treated test panel and the nitrites that reacted to the Griess procedures were given a numerical value in a selected grid. The numerical values were then totaled for each procedure and were listed in a ranking order of highest to lowest.

Results: To be determined before the 2006 AFTE Seminar.

Conclusions: To be determined before the 2006 AFTE Seminar.


Surface Topography Analysis for a Feasibility Assessment of a National Ballistics Imaging DatabaseTheodore Vorburger, Ph. D., J.H. Yen, , T.B. Renegar, J.J. Filliben, L. Ma, H.-G. Rhee, A. Zheng, J.-F. Song, M. Riley, C.D. Foreman, and S.M. BallouNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MDB. Bachrach, Intelligent Automation, Inc.Rockville, MD

Objectives: We report on a study to assess the feasibility of a national ballistics database of casing and bullet images. The purpose of such a database would be to provide a reference collection of ballistic images with which casings or bullets found at the scene of a crime may be compared, with the intent of uniquely identifying the weapon that generated the spent casing or bullet.

Questions to address include: Are the markings, which an individual gun leaves on its fired casings, unique enough to support a national

ballistics identification system? How do three-dimensional (3D) topography imaging methods compare with the optical imaging technologies

currently in use for ballistics identification? Methodology:We investigated two collections of fired casings, identified here as the De Kinder collection and the NBIDE (NIST Ballistics Imaging Database Evaluation) collection. The De Kinder collection was created several years ago to test the performance of the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS)* in a large database. From the De Kinder collection, we used 70 casings, seven casings each from ten Sig Sauer P226 guns, providing us with 70 casings for analysis. Six different brands of ammunition had been fired by each gun as part of that study. The NBIDE collection is a set of test fires created by us. The statistical design included three gun types (Sig Sauer, Ruger, and Smith & Wesson), four guns of each type, three ammo types, and three firing repetitions for each ammo type taking place over three days.

We compared two image analysis methods, IBIS, based on optical reflection microscopy, which is widely used for forensic ballistic examinations, and an experimental system, based on imaging of 3D surface topography, which we call NTES, for NIST Topography Evaluation System. In addition, the NTES system includes a correlation method based on cross-correlation statistics. These two systems were applied to both of the above casing collections and compared.

Results: The two analysis systems were compared using Top Ten lists, color correlation charts, and other statistical methods. For the four data sets (De Kinder Firing Pin, De Kinder Breech Face, NBIDE Firing Pin, NBIDE Breech Face), the NTES system scored slightly higher to significantly higher for obtaining matches of casings fired by the same guns. The Table below shows summary Top Ten List performance results for De Kinder and NBIDE casings, IBIS and NTES analysis systems, and two casing regions. The ratios there indicate the average number of correct matches appearing in the Top Ten list divided by the total number of correct matches.

Data Set Feature Under ComparisonFiring Pin Breech Face

De Kinder IBIS 3.0/6 1.0/6NTES 3.6/6 2.8/6


NBIDE IBIS 3.7/8 5.1/8NTES 5.6/8 7.9/8

Conclusions:For a technology to be feasible for a very large database, its Top Ten lists should have obtained close to all possible correct matches in a relatively low sample size experiment like those described in this report. Nothing here is close to achieving such high performance standards, except for the NTES performance on the NBIDE breech face impressions. Even these data fall well short of the estimated required accuracy. In order to perform at levels necessary for very large databases of say 100 000 guns of the same class, the error rates must be so low that for experiments with only 70 or 108 casings shown here, there should not be any overlap between the matching and non-matching sample distributions.

Aside from the question as to whether a large database is feasible, the topography (3D) measurement approach adds to the capability of the ballistic imaging community to progressively examine and improve ballistics matching systems. The NTES performance on the NBIDE breech face impressions suggests that 3D topographic methods are a significant advance for breech face analysis.

*Certain commercial equipment are identified in this presentation to specify adequately an experimental procedure. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor does it imply that the equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose.


Recent Changes in United Kingdom Firearms Legislation and the Effects on the Casework Submissions Seen at the Forensic Science Service LimitedAlice Walters, Forensic Science Service Limited - Firearms SectionLondon, United Kingdom

Objectives: In the United Kingdom there is a problem with modified and converted air guns and blank cartridge firing guns. The introduction of the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003(ASBA 2003) in January 2004 outlawed the possession of certain types of tandem air cartridge guns commonly referred to as Brococks. These "self-contained gas cartridge" guns became prohibited even in their unconverted form, i.e. even when air guns.

This paper looks at emerging trends in converted firearms encountered since the introduction of this most recent legislation, such as converted blank firing replicas of MAC10s and converted gas guns.

Methodology: The National Firearms Forensic Intelligence Database was interrogated to determine which types of converted guns are currently emerging as trends in casework submissions.

Results: Three emerging trends were observed:

1) Conversions of 9mm Parabellum calibre blank cartridge firing replicas of MAC10s now firing 9mm Parabellum cartridges in fully automatic mode (smooth-bored).2) Conversions of 8mm calibre Baikal IZh79 gas pistols firing 7.65mm Browning or 9mm Short calibre cartridges (rifled barrels, 3L, 4R, 6R).3) Conversions of 9mm rimmed blank calibre Weihrauch HW94S pistols into pistols firing 9mm Short, hybrid 9mm Short/9mm Parabellum or modified 9mm P.A blank calibre cartridges.


