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University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand

29 August 4 September 2014

Conference Handbook and

Book of Abstracts

International Polar Tourism Research Network (IPTRN) Conference IV:

Polar Tourism Gateways: Past, Present and Future

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Welcome Kia ora and welcome to IPTRN IV 2014 It gives us great pleasure to host the IPTRN conference for the first time in the Southern Hemisphere. The theme of the IPTRN IV Conference is Polar Tourism Gateways: Past, Present and Future. As the numbers of tourists to the Polar Regions increase, and as tourism operations diversify, gateway ports and communities have to deal with the implications of hosting greater numbers of visitors from different cultures and have a growing role to play in the management of polar tourism. Christchurch is one of the five gateway cities to the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic. In recent years, a range of Antarctic-focused institutions, businesses and authorities have come to appreciate the deep connections that Christchurch has with the Ross Sea region of Antarctica. They have become more aware of the importance of these linkages for Christchurch residents and visitors to the city, as well as the need to embrace and celebrate those links. Through the conference programme and the social activities planned throughout your visit, you will have the opportunity to explore the gateway city of Christchurch and its surrounds and learn more about its connections to the Antarctic. We trust that you will enjoy the hospitality and spirit of our recovering city and that this gathering provides opportunity to renew old and establish new friendships and polar research collaborations. Kia kaha

Daniela Liggett & Emma Stewart (IPTRN IV Co-conveners)

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Contents Welcome......................................................................................................................................i

Kia ora and welcome to IPTRN IV 2014. ......................................................................................i

Contents ..................................................................................................................................... ii

About IPTRN .............................................................................................................................. iv

Membership .............................................................................................................................. iv

IPTRN Conferences .................................................................................................................... iv

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... v

IPTRN Executive Committee ...................................................................................................... vi

List of Abstract Reviewers ....................................................................................................... viii

Invited Speakers ........................................................................................................................ ix

Conference Programme ............................................................................................................ xi

Evacuation Procedure .............................................................................................................. xv

Monitoring Tourist Vessels in the Polar Regions by AIS Satellites

Aase, Johnny Grneng ........................................................................................................... 1

Adventure and Media: Advocating for Climate Conservation in the Polar Regions

Borton, Sandra ....................................................................................................................... 2

Emerging Sustainable Tourism Development in the Arctic Gateway of Jokkmokk, Sweden?

Brouder, Patrick ..................................................................................................................... 3

Effects of Cruise Ship Tourism on the Remote Town of safjrur, Iceland

Coch, Caroline ........................................................................................................................ 4

Values Underlying the Management of Ship-borne Tourism in the Antarctic Treaty Area

Engelbertz, Sira; Liggett, Daniela; Steel, Gary ....................................................................... 5

Managing Cultural Heritage at Visitor Sites at Svalbard: Vulnerability and Sustainability

Flyen, Anne-Cathrine; Barlindhaug, Stine; Myrvoll, Elin Rose ............................................... 6

Exploring Antarctic Cruise Ship Tourists: A Neo-tribal Approach

Hardy, Anne; Kriwoken, Lorne............................................................................................... 8

Making a Place at the End of the World: An Ethnography of Tourism and Urban Development in Ushuaia, Argentina's Antarctic Gateway City

Herbert, Andrea ..................................................................................................................... 9

Building Competitive Advantage: Modern Theories of Regional Development Policy Practically Applied to the Antarctic Gateway Cities

Hodgson-Johnston, Indi ....................................................................................................... 10

A Journey into the Unknown: Tourism, Science, and the Environment in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Howkins, Adrian .................................................................................................................. 11

Cruise Tourism in Iceland and the North Atlantic: Gateways to the Arctic and Socio-economic Ramifications

Huijbens, Edward ................................................................................................................. 12

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The A Factor: Accountability in Southern Ocean Expeditions

Jabour, Julia ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Contested Tourism Landscapes: Community Perceptions to Place Attachment and Tourism Development in Finnish Lapland

Kajn, Eva ............................................................................................................................ 14

The Cruise Ship Invasion: Is Cruise Tourism a Viable Mode of Travel for Polar Tourism

Klein, Ross A. ....................................................................................................................... 15

Towards the Co-production of Knowledge in Polar Tourism? Results from a Science-industry Workshop on Svalbard Expedition Cruise Tourism

Lamers, Machiel .................................................................................................................. 16

Mawson's Huts Replica Museum: Antarctic Gateway Tourism, National Heritage and Local Place-Making

Leane, Elizabeth; Salazar, Juan; Winter, Tim ....................................................................... 17

Educational and Motivational Dimensions of Expedition Cruising

Manley, Brittany; Elliot, Statia; Jacobs, Shoshanan............................................................. 19

Runaway Train? Escalating Tourism at the Tentative World Heritage Site Svalbard Archipelago

Myrvoll, Marit; Myrvoll, Elin Rose ....................................................................................... 21

Learning Outcomes from an Expedition to New Zealand's Sub-Antarctic Auckland Islands

Orams, Mark ........................................................................................................................ 23

Photo Elicitation as a Research Tool to Gain Insights into Visitor Experiences

Orams, Mark ........................................................................................................................ 24

A synthesis of C-TAC (Cruise Tourism in Arctic Canada 2008-2013): Key Findings and Where to Next?

Stewart, Emma; Dawson, Jackie; Johnston, Margaret ........................................................ 25

Weathering the Storm: Exploring IAATOs Capacity to Self-regulate Using Agent-based Modelling

Student, Jillian Rose; Lamers, Machiel; Amelung, Bas ........................................................ 26

Antarctic Tourism Policy of the Gateway States: Current Comparisons and Future Opportunities

Swanson, Jason; Liggett, Daniela; Roldan, Gabriela ............................................................ 27

Assessing the Impact of Human Activity on Cultural Heritage Sites and Environments: A Remote Sensing Study from London in the Svalbard Archipelago

Thuestad, Alma Elizabeth; Tmmervik, Hans; Barlindhaug, Stine; Hagen, Dagmar ........... 29

Antarctic Tourism: A Taxing Issue?

Verbitsky, Jane ..................................................................................................................... 30

Land-based and Adventure Tourism: An Eternal Challenge for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting?

Wainschenker, Pablo ........................................................................................................... 31

Venue Map .............................................................................................................................. 32

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About IPTRN The International Polar Tourism Research Network (IPTRN) is a group with a shared interest in research that advances the understanding of tourism in and about the Polar Regions. The IPTRN strives to generate, share and disseminate knowledge, resources and perspectives on polar tourism; and strongly supports the development of international collaboration and cooperative relationships between members. For more information about our network please visit https://iptrn.rmf.is/.

Membership: Membership in the network includes individuals such as university researchers, consultants, tourism operators, government organisations, community members, and graduate students. The network welcomes new members who actively participate in, and recognise, the network's mission.

IPTRN Conferences: 2008: Kangiqsujuaq, Nunavik, Canada Convened by Alain A. Grenier (Universit du Qubec Montral) 2010: Abisko, Sweden Convened by Dieter Mller (Ume University), Linda Lundmark (Ume University),

Hans Gelter (Lule University of Technology) 2012: Nain, Labrador, Canada Convened by Harvey Lemelin (Lakehead University), Patrick Maher (University of

Northern British Columbia) 2014: Christchurch, New Zealand Convened by Daniela Liggett (University of Canterbury), Emma Stewart (Lincoln

University) 2016: Akureyri, Iceland Convened by Edward Huijbens (University of Akureyri)

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Acknowledgements This conference would not have been possible without the help from many people. In particular, we would like to thank our respective Universities and our Heads of Departments for their support, and the University of Canterbury for hosting the event on their campus. In particular, from the University of Canterbury, we thank Abigail Hinds, Heather Pearce, Rosalie Lyttle and the events team for their advice and support. From Lincoln University, we thank Michelle Collings for her administrative support and Diane Calvert for designing our beautiful conference logo. Our sincere thanks go to Gabriela Roldan, Education Manager at the International Antarctic Centre and PhD student, who invested a lot of time, energy and wisdom into IPTRN IV. Thanks go to the International Antarctic Centre for their generous sponsorship of our visit. Similarly, we kindly acknowledge Michelle Rogan-Finnemore and COMNAP for sponsoring our participation in the cocktail function, the day trip to Lyttelton and for supporting one of our volunteers, Jodi Gustafson. Our thanks also go to Kylie Wood from Antarctica New Zealand for taking care of the arrangements for the Lyttelton tour, and to Ursula Rack for being our tour guide. A big thank-you goes to Courtney King at the Christchurch & Canterbury Convention Bureau, Lisa Hoffman from the Christchurch City Council and Sue Stubenvoll for providing enclosures for the delegate bags. We also wish to thank Kathmandu, Bullrush Chocolates and Allan Scott Wines for sponsoring our elegant gifts. For their part in the Akaroa component of the conference, our thanks are extended to Pegasus Bay Winery, Barry's Bay Cheeses, our walking guide Suky Thompson, and Lynda Wallace at the Akaroa Museum. We would like to acknowledge the excellent work of previous IPTRN convenors who worked hard to obtain IPTRN conference funding, which has helped make this conference possible and allow for student rates and stipends. In this regard, we particularly wish to thank Harvey Lemelin and Patrick Maher, the organisers of the previous IPTRN conference in Nain, Canada Finally, we would like to acknowledge our delegates, speakers and panellists both in Christchurch and Akaroa, student volunteers, abstract reviewers, session chairs and the IPTRN committee. We especially thank our IPTRN chairperson Machiel Lamers for encouragement from the other end of the world and for supporting with great enthusiasm the first IPTRN conference to be hosted in the southern hemisphere.

Daniela Liggett & Emma Stewart (Co-conveners)

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IPTRN Executive Committee Chairperson: Machiel LAMERS, PhD Assistant Professor Environmental Policy Group Wageningen University The Netherlands E-mail: machiel.lamers@wur.nl

Vice-chairperson: Daniela LIGGETT, PhD Lecturer Gateway Antarctica University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand E-mail: Daniela.liggett@canterbury.ac.nz

Alain A. GRENIER, PhD Professor Urban Studies and Tourism (DEUT), Universit du Qubec Montral (UQAM) Montreal (Quebec) Canada E-mail : grenier.alain-adrien@uqam.ca

Edward H. HUIJBENS, PhD Director/Professor Icelandic Tourism Research Centre and University of Akureyri Iceland E-mail: edward@unak.is

Harvey Raynald LEMELIN, PhD Associate Professor School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism Lakehead University Canada E-mail: Harvey.lemelin@lakeheadu.ca

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Patrick MAHER, PhD Associate Professor Department of Community Studies Cape Breton University Canada E-mail: Pat_Maher@cbu.ca

Suzanne de la BARRE, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Recreation and Tourism Management Vancouver Island University Canada E-mail: Suzanne.delaBarre@viu.ca

Dieter K. MLLER, PhD Professor Department of Social and Economic Geography, Ume University Sweden E-mail: dieter.muller@geography.umu.se

Tanya ONEILL, PhD (student representative) Tutor Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Waikato New Zealand E-mail: oneilltanya@hotmail.com

Emma J. STEWART, PhD Senior Lecturer Lincoln University Faculty of Environment, Society & Design Lincoln New Zealand E-mail: emma.stewart@lincoln.ac.nz

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List of Abstract Reviewers The committee would like to thank the following individuals for reviewing abstracts for the conference: Suzanne de La Barre Alain Grenier Edward Huijbens Julia Jabour Margaret Johnston Machiel Lamers Harvey Lemelin Daniela Liggett Patrick Maher Dieter Mller Tanya ONeill Michael Shone Emma Stewart Anna Thompson Tina Tin Kaye Walker

Christchurch from the Port Hills (Photo credit: Emma J. Stewart)

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Invited Speakers Keynote Speaker: Professor C. Michael Hall

Michael is Professor in Marketing in the Department of Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurship at the University of Canterbury. Regarded as one of the founding scholars of the study of polar tourism, Michael continues to be active in polar research through the University of Oulu, Finland and Linneaus University, Sweden. He is the author and editor of over 70 books as well as over 450 journal articles and book chapters. Currently, he is co-editor of the journal Current Issues in Tourism; book review editor for the Journal of Sustainable Tourism and associate editor for the journal Tourism Geographies (in the Asia/Pacific). Current polar research is focused on issues of regional development, biosecurity and tourism and climate change adaptation.

Panellists Professor Paul Dalziel Paul is a Professor of Economics in the Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit (AERU) at Lincoln University, New Zealand. Pauls research focuses on economic and social policy, with a particular interest on regional economic development. Paul has published more than 100 refereed publications including research on the economic impact of Antarctica to Canterbury and New Zealand. Dr Neil Gilbert In 1997, Neil was appointed Deputy Head of the Polar Regions Unit in the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office where he represented the UK at Antarctic Treaty meetings and its Committee on Environmental Protection. In 2003, Neil immigrated to New Zealand joining Antarctica New Zealand as Environmental Manager. More recently, Neil is director of Constantia Consulting and remains active in the fields of Antarctic environmental management. Claudia Holdgate Claudia is the Environmental Manager for the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). She is an Adjunct Research Associate in the School of Geosciences at Monash University. Claudia has been working on expedition cruise ships, primarily in the Polar Regions, for the past five years. Rachel Kendall Rachel is Foreign Policy Officer for the Environment Division at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) with a particular interest in Antarctic political affairs. Veronika Meduna Veronika worked as a soil microbiologist before becoming a science journalist. She is a presenter and producer on Radio New Zealand's Our Changing World programme. She spent time visiting Antarctica in 2001 and 2006 researching her book Science on Ice: Discovering the Secrets of Antarctica published by Auckland University Press in 2012.

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Gabriela Roldan A native of Argentina, Gabriela is the Education Manager for the International Antarctic Centre in Christchurch. In addition, Gabriela is studying for her PhD at Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, on the subject of Antarctic identity in gateway cities and is supervised by Professor Bryan Storey and Dr Daniela Liggett. David Bowen David is the General Manager of Heritage Travel Services, the parent company of Heritage Expeditions. He hails from the United States and has a degree from the University of Utah. He has led several travel companies in the USA, the UK and Canada and has also worked as a hiking guide in the National Parks of the USA, Canada and Mexico. He visits remote shores of the Pacific Ocean on the Spirit of Enderby at least once a year. Nita Smith Nita has an MSc in Antarctic Glaciology and has worked for a number of years as a scientist at Scott Base, Antarctica. Currently, she is Education and Public Engagement Coordinator at Christchurch City Council for the Christchurch-based NZ IceFest (2014). Guest Lectures: Akaroa Diana Morris Di has been working in and around tourism in Queenstown, the West Coast and Stewart Island for more than 20 years. She has been with the Department of Conservation (DOC) for 3.5 years, primarily running the Rakiura National Park Visitor Centre on Stewart Island/Rakiura, where many cruise ships stop by annually, some of them coming in from the Sub-Antarctic Islands and Antarctica. Di has recently devoted a lot of time towards the management of the New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands. Dr Michael Shone Michael is a Lecturer in Tourism and Recreation at Lincoln University and has interests in tourism and communities, tourism policy and planning and regional tourism development. He recently completed research on cruise ship tourism in Akaroa.

Hector Dolphin in Akaroa Harbour (Photo credit: Emma J. Stewart)

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Conference Programme Day One (Friday, 29th August 2014)

Time Main event 18.15 Meet and Greet at Canterbury Museum, Rolleston Ave, Christchurch

18.30-20.00 Cocktail reception at Canterbury Museum and launch of ICEFEST 20.00 Dinner at Leisure in Christchurch City (at delegates expense)

Day Two (Saturday, 30th August 2014)

Time Main event Undercroft 101, James Hight Building,

University of Canterbury, Ilam campus) 8.30 9.00 Registration at University of Canterbury

9.15 Official Opening of IPTRN 2014 Welcome by Prof Steve Weaver, AVC Research of the University of Canterbury IPTRN Welcome by the conference organisers and the IPTRN Chair

10.00 Morning Tea 10.30 Keynote address: Gateway Cities: Issues & Challenges (Michael C. Hall) 11:15 Presenter Session 1

Chair: Daniela Liggett 1. Edward Huijbens: Cruise tourism in Iceland and the North Atlantic:

Gateways to the Arctic and socio-economic ramifications 2. Indi Hodgson-Johnston: Building Competitive Advantage: Modern

Theories of Regional Development Policy Practically Applied to the Antarctic Gateway Cities

3. Jane Verbitsky: Antarctic Tourism: A Taxing Issue? 4. Andrea Herbert: Making a place at the end of the world: An

ethnography of tourism and urban development in Ushuaia, Argentina's Antarctic Gateway City

5. Patrick Brouder: Emerging Sustainable Tourism Development in the Arctic Gateway of Jokkmokk, Sweden?

13.00 Lunch 14.00 Presenter Session 2

Chair: Patrick Brouder 1. Ross Klein: The Cruise Ship Invasion: Is Cruise Tourism a Viable Mode

of Travel for Polar Tourism 2. Anne Hardy: Exploring Antarctic Cruise Ship Tourists: A neo-tribal

approach 3. Eva Kajn: Contested tourism landscapes: community perceptions

to place attachment and tourism development in Finnish Lapland 4. Caroline Coch: Effects of cruise ship tourism on the remote town of

safjrur, Iceland 5. Mark Orams: Photo elicitation as a research tool to gain insights into

visitor experiences 6. Machiel Lamers: Weathering the storm: Exploring IAATOs capacity

to self-regulate using agent-based modelling 16.00 Afternoon Tea

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16.15 Depart for Antarctic Campus at Christchurch Airport 16:30 Tour of the International Antarctic Centre and the Antarctic campus