3D Consecutive Matching Stria ResearchAlain Beauchamp, Forensic Technologies Inc.Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Objectives: BulletTRAX-3D’s three-dimensional imaging has made available information on the bullet’s surface that has never before been possible to accurately and consistently read. One new opportunity being explored by Forensic Technology (FT) is to apply the newly readable length, width and depth of striations extracted from the bullet’s physical topography to calculate groupings of consecutive matching stria (CMS).

Methodology: BulletTRAX-3D’s three-dimensional imaging has made available information on the bullet’s surface that has never before been possible to accurately and consistently read. One new opportunity being explored by Forensic Technology (FT) is to apply the newly readable length, width and depth of striations extracted from the bullet’s physical topography to calculate groupings of consecutive matching stria (CMS). Using the bullet’s raw, unlit three-dimensional surface contour as the foundation for research eliminates the natural variabilities that occur when the comparison microscope is used in conjunction with side light, which is susceptible to each individual’s preferred angle and intensity.

Results: This presentation will outline the research that FT has performed to date, explain where we are today, and forecast the development that will continue in the future.

Conclusions: Results and Conclusions will be provided upon completion of the presentation.


Interpretation of Ballistic ExaminerHassene Djadjaa, Ballistic AFSIAlgiers, Algeria

Objectives: 1. Traces slipped on the projectils2. Interpretation of matching case Methodology: Abstract Introduction Recall Historique Digital image processing Baisien's approach Discussion Conclusion

Results: In cooperation with Lausanne University, this project will be a PHD thesis so it is still in process however this project will be presented in order to critically assess and discuss my point of view.

An Evaluation of Body ArmorNancy D. McCombs, California State Department of Justice, Fresno Regional LabFresno, CAMichael A. Appel, California State Department of Justice, Fresno Regional LabFresno, CA

Objectives: This paper discusses the recent purchase of body armor from a local company that is receiving nationwide publicity for its invention of Dragon Skin Body Armor.


Going Further with GSR Analysis: The Adaptation of SWG-MAT Trace Evidence Recovery Guidelines for the Analysis of Gunshot Residues on ClothingRichard N. Ernest, Alliance Forensics Laboratory, Inc.Fort Worth, TX

Objectives: Current methods for the analysis of gunshot residue particles on clothing rely on visual examination followed by chemical testing. In this paper, the author outlines the use of SWG-MAT trace evidence recovery guidelines, as an adjunct test to current methods, to further recover essentially all gunshot residue particles embedded from all surfaces of the clothing. This information can be critical in certain types of shooting cases (to be discussed) to answer issues of the distance involved in the shooting. Several case studies from prior casework employing these techniques will be discussed.

Methodology: After the use of current visual examination techniques and chemical testing for gunshot residues is concluded, the clothing items are examined using a variety of trace evidence techniques such as tape lifts, scraping techniques and vacuuming techniques. The resultant debris isolated from the clothing may contain numerous microscopic particles of gunshot residue which can be examined by various methods which will be discussed. The author will outline the various common forms of trace evidence debris normally isolated from gunshot residues, and will discuss the ranges to which some of this debris may be encountered following the discharge of a firearm.

Results: Trace evidence analysis of the gunshot residue debris encountered from the firing of a firearm may allow in certain cases for a further characterization & determination of the range(s) at which a firearm was fired. In certain types of shooting case scenarios such information can be crucial to the solving of the case.

Conclusions: Trace evidence analysis of the gunshot residue debris encountered from the firing of a firearm is not a technique which should be used in every type of shooting case, but it is a technique which can be used in certain types (to be discussed) which can lead to valuable or critical information which may be useful to the solving of a case.


New Technique for Identification of Country Made Revolver Asha Dhir, Central Forensic Science LaboratoryChandigarh, Union Territory, India

Objectives: Forensic scientists often encounter with the fired cartridge cases without percussion cap as physical evidence to link the criminal with the crime though identification of firearm responsible in shooting incident. In absence of firing pin and breech face marks, country made multi-chambered revolvers pose great difficulty in establishing an identity and require meticulous examination of all the non-standard chambers of country made revolver for imprinting of the chamber marks of the firearm for comparison with the questioned cartridge case.

Methodology: The quantity of gases produced during firing are occupied inside the chamber/ barrel during the entire passage of the projectile until it leaves the barrel. The rates of escaping gases from each chamber were detected by diazotization and coupling reaction using reagents alpha-napthylamine and sulfanilic acid in acetic acid. The relative rate of escape of gases from the different chambers was determined by ascertaining the time taken by the reagents to develop pink color with the escaping gases from them respectively.

Results: The relative rate of escape of gases resulted during firing from the each chamber of the country made revolver in this case depends upon the time elapsed and has been determined indirectly by ascertaining the time needed to develop pink color. Test firing was conducted through the chamber which showed least time taken to develop pink color. Due to non uniform expanding of the cartridge during firing, all characteristic impressions of the chamber were imprinted on the lead slug and were matched with the impressions present on the questioned cartridge case successfully.