(including a snow storm experience; Little Blue penguin encounter; 4D Show Ice Voyage; Hgglunds ride)

18:00 Welcome by Malcolm Johns, CEO of the Christchurch Airport Company; Panel discussion: Antarctic Gateway Cities, Community Building,

Education and Outreach: David Bowen (Heritage Expeditions), Gabriela Roldan (IAC/UC), Nita

Smith (Christchurch City Council), Veronika Meduna (Radio NZ) 19.00 Dinner at the International Antarctic Centre

(with a dinner speech by Peter Beggs, CEO of Antarctica New Zealand)

Day Three (Sunday, 31st August 2014)

Time Main event 10.00 16.00

(TBC) Depart for Polar-themed Bus Tour (COMNAP/SCAR)

Historical Context: Christchurch Links to the Ice (Ursula Rack) 16.00 (TBC) Return to Christchurch

Dinner at leisure in Christchurch (at delegates expense)

Day Four (Monday, 1st September 2014)

Time Main event (Undercroft 101, James Hight Building, University of Canterbury, Ilam

campus) 9.00 Presenter Session 3

Chair: Elle Leane 1. Machiel Lamers: Towards the co-production of knowledge in polar

tourism? Results from a science-industry workshop on Svalbard expedition cruise tourism

2. Mark Orams: Learning outcomes from an expedition to New Zealand's sub-Antarctic Auckland Islands

3. Brittany Manley: Educational & motivational dimensions of expedition cruising

4. Sandra Borton: Adventure and Media: Advocating for Climate Conservation in the Polar Regions

5. Adrian Howkins: A Journey into the Unknown: Tourism, Science, and the Environment in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

10.40 Morning tea 11.10 Presenter Session 4

Chair: Edward Huijbens 1. Marit Myrvoll/Elin Myrvoll: Runaway train? Escalating tourism at the

tentative world heritage site Svalbard Archipelago 2. Elin Myrvoll/Stine Barlindhaug: Managing cultural heritage at visitor

sites at Svalbard: Vulnerability and sustainability 3. Alma Elizabeth Thuestad: Assessing the impact of human activity on

cultural heritage sites and environments: a remote sensing study from London in the Svalbard Archipelago

4. Elle Leane: Mawson's Huts Replica Museum: Antarctic Gateway Tourism, National Heritage and Local Place-Making

5. Emma Stewart: A synthesis of C-TAC (Cruise Tourism in Arctic Canada 2008-2013): Key findings and where to next?

12.50 Lunch

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14.00 Panel discussion: Antarctic tourism Environmental, Economic, Political

and Operational Perspectives Chair: Julia Jabour

Neil Gilbert (Constantia Consulting); Paul Dalziel (Lincoln University); Rachel Kendall (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade), Claudia Holdgate (IAATO)

15.30 Afternoon Tea 16.00 Presenter Session 5

Chair: Machiel Lamers 1. Julia Jabour: The A Factor: Accountability in Southern Ocean

Expeditions 2. Johnny Aase: Monitoring tourist vessels in the Polar regions by AIS

satellites 3. Pablo Wainschenker: Land-based and Adventure Tourism: An

Eternal Challenge for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting? 4. Sira Engelbertz: Values Underlying the Management of Ship-borne

Tourism in the Antarctic Treaty Area 5. Daniela Liggett: Antarctic Tourism Policy of the Gateway States:

Current Comparisons and Future Opportunities 17:40 Closing: Christchurch component of IPTRN IV (Daniela Liggett, Emma

Stewart) Plans for publication Hand-over to IPTRN V in Iceland (Edward Huijbens)

18.15 Bar/Dinner (at delegates expense) at the Shilling Club (UC)

Day Five (Tuesday, 2nd September 2014)

Time Main event 8.00 Depart for Akaroa (Mt. Vernon Lodge) from the University of Canterbury

10.00 Arrive at Mt. Vernon Lodge morning tea (33 Purple Peak Rd., Akaroa)

10.30 Walking tour of Akaroa departing from Mt. Vernon Lodge Suky Thompson, walking guide

12.30 Lunch at leisure in Akaroa (at delegates expense) 13.20 Activity option at delegates expense:

Akaroa Harbour Nature Cruise or Swimming with Dolphins (meeting point: Akarao Main Wharf) (NB: Swimming gear & towel required for those swimming with dolphins)

16.30-18.30 Screening of Shackletons Captain (Frank Worsley) at Akaroa Museum (Court House) Lynda Wallace, Museum Director

19.00 Dinner at Bully Hayes Restaurant (at delegates expense) (57 Beach Rd., Akaroa)

21.00 (Closed) IPTRN Steering Committee meeting

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Day Six (Wednesday, 3rd September 2014)

Time Main event 9.00 Open IPTRN Committee Meeting 9:30 IPTRN workshop sessions (TBC); Options include:

(a) The role of tourism in relation to Polar Observing Systems (b) Svalbard Cultural Heritage Project (CULPOL) (c) Collaborative polar social sciences and humanities research & output

management 10.30 Guest speaker: Michael Shone (Lincoln University) on Cruise Ship Tourism

in Akaroa 11.00 Morning Tea 11.30 Guest speaker: Diana Morris (Department of Conservation) on Tourism to

the New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands 12:00 IPTRN workshop sessions (continued as required) 13.00 Lunch

14.00 18.00 Activity option at delegates expense: Pohatu Penguins Nature Safari (with Sea Kayaking option) (pick up and drop off at Mt Vernon Lodge) (NB: Take a camera and warm clothes.)

20.00 Conference Dinner and Conference Hand-over (The Little Bistro, 33 Rue Lavaud, Akaroa)

Day Seven (Thursday 4th September 2014)

Time Main event Morning Akaroa at leisure

11.00 Morning Tea at Mt. Vernon Lodge 12.00 Depart Akaroa (stop in Little River for lunch) 14.30 Arrive in Christchurch

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Evacuation Procedure In the event of an aftershock please adopt the following procedure:

Drop, cover, hold Do not try to move while the ground is shaking If outside stay outside, do not enter buildings or facilities. Take shelter clear of

buildings, trees, power lines or other potential hazards When shaking has stopped, and or fire alarm has activated, evacuate building

immediately if inside. If outside, go to the nearest holding area or Ilam Fields if safe to do so

Follow UC staff instructions Await instructions from UC Security or Emergency Personnel DO NOT pass back through campus DO NOT isolate yourself, stay with others DO NOT RE-ENTER BUILDINGS/FACILITIES UNTIL THE ALL CLEAR HAS BEEN GIVEN

Please take note of the following assembly points on the University of Canterbury campus. For the James Hight building, the assembly point is highlighted in yellow below. Please make yourself familiar with these locations.

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Ordered by lead author surname

Abstracts

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Monitoring Tourist Vessels in the Polar Regions by AIS Satellites Aase, Johnny Grneng Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Australia johnnygaa@gmail.com , jaase@mil.no In 2000, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted a new requirement for all ships to carry automatic identification systems (AISs) capable of providing information about the ship to other ships and to coastal authorities automatically. The regulation requires AIS to be fitted aboard all ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards engaged on international voyages, cargo ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards not engaged on international voyages and all passenger ships irrespective of size. The requirement became effective for all ships by 31 December 2004. The AIS transponder transmits both static and dynamic data. AIS provides other vessels information about e.g. a ships identity, position, course, speed and destination. AIS signals are also received by satellites in low Earth orbit. Norways AISSat-1 satellite was launched in July 2010. AISSat-2 is scheduled for launch in early 2014. The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment has given me access to the AISSat global data base for my Master studies at the University of Tasmania. In my presentation I wish to present findings from both the Arctic and Antarctica. AIS is an excellent tool to track tourist vessels and as such create situational awareness and assist in search and rescue operations. I will present statistics for the years 2010 to 2013 about tourism in the region of the High Arctic where Norway has assumed responsibility for maritime and aeronautical search and rescue (SAR). The number of tourist vessels that enter these waters increases every year. The number of vessels that pass 80 North one to four times during one season show a sharp increase. This may mean that an increasing number of ship crews are less experienced in navigating in the harsh Arctic waters than others. I plan to present similar statistics for selected tourism regions of Antarctica including the 2013-14 tourist season. I will also draw attention to the new challenge from small, private leisure and sailing vessels entering the Polar regions.

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Adventure and Media: Advocating for Climate Conservation in the Polar Regions Borton, Sandra University of Northern British Columbia Canada borton@unbc.ca The increased and far-reaching presence of industrial activities, and dramatic ecological changes to the polar regions as a result of global climate change have forced adventure athletes and expeditioners to acknowledge that wilderness, even that which lies at the farthest reaches of the earth, has been impacted by humans. For adventurers, often passionate wilderness lovers, this reality is difficult to accept. As a result, many adventurers have added environmentalist or advocate to their list of professional talents, and now conduct expeditions focussed on raising awareness and advocating for conservation. One of the ways that adventurers engage audiences and share their conservation messages is through the media that they produce. Polar expeditions make up a significant part of world-wide extreme adventure phenomenon, and adventure athletes are using adventure-genre media to draw public attention to climate conservation issues in these regions. By sharing their stories alongside spectacular imagery of remote polar places, adventure advocates are using media to capture attention and make a call for their audiences, outdoor recreationists and armchair adventurers alike, to respond. This exploratory research aims to describe the practice of climate conservation advocacy by adventure athletes and expeditioners, with particular interest to that which involved travel to the Polar Regions. This research also seeks to describe how adventure media and storytelling is used to engage audiences with climate conservation issues, and to encourage civic engagement and collective action. The research employs a qualitative methodology, and interprets adventure advocacy practices using theory and perspectives from adventure studies, environmental sociology, and media studies. The research design embraces two methods of data collection: semi-structured interviews with adventure athletes and expeditioners, and an analysis of the adventure-genre media they produce through which the adventurers stories and conservation advocacy messages are shared. Data collection will commence in spring, 2014. It is anticipated that the data will yield findings that include descriptions of adventure advocacy practices, clarify and distill lexicon in use, and identify common discourses; all serving to inform future academic investigations of this topic. The outcomes of this study could also be embraced by adventurers and used as a tool to further define adventure advocacy practice and to facilitate linkages between advocacy goals and media production. This presentation will share some insights from the research with specific attention to how adventurers have embraced the Polar Regions as a stage for performance of advocacy-focused endeavors, and how they climate conservation issues are highlighted in the adventure-genre media that they produce. It is hoped that the results will also evoke discussions around the ethics of adventure activities in the Arctic and Antarctic, and identify ways that the adventure community can further use their polar ventures to advocate for climate conservation.

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Emerging Sustainable Tourism Development in the Arctic Gateway of Jokkmokk, Sweden? Brouder, Patrick Mid Sweden University Sweden patrick.brouder@miun.se Jokkmokk is a village of 5000 in Arctic Sweden consisting of Smi people, non-Smi Swedes, and a small group of foreign-born residents. In Jokkmokk, tourism development consists of nature-based tourism with a strong emphasis on winter tourism activities such as dog-sledding and nature experiences. In Jokkmokk tourism development is about more than just tourism, it is about the community. The new destination management organisation (DMO), Destination Jokkmokk is made up of local government and entrepreneurs in an equal partnership of approximately 50 members. It is not only tourism entrepreneurs who are involved; many other members are involved because they receive indirect economic benefits from tourism (e.g., the petrol station). However, many more businesses are involved because of sustainable community development goals and not because of sustainable tourism goals. Several paying members receive no pecuniary benefits but they support the DMO due to non-pecuniary benefits that are manifest in the locale. The aim of this paper is to profile the heterogeneous tourism stakeholders who are formally part of the local tourism development company and to see if this group improves tourisms contribution to sustainable local development. Ruhanen (2013) highlights the increased responsibility of local governments for sustainable tourism development but also notes that as powerful stakeholders they can be inhibitors of sustainable development. Waligo, Clarke, and Hawkins (2013) present a sustainable tourism management framework with three key stages: attraction, integration, and management of stakeholder involvement. Destination Jokkmokk does not have explicit goals for sustainable development. However, the empowerment of members as co-owners who are representative of local stakeholders in a general sense means that sustainable development is more likely, ceteris paribus. The new tourism development group in Jokkmokk is designed to redress the type of imbalance found in Ruhanens study by empowering local tourism entrepreneurship. However, this does not easily facilitate a Waligo et al. (2013) type of framework. The question in Jokkmokk is who is setting the local sustainable development agenda and what is tourisms role in contributing to this agenda? Furthermore, how does the DMO balance the broadening of the base of stakeholders beyond the geographically-proximate ones, with the over-arching goal of local community development? A short, quantitative survey of Destination Jokkmokk members (21 of 48 members responding) in the winter of 2013/2014 was followed by a series of semi-structured interviews with eight key informants in the spring of 2014. The majority of respondents stated that they are closer to local tourism-related decision-making as a result of their membership in the DMO (65%) and a large share also felt closer to local decision-making in general (40%). Mining development in the region and the role of the municipality in tourism-related decision-making are the most frequently expressed threats to the tourism sector in the survey. Preliminary interviews suggest a more nuanced picture of stakeholder dissonance including critique of the DMO, the municipality, and other tourism firms. Important questions include: is the formal network beneficial; are members strategically managed, or do they ultimately determine the sustainability agenda locally? References Ruhanen (2013). Local government: Facilitator or inhibitor of sustainable tourism development?

Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(1), 80-98. Waligo, V.M., Clarke, J., & Hawkins, R. (2013). Implementing sustainable tourism: A multi-

stakeholder involvement management framework. Tourism Management, 36, 342-353.

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Effects of Cruise Ship Tourism on the Remote Town of safjrur, Iceland Coch, Caroline Stockholm University Sweden coch.caroline@gmail.com The global Cruise Ship Tourism industry has been continuously growing at a rate of approximately 7% per year (Cruise Lines International Association 2011). This is particularly noticeable in safjrur, a town in the Westfjords of Iceland with 3000 inhabitants, where the number of tourists in town exceeds the number of residents on some days. This study approaches the impacts of cruise ship tourism from a geographical perspective looking at environmental, economical and social effects. By applying qualitative and quantitative research methods, a first attempt to characterize the potentials and problems of cruise ship tourism in safjrur will be made. The methods included semi-structured interviews of actors and stakeholders within the cruise business as well as observations of cruise passengers in the port. Additionally, a passenger survey was conducted in order to reveal the cruise tourists activity and expenditure patterns and to evaluate their attitudes towards safjrur as a cruise destination. It has been investigated that the seasonal concentration of cruise shipping activity (June until August) has challenging implications for its management. Infrastructure needs to be enhanced to cope with high passenger numbers, for example by offering a larger variety of excursions but also activities for passengers staying in town. There is further a demand for public transportation and local markets providing crafts and arts. Improvements in cooperation and communication within the towns businesses are needed. This involves the provision of reliable information about ship sizes and schedules and also the extension of opening hours. The tourism sector in the region accounts for 10% of the income; the cruise ship tourism sector is even less. Revenues from cruise tourism accrue just to some stakeholders in the region. Therefore, the overall economic contribution of cruise ship tourism to the region can be considered to be rather small. However, passengers could be regarded as a marketing support bringing potentially new visitors to the region. Finally, the controversial discussion of how to design and whether to limit cruise ship tourism in the future has been raised. Conflicts arise at different levels: the local community determined by fishing industry that faces an overcrowded town during the summer; a few businesses relying on the cruise shipping industry on the one hand and the overall small economic benefit for the region on the other hand. The discussion of sustainability and risk minimization is and will be crucial to define a common future.

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Values Underlying the Management of Ship-borne Tourism in the Antarctic Treaty Area Engelbertz, Sira Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury New Zealand sira.engelbertz@pg.canterbury.ac.nz Liggett, Daniela Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury New Zealand Steel, Gary Lincoln University New Zealand Tourism in the Antarctic Region is well established, both in frequent operations and as an agenda item at the annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCMs). Recently, a number of Antarctic Treaty Parties (ATPs) expressed their concern about the development of Antarctic tourism, noting its increase in diversification and numbers of visitors per year. Ship-based tourism, which encompasses the largest proportion of Antarctic tourism, is particularly perceived by some ATPs as a source of concern. Following the logic that more traffic in Antarctic waters raises the risks of maritime accidents, these parties have stimulated the discourse on humanitarian and environmental hazards, and the consequences of, as well as the responsibilities to prevent, such events. The discourse to which we refer the communication of ideas and meanings in context with focus on the use of written and spoken language is linked to a series of incidents in recent years that involved tourism vessels. These incidents fed the discussions with practical examples, which, in turn, raised the significance of the issue. We argue that this discourse not only reflects different positions on human and environmental ethics that are manifested in the practical reasoning of actors participating in the discourse, but also demonstrates how concrete emergency events can challenge moral norms as values get in conflict with one another. The research we present aims to identify the values underlying and dividing the discourse. Borrowing ideas of multidisciplinary theories on the concept of value, we define values as internalised codes that affect behaviour and include judgements on what is good and desirable. We examine, within the framework of political discourse analysis, how values are manifested in the discussions through both practical argumentation and actual decisions. To this end, we use publicly accessible documents provided by the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. We take the Antarctic Treaty Meeting of Experts (ATME) on the Management of Ship-borne Tourism in the Antarctic Treaty Area held in December 2009 in Wellington, New Zealand as a starting point. The analysis contains Working and Information Papers submitted to the 2009 ATME on ship-borne tourism and related Working and Information Papers to previous and subsequent ATCMs, as well as the final reports for these meetings. In this presentation, we will show how the incidents involving tourism vessels in Antarctic waters have caused a shift in value emphasis in the discourse on Antarctic ship-borne tourism. We conclude that this shift in value emphasis finally led to the mandatory nature of the International Code of Safety for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) recently developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