Conclusions: The existing method of identification of country made multi-chambered firearms in absence of pertinent firing pin and breech face marks is cumbersome and further to imprint the chamber characteristics on test fired cartridge case for comparison of the individual characteristic marks, meticulous examination of all the chambers of the revolver is required which is time consuming and uneconomical. The innovative technique suggested in this paper for identification of chamber and further use of lead slug for imprint of chamber marks, may prove to be of immense help in saving manpower, time and valuable ammunition.

Hawkeye Precision Borescope ImprovementsKen Harrington, Gradient Lens CorporationRochester, NY

Objective:Our efforts to date with AFTE have been particularly rewarding and we have decided to make a significant upgrade to the GRAND-AFTE kit that has become so popular with firearm and toolmark examiners in the last two years.


Presentation will include a few new shooting images and an announcement of the product improvements that we have made on your behalf. At that time I will also announce that we will give away a $845.00 Hawkeye Precision Borescope Kit at the banquet to one of the AFTE members who stops by to see a demo.

TUESDAY JUNE 27, 2006AFTERNOON SESSION MODERATORS: JAMES STEPHENSON, CONNECTICUT DPS LAB

MARSHALL ROBINSON, INDEPENDENT EXAMINER*** SPLIT ROOM PROGRAM ***


1:30 PM A Statistical Validation of the Individuality of MMC Grand BallroomStriated Tool Marks using Topographical Data Side AAnurag Jain, Intelligent Automation, Inc. - Forensic Technology GroupRockville, MD

1:30 PM Practical Considerations for Using Sound Level MMC Grand BallroomMeters to Accurately Measure Gunshot Noise Side BRobert G. Brauch, Larson Davis, Inc.Depew, NY

2:00 PM Security Threat from Bump Keys MMC Grand BallroomMarc Weber Tobias, Investigative Law Offices Side ASioux Falls, SD

2:30 PM PERMA-GEL: A New Synthetic Ballistic Gelatin MMC Grand BallroomDr. Darryl D. Amick, PERMA-GEL, Inc. Side BAlbany, OR

3:00 PM Break Exhibit Hall

3:30 PM Use of Scanning Electron Microscope Coupled with MMC Grand BallroomEnergy Dispersive X-Ray Analyzer (SEM-EDXA) Side Aas Non Destructive Technique for Differentiation in Clandestine Locally Made and Factory Made Cartridge CasesDr. N.S. Pandey, Central Forensic Science LaboratoryChandigarh, Union Territory, India

3:30 PM GSR on Hands - Totally Useless? MMC Grand BallroomAxel Manthei, Bavarian State Bureau of Investigation Side BMunich, Bavaria, Germany


A Statistical Validation of the Individuality of Striated Tool Marks Using Topographical DataAnurag Jain, Intelligent Automation, Inc. - Forensic Technology GroupRockville, MD

Objectives: Intelligent Automation, Inc. (IAI) has undertaken a study to assess the validity of the premise that microscopic marks found on a tool's working surface and transferred to the tool mark are sufficiently unique to enable a one-to-one association between the tool and tool mark. An integral aspect of this study was to perform such association in an objective and standardized manner. As part of this study, the effect of media on the individualization and one-to-one association between the tool and tool mark was also investigated.

Methodology: Our methodology combines two main elements: The characterization of a tool mark as a three-dimensional (3D) object, and the use of statistical methodologies applied to a well-defined similarity metric to quantify the statistical difference between known matching and known non-matching tool marks for tools manufactured using manufacturing/finishing methods of interest.

Results: By comparing the statistical distributions of similarity metric values associated with matching and non-matching pairs of tool marks, it was observed that striated tool marks made from the same tool on the same media under identical conditions could be matched decisively while tool marks made from the same tool on different media could be matched with a small probability of error. In the case of screwdrivers, the effect of variation of angle of attack in the creation of striated tool mark significantly affected the degree to which they could be matched correctly. Because the approach taken in this study relied on the use of a quantifiable similarity metric, the results were repeatable and objective.

Conclusions: The results of this study provide substantial evidence to the validity of the basic premise of tool mark identification for striated tool marks. This study shows that striated tool marks created on lead by a tool such as screwdriver or a pair of tongue and groove pliers can be matched with a striated tool mark made on another media by the same tool. It can also be concluded that the topographical information of a tool mark provides significant potential for the identification and matching of tool marks.


Practical Considerations for Using Sound Level Meters to Accurately Measure Gunshot NoiseRobert G. Brauch, Larson Davis, Inc.Depew, NY

Objectives: 1. Review the reasons why firearm discharge noise is measured as it applies to Police agencies, the Military and their related Laboratories.

2. Inform the audience about the unique acoustic properties and salient characteristics of noise produced by firearm discharge.

3. Provide familiarity of the ANSI and ISO standard classifications of sensors and instruments that can be used to measure this acoustical properties of firearm discharge.

4. Discuss the theory of operation for these various classes of sensors and instruments.

5. Illustrate the limitations of different measurement systems, techniques and methods.

6. Provide a checklist of Practical Considerations when setting up a test procedure for measuring firearm discharge noise.

Methodology: n/a - This is a compendium of information compiled to provide the audience with a good working knowledge of the issues relevant to proper selection of test methods and tools.