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Managing Cultural Heritage at Visitor Sites at Svalbard: Vulnerability and Sustainability Flyen, Anne-Cathrine Norwegian Institute of Cultural Heritage Research (NIKU) Norway anne.flyen@niku.no Barlindhaug, Stine Norwegian Institute of Cultural Heritage Research (NIKU) Norway Myrvoll, Elin Rose Norwegian Institute of Cultural Heritage Research (NIKU) Norway Cultural Heritage in Polar Regions (CULPOL)1 is an ongoing project that addresses the challenges of safeguarding and managing cultural heritage in Polar Regions. The main objective is to strengthen the knowledge base for Norways management and decision making processes concerning World Heritage Sites, and thus contribute on an international level to a progressive, knowledge-based heritage management of the Polar Regions. Increased tourism in the Arctic calls for more knowledge to meet management challenges. This paper discusses the effects of human use on cultural heritage in Svalbard, and addresses the need for vulnerability assessments and site-specific knowledge for improved management. People from many European countries have used the Svalbard archipelago for over 400 years, giving Svalbards cultural sites a distinct international character. Remains of earlier human activity are often the main attraction at Svalbards visitor sites. They are highly visible in the open landscape, attracting attention and testifying to the capacity of people to cope with tough conditions. Among the historical remains are a variety of stations and settlements from whaling, hunting, mining and different polar expeditions. Monuments like cabins and ruins, remains of blubber trying furnaces, graves and hunting installations are common. In addition there are many industrial cultural sites after mining from different periods at the archipelago (Arlov 2003). Cultural sites are vulnerable to the effects of present human use (Pearson et al. 2010), this comes in addition to the continual wear caused by Svalbards harsh physical conditions (Flyen 2009). Assessing the vulnerability of a historical site involves considering both a sites general appeal and the degree to which it awakens awareness among the visitors as well as a sites heritage value and technical conditions (Hubner 2009; Table 3). The condition of a historic structure is essential to classify its vulnerability. For example, decayed wood collapses easily if stepped on, and graves by the sea shore are vulnerable to erosion. There are several categories of heritage value. Authenticity and experience are regarded as important values at Svalbard (Dahle et al. 2000). The state and conditions of the structures also influences the comprehension of the site: visitors have an easier time understanding a standing historic structure than a pile of driftwood or empty oil drums (Hagen et.al. 2012). Historical remains in Svalbard have been mapped and surveyed for more than four decades (Dahle et al. 2000). Still, criteria needs to measure site vulnerability (Hagen et al. 2012). By developing improved methods for safeguarding and protecting the heritage sites future people are given the opportunity to experience the exciting and diverse history of the

1 Project website: http://www.niku.no/culpol

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archipelago. This paper addresses the sustainable use of cultural heritage sites in Svalbard and discusses parameters and indicators for describing the sites vulnerability by using ground-based monitoring methods. The vulnerability assessments are based on field work in Svalbard during the summer season of 2008 2010 and 2014. The paper discusses what makes a cultural site vulnerable to human use and suggests indicators of change to be used in environmental monitoring. References Arlov T.B. 2003. Svalbards historie 15961996. (The history of Svalbard 1596 - 1996.) Oslo:

Aschehoug. Dahle K., Bjerck H.B. & Prestvold K. 2000. Kulturminneplan for Svalbard 2000 - 2010.

(Cultural heritage plan for Svalbard 2000 - 2010.) Longyearbyen: Governor of Svalbard.

Flyen A.-C. 2009. Coastal erosion - a threat to the cultural heritage at Svalbard? Polar Research in Troms 2009, 13-14.

Hagen, D., Vistad, O.I., Eide, N.E., Flyen A.C. & Fangel, K. 2012. Managing visitor sites in Svalbard: from a precautionary approach towards knowledge-based management. Polar research 2012, 31, 18432, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.

Hubner A. 2009. Tourist images of Greenland and the Arctic: a perception analysis. Polar Record 45, 153-166.

Pearson M., Stehberg R., Senatore M.X. & Gatica C. 2010. Conserving the oldest historic sites in the Antarctic: the challenges in managing the sealing sites in the South Shetland Islands. Polar Record 46, 57-64.

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Exploring Antarctic Cruise Ship Tourists: A Neo-tribal Approach Hardy, Anne Tasmanian School of Business and Economics University of Tasmania Australia Anne.Hardy@utas.edu.au Kriwoken, Lorne School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania Australia Antarctica is an emerging tourist destination where the majority of tourism is cruise ship-based. It has been estimated that over 34,000 tourists now visit Antarctica during the summer (Kriwoken, 2008; Luck, Maher and Stewart, 2010). While much has been written on the environmental impacts and policies which regulate cruise shipping in the region, there has been less focus given to the motivations and behaviors of Antarctic tourists. This research used a neo-tribal lens to unpack these constructs. Neo-tribes are made up of individuals from different walks of life that have come together as a result of taste, aesthetics and the emotions aroused through the activity (Bennett 1999; Bennett 2005; Bennett 2011). As a result, neo-tribes may be organized around commercial goods, brand names and styles of travel (Wang, 2005). It has been argued that members of neo-tribes come together for a particular period of time, place and reason, although unlike tribes, they are not born into them. Consequently, membership is fluid and ephemeral and based a state of mind and a lifestyle, rather than a long-standing involvement (Maffesoli, 1996; OReilly, 2012). Muniz and OGuinn (2001: 414) described membership of neo-tribes: they form, they disperse, they re-from as something else, reflecting the constant shifting identities of postmodern consumers. To date, the application of a neo-tribal approach to tourism has only been published on three previous occasions (Weaver, 2011; Hardy, Hanson and Gretzel, 2011; Hardy, Hanson and Gretzel, 2012). This is surprising as travellers exhibit many of these characteristics by forming temporarily as a group and having commonalities in their desire to experience different environments. This project looked at these issues in detail and focused on specific neo-tribal characteristics of cruise ship tourists: symbolic elements, such as a sense of community and a sharing of lifestyle; and behavioral elements, which include rituals, performance sites, signifiers and language (Hardy, Gretzel and Hanson 2013). Our research involved in-depth interviews of 40 cruise ship passengers on board an Antarctic cruise in 2012. Following qualitative analysis, we identified clear sub-tribes of cruise ship tourists, who travelled for different reasons and behaved in particular ways. The outcomes of this innovative research project could assist managers in marketing and could also be used to enhance the visitor experiences on board cruise ships. Neo-tribal theory could be used to compliment and add to existing theories on motivation and behavior. And by uncovering cruise ship tourists motivations, this research could also assist in the ongoing issue of visitor impact management in Antarcticas fragile environment.

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Making a Place at the End of the World: An Ethnography of Tourism and Urban Development in Ushuaia, Argentina's Antarctic Gateway City Herbert, Andrea University of Canterbury New Zealand andrea.herbert@pg.canterbury.ac.nz Tourism to Ushuaia is flourishing. The southernmost city of the world draws tourists for its history and stunning landscapes. It is also the worlds most active Antarctic gateway port in terms of tourism, with approximately 90% of Antarctic tourists passing through the city. Ushuaia is a friendly, picturesque place at the end of the world, proud of its unique location, spectacular natural surroundings, and close connection to Antarctica. What many visitors do not know is that the image of the friendly tourist destination is contested amongst stakeholders (i.e. residents, city council, touristic enterprises), covering a growing unrest due to incessant population growth and social polarisation. Ushuaia is growing because the Argentine government deems Patagonia of geopolitical importance as a strategic tool in territorial struggles with Chile and implemented business incentives from the mid-20th century on to encourage migration south. Ushuaia attracts economic migrants, lifestyle migrants, and tourists. Conflicting views of place collide over the question whether Ushuaia should continue to be urbanised and serve a pronouncedly industrial purpose, or retain a focus on tourism and the natural environment. Removed from or unaffected by the underlying geopolitical aspirations that led to Ushuaias population growth, residents have differing levels of economic and socio-cultural affiliation to and interest in Antarctica. Similarly, Ushuaias touristic assets, i.e. the landscape and natural environment, are used and appreciated differently by the diverse social groups. Subsequently, there exists a schism between Ushuaias touristic representation and Antarctic alignment and the needs and interests held by different parts of the population. In my presentation, which is based on one-year ethnographic fieldwork from 2011-12 using qualitative research methods (i.e. participant observation and interviews), I explore the diverging place-based notions and aspirations of different social groups amongst Ushuaias residents and the governance, socio-economic, and socio-cultural forces behind placemaking. By identifying the various stakeholders interests in relation to Antarctica and to tourism, I construct an ethnographic account of Ushuaia as an Antarctic gateway city that takes into account the lived reality of its residents. The example of Ushuaia shows one way in which cities are integrated within larger scales of economic and political processes, and illustrates the ways in which residents, especially workers operating on various levels of tourism employment, diverge from or resist the governance-related touristic image of the city. My research contributes to anthropological and social sciences literature on (Antarctic) tourism, ethnography, and placemaking.

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Building Competitive Advantage: Modern Theories of Regional Development Policy Practically Applied to the Antarctic Gateway Cities Hodgson-Johnston, Indi Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania & Antarctic and Climate Ecosystems CRC Australia Indiah.hodgsonjohnston@utas.edu.au The theories of regional innovation systems (RIS) and their associated regional development platform methods (RPDM) are useful platforms on which to build competitive advantage in geographically isolated, small sub-national peripheral economies. RIS are based on naturally occurring economic and/or geographical clusters of industry. The RPDM are supporting platforms that can be properly and robustly constructed to enable greater competitive advantage (McCall, 2008). To construct these platforms for longevity in proposed policies, analysis of theory and past policy decisions in a region is necessary. Increasingly, with greater global connectivity, similar regions around the world are able to create advantageous networks with each other to increase collective competitive advantage, while encouraging and stimulating competition and innovation within the industry. This presentation and subsequent paper will explore the new regionalist theories of RIS and RPDM in the context of building networks and advantage across the four main Polar Tourism Gateway cities of Hobart, Ushuaia, Christchurch and Cape Town (with reference also to smaller regions of Stanley and Punta Arenas). These regions can be loosely defined as having being sub-national peripheral economies due to their geographic placement and relative isolation. By defining the Antarctic Gateway cities as a network and cooperative alliance, and designing an RIS and RPDM, there is the possibility of stronger networks of both tourism capacity, institutional and industrial capacity of Antarctic-based activities, whilst retaining their distinctive identities. These may include stronger networks of tourism professionals, tourism experts, environmental emergency specialists, and related tourism services such as refuelling subsidies. These networks are often driven by industry rather than government, thus giving economic strength to any approaches to national, state or local governments in regards to access to facilities and planning approvals. By analysing past policies, assessing future opportunities, convening formal and informal panels of industry experts (including International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators and industry networks such as the Tasmanian Polar Network), defining regional boundaries, and acknowledging geographic advantages and disadvantage (Harmaakorpi, 2006), it is theoretically possible to formalise and economically stimulate the already collegial community of polar tourism operators, the larger associated Antarctic supply and logistics industry in the main gateway cities, as well as extending into united educational and outreach activities, and other peripheral and regional industries and institutions. References Harmaakorpi, V Regional Development Platform Method (RDPM) As A Tool For Regional

Innovation Policy, European Planning Studies, 14, no 8 (2006):1085 1104. McCall, T. Constructing Advantage through Regional Development Platform Methods: A

New Approach to Regional Development Policy in Tasmania Draft Briefing Paper for Skills Tasmania (School of Government University of Tasmania: 13 August 2008).

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A Journey into the Unknown: Tourism, Science, and the Environment in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica Howkins, Adrian Colorado State University USA Adrian.Howkins@colostate.edu As the largest ice-free region on the Antarctic continent, the landscape of McMurdo Dry Valleys in East Antarctica offers visitors an extraordinary and otherworldly environment. In summertime, melt-water flows from the surrounding glaciers through perennial streams into closed basin lakes. The frozen soils form strange hexagonal patterns and wind-blasted rocks stand as curious sculptures. Scientists have used the region to investigate Antarctic geology, develop ecological theory, understand climate change, and even as an analog for studying different planets. Despite the logistical difficulties and great expense of getting there, the McMurdo Dry Valleys have become a highly desirable location for high-end tourist companies. For the handful of tourists who make the trip, a visit to the McMurdo Dry Valleys is truly a journey into the unknown; the sort of once in a lifetime experience for which they are willing to pay handsomely. As with tourism in other parts of the Antarctic continent, visits to the McMurdo Dry Valleys raise important questions about relations between tourism, science, and the environment. Can tourist visits take place without disturbing the regions fragile ecosystems or disturbing scientific research? What provisions should be put in place in case tourists encounter adverse weather or get into trouble? Should tourists have any less right than scientists to experience this unique environment? These questions will be addressed through an overview of the history of tourism in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, focusing mostly on the period from 1995 to the present. The paper will suggest that this history has itself been something of a journey into the unknown, with answers to many of the most important questions remaining largely unresolved. As such, the history of this remote part of Antarctica has much to contribute to the study of polar tourism more generally.

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Cruise Tourism in Iceland and the North Atlantic: Gateways to the Arctic and Socio-economic Ramifications Huijbens, Edward Icelandic Tourism Research Centre, University of Akureyri Iceland edward@unak.is This paper details the findings of extensive research undertaken on cruise ship operations around Iceland and in the north Atlantic in the year 2013. The focus of the research was on the socio-economic impact of cruise ship arrivals on small and/or peripheral destinations in Iceland, set within the context of cruise tourism development in the North Atlantic and the arctic more broadly. Underpinning the research efforts is the rapid growth in both size and numbers of cruise ships visiting Iceland. Concomitantly local expectations towards the possible benefits of these visits have grown exponentially and are now manifest in even the smallest and most peripheral of localities within the country. The research substantiates these expectations with an analysis of on-shore impacts in the port of Akureyri, North Iceland, where 70.000 visitors come to a town of 18.000 in a period of three months. The towns history and long standing reputation in receiving cruise ships represents the possible trajectory of smaller localities wanting to emulate the developments in Akureyri. The findings from the port of Akureyri will be presented and detailed focusing on direct impacts on the municipality and land-based tour operators, indirect impacts on local businesses as analysed through daily sales figures and through a survey of local stakeholders expectations, and lastly induced impacts in surrounding localities that form the attractions many of the land based operations revolve around. What the analysis reveals is how the different business model of different cruise operators has an impact on on-shore operations. The paper will detail Icelands current position in this cruise ship development and where future opportunities for cruise ship development might lie that enhance the positive benefits of cruise ship arrivals in small and or peripheral ports in the country and in the arctic more generally. Arguable select ports in Iceland can function as gateways for expedition cruises in the arctic. However, for this to be successful, informed port-readiness programmes need to be implemented. The paper concludes by summarising the possible characteristics of a sustainable gateway port readiness programme.

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The A Factor: Accountability in Southern Ocean Expeditions Jabour, Julia Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Australia julia.jabour@utas.edu.au Measure 4 (2004) on Insurance and Contingency Planning for Tourism and Non-Governmental Activities in the Antarctic Treaty Area is an output from an Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting designed to encourage best practice tourism by ensuring that Antarctic all non-governmental expeditions carry adequate insurance for emergency search and rescue. Ten years on, the Measure is still not in force, with only 11 of the requisite 27 signatories. Australia is not one of the signatories. While it has prepared its legislation, it has delayed implementation until the Measure enters into force for all Consultative Parties. In December 2013 the expedition vessel, Akademik Shokalskiy, was beset in ice off Antarctica, triggering a multi-national rescue. Countries involved in the expedition, the search and subsequent rescue were Australia, New Zealand, Russia, China, the United States and France. The Australian government required an Environmental Impact Assessment and the expedition applied for and was duly granted an environmental authorisation under the Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Act 1980. Using information from government sources, the International Maritime Organization and reports in the news media, this paper describes and analyses the incident from a range of different perspectives, including whether the expedition should be liable to pay compensation to a Government authority for an activity it authorised; why Australia is holding back on its legislation to implement Measure 4, and the relationship between that insurance cover and maritime search and rescue coordination responsibilities; and the impact that the mandatory International Code of Safety for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) might have on tourism and non-governmental activities in Antarctic waters.