Results: n/a - see above

Conclusions: Given proper consideration of the theory of measurement and operational characteristics of various measurement systems, the investigator will be able to determine the relative suitability of different acoustic measurement systems for accurately measuring gunshot noise.


Security Threat from Bump KeysMarc Weber Tobias, Investigative Law OfficesSioux Falls, SD

Objectives: Define the problem of bumping of standard and high security pin tumbler locks.Explain the procedures for bumping 95% of the locks in the world.Detail the security and forensic implications of locks being opened without any outward evidence of entry.

Conclusions: The vast majority of the world's pin tumbler locks can be opened in seconds by unskilled individuals with virtually no training or tools. This poses a serious security problem, especially for criminal investigators and forensic specialists.

PERMA-GEL: A New Synthetic Ballistic GelatinDr. Darryl D. Amick, PERMA-GEL, Inc.Albany, OR

Objectives:Describe PERMA-GEL and point out the things which it does well, as well as some things which it will not do. At the present time, Luke Haag is evaluating this material very objectively and has given me permission to use his findings. Because PERMA-GEL is essentially a type of very clear, synthetic rubber, it is unaffected by water, sub-freezing temperatures, etc. I have designed the present composition to be used at room temperatures, at which it simulates cold (4 degrees, C) 10% ordnance gelatin quite well for most bullet types. P-G is more elastic than gelatin and one can therefore get more shots per unit surface area without overlapping cavities. Because of this superior elasticity, very large caliber weapons may be evaluated without "blowing up" the gel body. Also, one may chronograph velocities of bullets upon exiting a target, because no bits of gel are expelled to interfere with the chronograph.

PERMA-GEL is reusable many times (at least 10) by simply re-melting it in a 110v/1400w electrical oven. While molten, one may incorporate foreign objects such as bone, sinew, etc. Also, during melting, bullet fragments and other inert materials may be easily removed by several different methods which I have developed. This material may be very useful simply as a very gentle way of stopping bullets; i.e., it is a very simple bullet trap that any police department, gun dealer, et al could afford.

Results:PERMA-GEL, Inc. is less than one year old, so we are continuing to learn more about its characteristics daily from gun writers, police, sportsmen, et al. Even now, we have substantial data on everything from .17cal to .375cal H&H magnum, as well as some miscellaneous data on a wide variety of shotgun pellets, arrows, crossbow bolts, etc.


Use of Scanning Electron Microscope Coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analyzer (SEM-EDXA) as Non Destructive Technique for Differentiation in Clandestine Locally Made and Factory Made Cartridge CasesDr. N.S. Pandey, Central Forensic Science LaboratoryChandigarh, Union Territory, India

Objectives: Clandestine locally made cartridges are being used in committing crimes. These cartridge cases are very much similar in the physical feature with regular factory made cartridge cases of same caliber. It is difficult to differentiate them with regular cartridge cases based on their physical parameter. In present study we have used SEM-EDXA, as non-destructive technique for elemental percentage, for differentiating a locally made cartridge case with those of regular cartridge case of same caliber.

Methodology: SEM-EDXA model S-360 of LEICA, UK make has been used for finding elemental percentage of copper and zinc in locally made cartridge cases and regular factory made cartridge cases. The surface of both locally made and factory made cartridge cases were cleaned properly using various cleaning reagents available and precaution were taken for not contamination of chamber of Scanning Electron Microscope.

Results: Using SEM-EDXA, the element percentage of copper and zinc were found to be 58.99% & 37.87% respectively in locally made and 67.22% and 25.37% respectively in factory made cartridge cases. It was possible to make a definite differentiation, based on element percentage of zinc and copper present in locally made cartridge cases and in those regular factory made cartridge cases.

Conclusions: SEM-EDXA can be used as non-destructive technique in finding the percentage of element present in cartridge cases, which will be helpful in finding the genuineness of cartridge cases.


GSR on Hands - Totally Useless?Axel Manthei, Bavarian State Bureau of InvestigationMunich, Bavaria, Germany

Objectives: It is commonly known that the presence of GSR on the hands of a person can not solely be considered as positive evidence that this person has fired a firearm. We encountered a case in which a dead person was first considered to have committed suicide, but other evidence indicated that it might have been a homicide. The question we had to answer was whether it could be ruled out that the death was a suicide. Due to the case circumstances, the specific firearm and ammunition involved were examined in order to determine if the deceased had fired the shot with their right hand (which was on top of the firearm).

Methodology: The GSR sample take from the hand and the sample collected during the tests where analyzed by SEM/EDX. Due to the design of the firearm used in this case, GSR is ejected on the unprotected hand of the person firing at all times. The tests were conducted with different holding/firing positions of the pistol. High Speed videos were produced to show the gas dynamic acting in and around the firearm.

Results: In the case presented, the firearm ejected GSR on the hand of the shooter at all times and conditions. The victim had no GSR on their hand. It was determined by the MD that the victim was not able to make any movements after receiving the shot. Therefor the evidence presented excluded the dead person from firing the pistol with their right hand.

Conclusions: In very specific cases under specific conditions - which have to be verified carefully - it can be determined that a hand has not fired the particular firearm.


TUESDAY JUNE 27, 2006WORKSHOP SESSIONS


6:30 PM Firearms Markings-What do they indicate? MMC Meeting Room 1Allan Offringa, retired ATF agent/NFEA instructor

6:30 PM Potential for Errors in Cartridge Case Identification MMC Meeting Room 2Beta Tam, Los Angeles Police DepartmentLos Angles, CA

6:30 PM GSR Workshop MMC Meeting Room 3Robert J. Shem, Alaska Department of Public SafetyAnchorage, AK

7:00 PM "BUMPING" and the Vulnerabilities of Pin Tumbler MMC Meeting Room 4LocksMarc Weber Tobias, Investigative Law OfficesSioux Falls, SD


WEDNESDAY JUNE 28, 2006FACTORY TOURS

TIME TOUR AREA/ROOM

7:00 AM Wilson Arms, Charter Arms and Van will leave from Sheraton Marlin Tour Springfield Lobby

7:30 AM Ruger / Pine Tree Casting and Mayhew Van will leave from Sheraton

Tools Tour Springfield Lobby

7:45 AM Sig Arms and H&R Tour Van will leave from Sheraton Springfield Lobby

8:30 AM US Fire Arms and Colt Tour Van will leave from Sheraton

Springfield Lobby

9:00 AM Smith & Wesson and Savage Tour Bus will leave from Sheraton Springfield Lobby

9:00 AM Savage and Smith & Wesson Tour Bus will leave from Sheraton Springfield Lobby

12:00 PM Lunch (On your own)


WEDNESDAY JUNE 28, 2006WORKSHOP SESSIONS


8:30 AM Smith & Wesson Academy M & P PISTOL MMC Meeting Room 1Armorers ProgramMichael Kolozvary, S&W Academy InstructorSpringfield, MA

9:00 AM Sig Arms Armorer Course MMC Meeting Room 2Rance Deware, Sig Arms

9:00 AM Ruger GP100 Revolver Repair MMC Meeting Room 3Rob Dearden, Director of Training at RugerNewport, NHMark Currier, Ruger Armourer's School InstructorNewport, NH

9:00 AM Glock Armorers Course MMC Meeting Room 4Ron Sommella, Glock Armorers SchoolSmyrna, GA

9:00 AM The Fundamentals of Scientific Firearm Examination MMC Grand Ballroomfor Non-ExaminersPeter Diaczuk, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNYNew York, NY

10:00 AM Beretta 90 Series Semiautomatic Armorer Course MMC Meeting Room 5C. R. VanDerscoff, Firearms Instructor Beretta USA

Satellite Beach, FL

12:00 PM Lunch (On your own)

6:00 PM Overview of Tool Mark Identification MMC Meeting Room 1Carlo Rosati, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Firearms/Toolmarks UnitQuantico, VABrandon Geroux, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Firearms/Toolmarks UnitQuantico, VAGeorge Bedish, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Firearms/Toolmarks UnitQuantico, VA

6:30 PM Integrity, Character and Ethics in Forensic Science MMC Meeting Room 2


Dan B. Gunnell, Asst. Lab Director, Joliet Forensic Science Laboratory Joliet, Illinois

6:30 PM Hi-Point Firearms Familiarization Course MMC Meeting Room 3Tom Deeb, HI-Point FirearmsMansfield, OH

THURSDAY JUNE 29, 2006MORNING SESSION MODERATOR: JERRY PETILLO, CONNECTICUT DPS CRIME LAB



8:00 AM The Scientific Foundations of Firearms and Tool MMC Grand BallroomMark Identification - Responding to Recent ChallengesRon Nichols, AFT Forensic Science Laboratory – San FranciscoWalnut Creek, CA


10:30 AM Bullet Holes In Wood: What Can Be Determined MMC Grand BallroomFrom Them?Lucien C. Haag, Independent ExaminerCarefree, AZ

10:45 AM The Lincoln Target Board MMC Grand BallroomLucien C. Haag, Independent ExaminerCarefree, AZ

11:00 AM The Influence of Intermediate Objects Positioned MMC Grand BallroomClose to the Muzzle of a FirearmMatthew Noedel, Noedel ScientificPuyallup, WA

11:30 AM Viewing and Training Tool of Known Match and MMC Grand BallroomKnown Non-Match ComparisonTsuneo Uchiyama, National Research Institute of Police ScienceKashiwa, Chiba, Japan



The Scientific Foundations of Firearms and Tool Mark Identification - Responding to Recent ChallengesRon Nichols, AFT Forensic Science Laboratory – San FranciscoWalnut Creek, CA

Objectives: There have been several recent challenges to the firearms and tool mark discipline published in the literature that have received varying levels of attention. If one were to examine these challenges, they share common concerns. This presentation will examine those concerns and demonstrate how the discipline has already addressed those concerns or to demonstrate why the concerns are not valid.

Results: The common concerns that will be addressed begin with the issue of scientific reliability. In answer to this, it will be demonstrated that firearms and tool mark identification is firmly rooted in the application of the scientific method, that repeated testing of the hypotheses related to the discipline have been performed, and such testing has resulted in a standard statement setting guidelines for identification criteria. In support of this several issues will be discussed including coincident correspondence, subclass characteristics, and changing tool surfaces.