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Contested Tourism Landscapes: Community Perceptions to Place Attachment and Tourism Development in Finnish Lapland Kajn, Eva University of Oulu Finland eva.kajan@oulu.fi In the Arctic, the natural environment is an integral part of peoples lives, where it often acts as the base for local economy. In addition to nature providing livelihoods, the experiences of Arctic peoples are often attached to their surroundings through locally valued places. Physical changes to these places may be caused by the direct impacts of climate change. Additionally, climate change may generate indirect impacts by the rise of industries, such as resource exploitation or tourism. As a result, places may become consumable objects for culturally distant groups, such as tourists or developers. This may generate conflicts over how the landscapes should be developed and cause socio-cultural changes. Though there is an increasing interest towards tourism research in the context of climate change, it has not been widely studied in the context of place attachment. Place attachment ties us to our surrounding environment and creates an essential dimension of our well-being and quality of life of both an individual and a community. Place attachment refers to peoples positive emotional and other ties with places, the identity created around a community or a specific place. It is also widely used to assess community-wide sustainability and provides a framework for examining socio-cultural change. The study examines place attachment in tourism-dependent communities in the Arctic through place dependence and place identity and then discusses the attachment in the context of climate change. This is done in order to understand the more intangible impacts of climate change and tourism development better. The research was carried out by interviewing 47 locals in two communities in Finnish Lapland. In addition to semi-structured interviews, mapping and calendar exercises were used to identify the locations and intensities of place attachment and to understand how it may vary in time. Interviewing materials were examined by using qualitative content analysis. The map exercises were conducted by asking people to mark the most important places in the surroundings and explain why they were important. The calendar assisted in understanding how the locals perceive the yearly cycle in the community and what elements during the year affected place attachment. The attachment is expressed in two different ways: currently, the economic activities are manifested almost exclusively through tourism development in Kilpisjrvi and Saariselk, of which the most important sites are located in the natural landscape. As a result, the communities dependency on the natural surroundings is evident. The attachment also occurs through non-economic activities and is present through consumption-related actions, as well as through less tangible issues such as connecting with nature. The economic and consumption related activities relate to place dependence, whereas the more intangible factors to place identity. The results indicate that seasonality affects place attachment and that certain adaptive actions may decrease it in time. When considering future tourism (or any) development, place attachment should carry a larger role in community and development planning in order to enhance socio-cultural sustainability. However, additional research is needed to provide a stronger understanding of the direct impacts of climate change on place attachment and the indirect impacts through adaptation and mitigation. As place attachment is an emerging topic in climate change research, there are also methodological challenges to be met.

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The Cruise Ship Invasion: Is Cruise Tourism a Viable Mode of Travel for Polar Tourism Klein, Ross A. Memorial University of Newfoundland Canada rklein@mun.ca Cruise tourism to polar and sub-polar regions has ballooned in the past two decades. The number of visitors to Antarctica has increased dramatically, from a couple hundred in 1969 to more than 45,000 tourists and 28,000 crew and staff in 2007/08. In 2007/08 fifty-three ships sailed to Antarctica accounting for more than 300 voyages (Ganesh, 2009). According to a 2007 UN report, the number of tourists going ashore in Antarctica increased 757 percent in just ten years. Despite companies going out of business and economic downturns, the growth has continued; not just to Antarctica, but through Canadas Northwest Passage and the far-North of Norway, Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland. This growth is fuelled in part by cruise lines sending larger and larger ships (many not classed for ice) to polar regions. It isnt only expedition ships of 100 or 200 passengers, but old cruise ships carrying 1,000 or so passengers and newer mega cruise ships with several thousand. This paper is guided by the question of 1) whether cruise tourism is a viable mode of travel for polar tourism; and 2) if the answer is yes, then are some forms of cruise tourism more compatible with the polar tourism than others. The points of analysis include a number of factors: ship size and passenger capacity, environmental concerns, and socio-cultural-economic factors (including issues of carrying capacity of ports) as relate to ports of call the latter is a salient issue that has played out in many ports as the modern cruise industry brings the business model used in the Caribbean and Mediterranean to tiny ports in Hudson Bay and the Northwestern Passage of Canada; and to established ports in Iceland, Spitsbergen and other northern locations in Norway, and in the South the Falkland Islands. The paper will begin with a brief analysis of the cruise industry, focusing mainly on its different segments, the point being to differentiate cruise products (e.g., expedition ships, pocket cruise ships, traditional cruise ships ranging in size from 500 6,000 passengers). It will then distinguish different types of polar tourism provided by cruise ships and, through case examples drawn from the authors comprehensive 15-year database of incidents, accidents, and confrontations between ports and cruise ships (NB: the database is drawn from media reports, government reports and studies, and from the authors network of naturalists and crew members working on cruise ships visiting Antarctica and Arctic regions), articulate issues and problems associated with cruise ships and cruise tourism, both those related to ports of call and those related to protection of the fragile ecosystem. Discussion of environmental issues will draw on the authors previous research and publications, including book chapters, journal articles, and a pivotal report for Friends of the Earth, and from ongoing involvement with grassroots citizen groups working to contain the deleterious impacts of cruise tourism. Based on qualitative analysis of case examples drawn from the authors comprehensive database of incidents, accidents, and confrontations between ports and cruise ships, the paper concludes with two sets of recommendations. One set is directed at ports of call in polar regions (NB: for purposes of this paper, Antarctica will be considered a port of call, especially for ships that enter the region but because of their size cannot offload visitors) and includes suggestions for how to protect a communitys social, economic, and cultural heritage and the neighbouring environment. A second set of recommendations focus on what forms and types of cruise tourism are consistent with travel to polar regions. This is particularly important as older-smaller cruise ships end their usable life and are replaced by larger ships that are not designed or equipped for polar travel.

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Towards the Co-production of Knowledge in Polar Tourism? Results from a Science-industry Workshop on Svalbard Expedition Cruise Tourism Lamers, Machiel Wageningen University Netherlands machiel.lamers@wur.nl In tackling complex societal challenges, we are currently witnessing a trend of bringing the academic world closer to other societal domains for the sake of validation and valorisation of knowledge, but also as a means of co-sponsoring research projects. These new trans-disciplinary notions of science increasingly recognise that the use, transfer and uptake of knowledge should not be seen as a linear process from academic sources to societal users, but much more as a co-production process. Knowledge co-production (JKP) implies that scientists cooperate with stakeholders in the exchange, production and application of knowledge. Such cooperation involves social processes and relations, such as scientists involved in policy making or policy makers and industry representatives involved in research projects (i.e. boundary crossing), or the recognition of actors in organisations that carry out scientific, monitoring and policy related work (i.e. boundary organisations). Successful JKP has been claimed to depend on various key conditions, like broad actor participation, shared goals, clear roles, and supporting resources (Hegger et al., 2012). These JKP conditions allow for a better understanding of the collective exchange, construction and interpretation of knowledge with the aim of enriching decision-making. This paper argues that the development and governance of Svalbards expedition cruise tourism represents a complex issue that warrants a joint science-industry approach. Interest in Svalbard as a cruise tourism destination has increased substantially over the past decades, leading to a range of opportunities and challenges for marine and terrestrial ecosystems, communities, and regulatory systems on Svalbard and elsewhere in the Arctic. At the same time the region is affected by global environmental change and other economic sectors are emerging. Knowledge is needed about the cumulative or combined impacts of these changes on biodiversity and community livelihood, the access, safety and experience levels of tourists. The current wilderness management scheme of Svalbard is considered strict as it has the potential to alleviate impacts, but whether the increasing and combined local and global impacts will pose challenges for the conservation of the Svalbard wilderness, is unclear. This paper aims to assess the extent and form in which JKP for expedition cruise tourism in Svalbard is currently taking place, and to explore the potential of such an approach. Empirically this paper draws on the results of a recent science-industry workshop, which brought together a range of industry leaders and key researchers to collectively discuss these issues. The content and approach of the workshop is analysed using the JKP success conditions. Aside from a collective understanding of the governance challenges, the costs, benefits and risks of expedition cruising, and a joint research agenda, the workshop resulted in strengthened connections between researchers and industry representatives, and a shared conviction that a joint approach is mutually beneficial. It is concluded that the workshop provides an important first step, but that broader actor involvement, clarification of roles and resources are needed for JKP in Svalbard expedition cruise tourism to mature. Reference Hegger, D., Lamers, M., Van Zeijl-Rozema, A. & Dieperink, C. (2012). Conceptualising

knowledge co-production in climate change adaptation projects: success conditions and levers for action. Environmental Science & Policy 18: 52-65