Going beyond scientific reliability, critics discuss concerns with what they feel to be lack of adequate validation of the discipline. Under this broad issue they cite concerns with the lack of representative databases and statistical treatment such as that found in DNA. They move on to criticize the lack of well defined error rates and poorly designed proficiency testing. In answer to this, it will be demonstrated that firearms and tool mark identification has been validated. In support of this it will be demonstrated that the issue of representative databases is misplaced, being the product of an inappropriate analogy with DNA. The issue of statistics will also be discussed, demonstrating that there has been much thought given to this particular topic within the discipline. Many obstacles remain to be solved before statistics can find more widespread use including the type of statistics, issues of randomness and independence as well as acceptable quantitative models for impressed tool marks. The issue of error rates and proficiency testing will be also be discussed with the result being some quite useful information that the courts would find valuable in assisting them in determinations about the reliability and validity of firearms and tool mark identification.

Finally, there will be a discussion of several court decisions dealing with the issue of firearms and tool mark identification. The review of these decisions will demonstrate that the court appears to be capable of properly determining when the needs of the science have been met and where they have not.

Conclusions: As demonstrated through this response, the material to support the scientific background of the firearms and tool mark identification discipline is available in the relevant professional literature. What remains is for examiners to put this into practice through good, solid practice and then, just as importantly, learn how to communicate the intricacies of the discipline to a non-scientific audience. Even with the wealth of support, the burden is not on the critics to stop criticizing or the courts simply to accept what is said carte blanche. The burden is on the individual examiner to step up to the plate and be effective not only in their casework but also in their ability to communicate this databank of knowledge. It does not speak for itself.


Bullet Holes In Wood: What Can Be Determined From Them?Lucien C. Haag, Independent ExaminerCarefree, AZ

Objectives:This presentation will first illustrate the behavior of various types of wood to perforating bullet strikes followed by the various things that can be determined from bullet holes in wood. These include the approximate caliber of the responsible bullet, the direction of fire, bullet composition and some assessment of impact velocity. This presentation is preparatory for the second presentation on the Lincoln Target Board.

The Lincoln Target BoardLucien C. Haag, Independent ExaminerCarefree, AZ

Objectives:In August of 1863 Christopher Spencer had a private meeting with President Abraham Lincoln where he presented his revolutionary 7-shot repeating rifle to the President. The next day Lincoln fired a full magazine at an improvised target fashioned from a pine board. Lincoln was so impressed with the Spencer that he personally endorsing it and set aside General James Ripley’s opposition to the purchase of repeating cartridge guns for the Union Army. The Spencer rifles and carbines became the most dreaded and hated gun by the Confederates who fought the entire war with single shot muzzle-loading rifles and muskets. Spencer retained the target board for many years then sent it to the State of Illinois where it purportedly was lost in the mist of time.

The Lincoln Target Board has been found and the author was allowed to personally examine and photograph it at the Illinois State Military Museum in his home town of Springfield, Illinois. The Lincoln Target Board allows us to see what sort of marksman our 16th president was but the bullet holes in the board raise some question as to just what version of the Spencer rifle President Lincoln fired on that historic and fateful day in August 1863. The knowledge gained from the previous presentation on bullet holes in wood will be used to show what can be reasonably concluded from the dimensions of the bullet holes in this most famous of all targets.


The Influence of Intermediate Objects Positioned Close to the Muzzle of a FirearmMatthew Noedel, Noedel ScientificPuyallup, WA

Objectives: A study was conducted to evaluate the trajectory of bullets that have been fired through intermediate objects immediately at the muzzle of a firearm. These dynamics were examined in conjunction with an interesting case that involved a homemade suppressor attached to a Browning pistol. A review of the case and the suppressor design will also be presented.

Methodology: Shooting from a rest through the intermediate target, the trajectory deflection over short distances was measured. These tests were applied to the crime scene of a shooting event.

Results: Depending on the intermediate and the scene dynamics, these devices may not significantly influence the trajectory.

Conclusions: The influence of the intermediate in this case was typically not significant over short distances.


Viewing and Training Tool of Known Match and Known Non-Match ComparisonTsuneo Uchiyama, National Research Institute of Police ScienceKashiwa, Chiba, Japan

Objectives: Every firearm and/or tool mark examiner recognizes that known match and known non-match comparison is very important in the course of training. Comparison among the bullets fired from a barrel consecutively and comparison among the bullets fired from consecutively tooled barrels are essential in this type of training. The author made a simple tool to do these types of training. This simple tool does not simulate manipulation of comparison microscope which already exist virtual comparison microscope excellently does, however this tool provides an easy viewer of landmark comparison work.

Methodology: This tool is made on Microsoft Excel and display the all the six landmarks side by side at a time. Image of 122 bullets from 5000 consecutively fired bullets experiment with Jim Hamby can be compared. These Images consist of base area of landmarks and landmark images compressed in a longitudinal direction are available in this tool. Both colour images from which one can feel three dimensional contour and differential filtered images with which one can easily counting aligned striation are provided. Images of 35 fired bullets from consecutively tooled Ruger ten barrels provided by Brundage/Hamby are also available in this tool. Images from Ruger bullets consists of colour and differential filtered image taken from base area of landmarks 　One only selects number of round of both left side and right side bullets in 5000 bullets comparison tool. Viewer can move alignment of each landmark to line up striation. There are two comparison modes in Ruger bullets comparison. In test mode, one can try blind comparison. In study mode, one can examine difference between KM or KNM bullets pair.


Results: Quickly browsing of landmark change during successive firing and difference appeared among the bullets fired from continuously tooled barrel will be helpful for training firearm examiner. We can view the comparison results from all the six landmarks at a time with this tool. This capability may be helpful for beginners.

Conclusions: This type of comparison is already available in sophisticated system such as IBIS. However simple tool on personal computer will be helpful for training use because this type of examination takes a lot of time.

THURSDAY JUNE 29, 2006AFTERNOON SESSION MODERATOR: FRANK NICOLOSI, WESTCHESTER COUNTY (NY) DPS


1:30 PM Sub-Class Characteristics of Ruger Firearms MMC Grand BallroomGreg Scala, FDLE Orlando, FL

2:00 PM Identification of a Toolmark on Human Skull MMC Grand BallroomUtilizing Cattle Blade Bones as Test MediumStephen H. Ostrowski, New Hampshire State Police Forensic LabConcord, NH

2:30 PM Fire Damage: The Ability to Make Identifications MMC Grand Ballroomon Bullets and Cartridge CasesKristin Gerber, ATF National Laboratory CenterAmmendale, MDJodi Marsanopoli, ATF National Laboratory CenterAmmendale, MD


3:00 PM Break Exhibit Hall

3:30 PM A Statistical Analysis of Shotgun Pellets in Flight: MMC Grand BallroomA Feasibility StudyJan De Ceuster, National Institute of Forensic ScienceBrussels, BelgiumKevan Walsh, Institute of Environmental Science & Research LimitedAuckland, New Zealand

5:30 PM Pre-Banquet Reception

7:00 PM AFTE 2006 Banquet MMC Grand Ballroom

Sub-Class Characteristics of Ruger FirearmsGreg Scala, FDLE Orlando, FL

Objectives: To inform the discipline of Firearms Examiners about a group of Ruger firearms which posses manufacturing marks that could affect conclusions of identity concerning bullets fired from these firearms. These marks are sub-class in nature however, unlike sub-class characteristics which, by nature represent a limited sample, these marks represent a potentially large number of firearms.

Methodology: The Author used a combination of methods to learn more about the rifling methods currently used by Ruger and to assess the forensic significance of these methods:1. Bore casting with silicon rubber from various sample sources with subsequent microscopic comparisons of casts.2. Phone conversations with factory technical advisors.3. Personalized tour of Ruger while obtaining pertinent barrel, mandral and silicon casted samples.

Results: The hammer forging operation at Ruger produces barrels having lands all nearly identical to each other in microscopic detail of the stria parallel to the rifling. This "identity" arises from the mandral which forms the rifling during the forging process. Diamond coated grinders which cut the mandral grooves are the ultimate source of this replicating pattern of stria.


Conclusions: Although bore casts of Ruger hammer forged barrels display land to land correspondence (within the same barrel) and also display the same amount of barrel to barrel correspondence, the author was unable to demonstrate barrel to barrel identity of fired bullets. The effect of reaming marks in the bore and the crowing operation at the muzzle on these sub-class marks being carried over to fired bullets is largely unknown.

There are a large number of firearms being represented by this rifling method and it is not only used by Ruger. Further study needs to be done on how extensive this process is in the industry and how it affects what we as firearms examiners do.

Examinations and comparisons of fired bullets suspected of coming from a firearm represented by the above group should be done with extreme caution. More importantly, knowledge of the potential risk involved when making such comparisons where sub-class characteristics might be an issue.

Identification of a Toolmark on Human Skull Utilizing Cattle Blade Bones as Test MediumStephen H. Ostrowski, New Hampshire State Police Forensic LabConcord, NH

Objectives: Casework examination trying to determine whether any of the three sharp force implement toolmarks to the head of a homicide victim could be identified as having been caused by a recovered hatchet.

Methodology: Three sections of skull collected at autopsy were cleaned and examined for evidence of comparable toolmarks. The analysis, comparison, evaluation and verification (ACE-V) methodology was utilized during examination of both the toolmarks and the tool in this case. Mikrosil casts were taken, evaluated and it was determined that one toolmark present on a section of skull was identifiable. Various traditional test cut mediums failed to yield the desired level of straie reproducibility. A local meat wholesaler was contacted and three sheep heads and three cattle blade bones were obtained. Numerous test cuts were made with the evidence hatchet on the animal bone specimens. The test toolmarks were then cleaned, examined, and Mikrosil-casted in the same manner as the evidence bone sections. Further analysis, comparison and evaluation of the casts were conducted using a comparison microscope.

Results:


Test cuts made in the sheep skull specimens were not usable due to the tool completely penetrating the thin bone. Test cuts made in the cattle blade bone specimens produced a desirable level of straie reproducibility. The toolmark on a section of the victim's skull was identified as having been caused by the hatchet in question.