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Mawson's Huts Replica Museum: Antarctic Gateway Tourism, National Heritage and Local Place-Making Leane, Elizabeth University of Tasmania Australia elizabeth.leane@utas.edu.au Salazar, Juan School of Humanities and Communication Arts, Institute for Culture and Society, University of Western Sydney Australia Winter, Tim Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University Australia On 2 December 2013, the same date that the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE) departed for Antarctica 102 years earlier, the Mawsons Huts Replica Museum opened its doors. Situated on Hobarts waterfront opposite Mawsons Place, the Museum aims to be an architecturally faithful reproduction of the huts used by the AAE at Commonwealth Bay, Antarctica. The Replica project was led by the Mawsons Huts Foundation using land provided by the Hobart City Council. Funding of $350,000 was granted by the Federal Governments Department of Environment, with support from numerous local businesses. This paper analyses some of the issues raised by this recent example of land-based Antarctic gateway tourism, focussing particularly on questions of national heritage and the construction of a mise en scne involving science, maritime legacies and fish and chips. Pivotal to Australias early presence in and exploration of Antarctica, Mawsons huts are a symbol of the nations relationship with the continent and its claim to a large territory there, pointing to the tenacious presence of imperial spatiality in post-colonial Australian space (Collis 1999: 29). In the late twentieth century, the deterioration of the huts in the windy and often inaccessible conditions at Commonwealth Bay led to debate over whether to repatriate the structure for museum display in Australia or to preserve it on site for controlled tourist visits (e.g. Hughes 1992). The latter option prevailed, and the Foundation has organized a number of expeditions over the last couple of decades to undertake conservation work. However, the lodging of a massive iceberg (B-9B) in the entrance of the bay since 2011 has put both conservation work and tourism on hold. The Replica Museum is thus a means for tourists and Hobarts residents to experience the spatial environment in which the AAE members lived without having to travel to the original base something that is always expensive and highly weather-dependent, and for the foreseeable future near-impossible because of B-9B. At the same time, the huts presence in Hobart has significance for Australias national presence in Antarctica: the replicas planning, construction and opening occurred alongside AAE centenary celebrations (2011-14) and a resurgence of concern about Australias interests in the region (e.g. Fogarty 2011). Taking the inevitable compromises of authenticity (Rickly-Boyd 2012: 127) as its analytical starting point, and using a mixture of methods including non-participant observation and critical discourse analysis, the paper explores the political economy surrounding the replica hut and its role in the creation of a mise en scne at the waterfront in Hobart. Attention is given to the ways in which the replica is folded into a sense and scene of national heritage at the southern-most tip of the country. Geographical marginality, however, belies the centrality hut architecture now plays in Australias relationship with Antarctica. A modest shelter, once replicated, is transposed both geographically and symbolically, such that

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wooden planks become an iconic national heritage connecting past explorations with todays scientific research and the place-making narratives of Hobarts tourism economy. Surrounded by waterfront sandstone architecture, a whisky distillery, fish and chips outlets and antique cranes and sailboats, the replica forms part of an urban assemblage that weaves together the local and national, the past and present. In exploring such themes, this paper seeks to shed light on the complex economies political, leisure and cultural which now enmesh the material culture of Antarcticas past and its contemporary reproduction. References Collis, Christy. Mawsons Huts: Emptying Post-colonial Antarctica, Journal of Australian

Studies 23 (1999): 22-29. Fogarty, Ellie. Antarctica: Assessing and Protecting Australias National Interests. Sydney:

Lowy Institute for International Policy, 2011. Hughes, J. Mawsons Antarctic Huts and Tourism: A Case for On-Site Preservation. Polar

Record 18 (1992): 37. Rickly-Boyd, Jillian M. Through the magic of authentic reproduction: Tourists Perceptions

of Authenticity in a Pioneer Village. Journal of Heritage Tourism 7.2 (2012): 127-44.

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Educational and Motivational Dimensions of Expedition Cruising Manley, Brittany University of Guelph Canada manley@uoguelph.ca Elliot, Statia University of Guelph Canada Jacobs, Shoshanan University of Guelph Canada Cruising is a segment of tourism that is increasing at a faster rate than other formats of leisure travel (CLIA, 2014; Luck, 2007), especially in the Arctic region (Luck, Maher & Stewart, 2010). Due to milder weather conditions in recent years, ships have been able to access more regions during a longer operating season. In addition, increasing participation in last chance tourism is confirmed to cause a further increase in visitors (Eijgelaar, Thaper, & Peeters, 2010). The educational impact of expedition cruising on cruisers has been researched in Antarctica (Powell, Kellert & Ham, 2008) & Australia (Walker & Moscardo, 2006). However, in the 30 years that expedition cruising has occurred in Canadas Arctic, little research has focused on the immediate influence of these immersive tourism experiences on cruisers (Green, 2010). Arctic cruise lines have developed a range of educational programs that address the presumed need of cruisers for an educational experience. Pre-embarkation packages might include a variety of resources from company-specific handbooks to suggested reading lists. Field staff may present specialized lectures on destination-specific topics during time at sea, as well as lead excursions on shore (Douglas & Douglas, 2004). This study will explore the educational dimensions of expedition cruising in three stages to determine the relationship between expectations, program delivery, and engagement. Three cruise companies, each with a different level of focus upon their educational programming, have agreed to participate in the study. Motivations and expectations of cruisers will be identified using entrance surveys prior to embarking on the expedition; data will be collected in spring 2014. Motivations have been found to be important to cruisers when determining cruise packages to purchase (Hung & Petrick, 2011; Maher, 2012; Powell et al, 2008). The survey instrument will explore key motivations for Arctic cruising, informing levels of escape, socialization, learning, sightseeing, and adventure. The instrument will also determine the level of importance educational programming has on cruiser expectation. Analysis of survey will evaluate the level of preparedness of each cruiser and the sources of information accessed, measured by their use of educational media, i.e. books, cruise materials, documentaries, etc. A qualitative approach will include interview and observation on the vessels in summer 2014 to support survey findings. These will assess the level of education and experience that each lecture guide has in his/her area of specialization, as well as evaluate lecture content and delivery. Analysis of this research includes a manifest content analysis of the questions posed during lecture sessions and excursions, measured against an adapted Blooms Taxonomy scale. Expected results may demonstrate as markers for motivation and preparedness increase, so does the level and quality of engagement with lecture staff. It is

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anticipated that a preliminary analysis of the participant observations will be presented in addition to the results of the surveys. This research will further elucidate the Arctic cruising context for tourism motivation research. Moreover, the unique backdrop of the Arctic can inform cruising literature on environmental education reform with a mixed method approach. Cruise companies will gain further insight into the clientele to inform ways of improving the preparedness of passengers, quality of programming and engagement. References Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., & Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of

educational objectives: Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay, 19(56).

CLIA (Cruise Line International Association) (2014). Issues & Facts, http://www.cruising.org/regulatory/issues-facts accessed 5 February 2014

Douglas, N. and Douglas, N. (2004). The cruise Experience: Global and Regional Issues in cruising. Pearson Hospitality Press. Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia.

Eijgelaar, E., Thaper, C., & Peeters, P. (2010). Antarctic cruise tourism: the paradoxes of ambassadorship, last chance tourism and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 337-354.

Green, G. (2010). Students on Ice: Learning in the Greater Classrooms on Earth. In M. Lck, P.T. Maher & E.J. Stewart (Eds.), Cruise Tourism in Polar Regions: Promoting Environmental and Social Sustainability? (p. 93-106). London: Earthscan.

Lemelin, H., Dawson, J., Stewart, E. J., Maher, P., & Lck, M. (2010). Last-chance tourism: The boom, doom, and gloom of visiting vanishing destinations. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 477-493.

Lck, M., Maher, P. T., & Stewart, E. J. (Eds.). (2010). Cruise Tourism in Polar Regions: Promoting Environmental and Social Sustainability?. Earthscan.

Maher, P.T. (2012). Expedition cruise visits to protected areas in the Canadian Arctic: Issues of sustainability and change for an emerging market. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 60(1), 55-70.

Powell, R. B., Kellert, S. R., & Ham, S. H. (2008). Antarctic tourists: ambassadors or consumers?. Polar Record, 44(230), 233-242.

Stonehouse, B., & Snyder, J. (2010). Polar tourism: an environmental perspective. (Vol. 43). Channel View Publications.

Walker, K., & Moscardo, G. (2006). The Impact of Interpretation on Passengers of Expedition Cruises. Cruise ship tourism, 105.

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Runaway Train? Escalating Tourism at the Tentative World Heritage Site Svalbard Archipelago Myrvoll, Marit Norwegian Institute of Cultural Heritage Research (NIKU) Norway marit.myrvoll@niku.no Myrvoll, Elin Rose Norwegian Institute of Cultural Heritage Research (NIKU) Norway elin.myrvoll@niku.no Cultural Heritage in Polar Regions (CULPOL) is an ongoing interdisciplinary2 project at Svalbard that addresses the challenges of safeguarding and managing cultural heritage in Polar Regions. The main objective is to strengthen the knowledge base for Norways management and decision making processes concerning World Heritage Sites, and thus contribute on an international level to a progressive, knowledge-based heritage management of the Polar Regions. How will Norway meet its responsibility as a party to the World Heritage Convention?

What methods and actions are needed to safeguard the cultural heritage from damage

caused by climate change and escalating tourism?

Is it possible to implement necessary restrictions on tourism, and how will this impact

the local community at Svalbard?