Conclusions: The findings in this case support the theory that known test cuts in toolmark cases should be made in a material which possesses physical characteristics closely resembling the substrate in which the questioned toolmark was created. Cattle blade bones closely resemble the physical characteristics of human bone. The surface area on these bovine specimens provides ample room to conduct numerous test cuts.

Fire Damage: The Ability to Make Identifications on Bullets and Cartridge CasesKristin Gerber, ATF National Laboratory CenterAmmendale, MDJodi Marsanopoli, ATF National Laboratory CenterAmmendale, MD

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to determine when a firearm is burned in a fire after being used to commit a crime, if it will retain enough individual microscopic markings to make an identification on bullets and cartridge cases.

Methodology: Two pistols, containing different metallurgical properties, were burned in a controlled fire at the ATF Fire Research Laboratory in Ammendale, Maryland. The firearms were removed from the fire debris, cleaned and examined for comparative purposes. Both firearms were test fired before and after the burn utilizing four types of ammunition. The test fired components from before and after the burn were also intercompared for identification purposes.

Results:


It is possible to successfully identify components that have been fired from a gun prior to being burned in a fire to test fires taken after the firearms have been recovered. Although, some components were not able to be identified after the firearms were burned due to extreme damage caused by the fire.

Conclusions: Although a firearm has been subjected to extreme temperatures and is covered with fire debris, the parts can be cleaned and reassembled into working order.

A Statistical Analysis of Shotgun Pellets in Flight: A Feasibility StudyJan De Ceuster, National Institute of Forensic ScienceBrussels, BelgiumKevan Walsh, Institute of Environmental Science & Research LimitedAuckland, New ZealandAngus Newton, Institute of Environmental Science & Research LimitedAuckland, New ZealandSabine Verboven Department of Mathematics, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium

Objectives: It is well known that on the basis of shotgun pellet pattern distribution, one can determine shooting distance. In a purely theoretical situation, this can be done with acceptable accuracy. Many methods have been developed for this purpose. However, since complete pattern distributions are not always present at the scene of the crime, drawing a conclusion may not be possible. If one is able to reconstruct statistical density functions of shotgun patterns, complete patterns might not be needed. To assist in this understanding, a feasibility study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of pellets in


flight. To identify the parameters that influence the spread of the pellets, it has proven useful to look at the distribution of pellets along the propagation direction.

Methodology: Shotshells were loaded with different colored pellets in different locations in the shotshell. Four shots of each load were fired and a side-view high-speed photograph of the pellets for each shot was taken at a fixed distance from the barrel. These photographs were then treated as follows: Cartesian co-ordinates of the pellets were individually determined and their distributions were statistically analysed for the axis along the direction of flight (z-direction) and the axis orthogonal to it (y-direction). Descriptive statistics such as histograms, boxplots and q-q plots were employed to aid in understanding the behaviour of the pellets. Statistical tests such as the Kruskal Wallis test and the Shapiro Wilk test were applied to check if group means are significantly different and to check on the normality of the distribution. In this study, we used only one gun (no choke), one fixed shooting distance and shotgun shells with identical wads.

Results: The results were reproducible. Firstly, the y and z co-ordinates were found to be not always statistically correlated (thus univariate), which justifies in this case looking at the co-ordinates separately. The position of the pellets along the propagation direction, with respect to their original position in the shotshell was examined. The different colored pellets located in different positions in the shotshell display quite different behaviour, which was corroborated by statistical testing. Along the propagation direction the results show that the top pellets of the shotshell mostly remain foremost but some are overtaken by the lower-positioned pellets. The bottom layer pellets on the other hand are projected forward through the distribution of the other pellets and form a high density core of the pattern. They can be best described as normally distributed. In the direction orthogonal to the propagation direction, we observed no large difference with color (and therefore location within the shotshell) in the distributions of the pellets. Therefore all pellets tend to spread radially in a similar manner. However if there is a trend, it is that the bottom pellets are concentrated as a normal distribution in the core of the pattern. Although statistically no real outliers (or flyers) were found, the core pellets from the first half of the shotshell seem to be more likely to become flyers. Apart from the top and bottom pellets, the bulk of pellets is not normally distributed. They seem to assume a bi-modal distribution as if these pellets were pushed aside by the bottom pellets that push through to be concentrated in the center of the pattern.

Conclusions: At this stage of the research it is perhaps too soon to draw definitive conclusions, which can be used for practical purposes. However, this feasibility study has shown that the results are reproducible and lead to greater insight into the cause of the pellet spread. The results open up the way for future experiments: 2D-photographs to get the x and y -co-ordinates separately; photos taken at other distances, the effect of choke, firearm, wad, etc.

FRIDAY JUNE 30, 2006WORKSHOP SESSIONS


9:00 AM Digital Photography for Firearms Examiners MMC Meeting Room 1Ray Kusumi, Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory Seattle, WA

9:00 AM The Investigation of “Sniper” Cases, Long Distance MMC Meeting Room 2Shootings, and Bullets Falling from the SkyMike Haag, Albuquerque Police Department Crime LabAlbuquerque, NMLuke Haag, Independent ExaminerCarefree, AZ


9:00 AM Colt M16/AR15 Familiarization course MMC Meeting Room 3Christopher Bartocci, Monroe County Public Safety LaboratoryRochester, NY


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