Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved 01/06/2015Reducing air pollution from...

18/04/23 Reducing air pollution from shipping 1Confidential – © 2009, VITO NV – All rights reserved

Assessment of Policy Options to reduce Air Pollution from Shipping using Market Based Instruments

P. Campling, S. Janssen, P. Lodewijks, Koen Van Den Bossche (IEEP), Kris Vanherle (TML)


Overview

» Background, objectives and consortium» Importance of maritime emissions» Policy developments to reduce maritime emissions» Legal and technical issues» Approach to quantifying benefits of including

maritime into a land based ETS» Summary


Background, objectives and consortium» Background – DG ENV service contract Dec ’08 to Dec ’09 – use of

market based instruments to reduce air pollution» Lot 1 – land based sources (IPPC installations) – ENTEC

consortium» Lot 2 – maritime sources – VITO consortium

» Objective and tasks» Expand land based EU ETS to include maritime sector

» Special attention to legal and technical aspects (Task 1)» Possible solutions to obstacles (Task 2)» Assessment of benefits (Task 3)

» Consortium» VITO – project coordination, air dispersion modelling, ETS (MBI)

tool, impact assessments» IEEP – environmental policy experts at EU level, maritime law» TML – TREMOVE model, maritime emissions, abatement curves» ARCADIS – maritime emissions and abatement curves


Importance of maritime emissions

» 90% of EU’s external trade transported by water» 3.5 billion tonnes freight loaded and unloaded per

year » Sea freight grew 34% 1995 to 2005» Most major ports continue to grow

» Rotterdam 1990 to 2004 +23% » Antwerp 1990 to 2004 +50%» Hamburg 1990 to 2004 +88%


Importance of maritime emissions (SO2 and NOx)


Policy developments to reduce shipping emissions (Sulphur) (2000 to 2006)

Time-line

Regulat-ion Refer-ence

Enforce-ment Area

Impacted Operator

Detail of Restriction

07/ 2000

1999/32/EC EU Ports All Vessels Max 0.2% m/m sulphur content of Marine Gas Oil

08/ 2006

2005/33EC EU Ports Scheduled Passenger Vessels (>12 passengers)

Max 1.5% m/m sulphur content of bunker fuel

08/ 2006

2005/33EC Baltic Sea (SECA)

All Vessels Max 1.5% m/m sulphur content of bunker fuel

08/ 2006

1999/32/EC2005/33EC

EU Ports Suppliers No sale of > 1.5% sulphur content of Marine Diesel Oil


Policy developments to reduce shipping emissions (Sulphur) (2007 to 2010)

Timeline Regulation

Reference

Enforcement Area

Impacted Operator

Detail of Restriction

11 August 2007

2005/33EC North Sea (SECA)

All Vessels Max 1.5% m/m sulphur content of bunker fuel

1 January 2008

1999/32/EC2005/33EC

EU Ports All Vessels Max 0.1% m/m sulphur contentMarine Gas Oil

1 Jan 2010 2005/33EC EU Ports All Vessels at berth and inland waterways

Max 0.1% m/m sulphur content of fuel. Exemptions for:Short-stay vessels Using shore-side electricity

1 Jan 2010 1999/32/EC2005/33EC

EU Ports Suppliers No sale of >0.1% sulphur content of Marine Gas Oil


NEC Report Version 6 (IIASA) – emissions (kT)

BAU 2020 SO2

BAU 2020 NOx

BAU 2020 PM2.5

IMO 2020 SO2

IMO 2020 NOx

IMO 2020 PM2.5

Baltic Sea

171 404 29 14 349 4

Med Sea

1714 2311 198 1714 2220 97


Legal and technical issues and constraintsInternational legal framework (enforcement / practicalities)

» Main problem transboundary issue (+different jurisdictional zones)» Law of the Sea convention (maritime zones affecting enforcement)» Marine pollution (in principle dealt with through IMO - politically/or

legally regarded as sole institution)» Internal waters (port state jurisdiction)» Territorial seas (innocent passage) (<12nm)» Contiguous zone (only enforcement of functional rights in respect of

territory) (12 – 24 nm)» Exclusive Economic Zone (only functional sovereign rights) (<200nm)» High seas (flag state jurisdiction)» Flag of convenience within and outside Community waters


Preliminary results of legal / technical analysis

» Inland waters (including ports) » Emission trading possible » Differentiated dues/charges possible » Taxation possible» Imposing fuel and technology standards possible

» Territorial seas (less 12 nautical miles) – MBI and regulation tools are only possible in “context of services rendered” » Emission trading NOT possible » Differentiated dues/charges possible » Taxation possible» Imposing fuel and technology standards NOT possible


Shipping emissions inventory

» Determine an EU maritime emission baseline, taking into account:» Geographic distribution » Port / at sea (cfr. different health impact, ETS schemes)» Source type (i.e. technology relating to abatement

options)» (Vessel type)» (Size)

» Data sets – EXTREMIS database (inventory developed for JRC), IIASA data (based partially on ENTEC grid), TREMOVE and EMMOSS (detailed ship emissions from Belgian ports)


Shipping emissions – ports vv seas, EU vessels vv non- EU vessels (NOX)

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

NO

x E

mis

sion

s (T

ons/

year

)

Port - EU-flag

Port - non-EU-flag

Sea - EU-flag

Sea- non-EU-flag


Shipping emissions – ports vv seas, EU vessels vv non- EU vessels (SO2)

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

SO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

(To

ns/

year

)

Port - EU-flagPort - non-EU-flagSea - EU-flagSea- non-EU-flag


Modelling impact of ETS (MBI) options

» Specific Objectives» Modelling the environmental impacts of an NOx

and SO2 ETS (other MBI options) extended for ship emissions

» EU wide assessment (60km resolution)» Zoom on restricted trading zones or hotspots e.g.

the Channel, Baltic Sea (7.5 km resolution)


Modelling scheme for impact of ETS (MBI) options

Emission inventory

maritime sector

Emission Trading

System (MBI options)

EU emission inventory

(IIASA, EMEP)

E-MAP (emission mapping

tool)

belEUROS (dispersion

model) – EU and hotspots

Impact assessment

Population density

Critical loads

ExternE factors

ECMWF meteorology


Modelling impact of ETS (MBI options) simulations

» Transformation of ETS output to gridded emissions: E-MAP tool » Tool developed at VITO» Spatial distribution of emissions making use of proxy data (e.g.

shipping routes, EPRTR stack data, poplation density…)» Output emissions compatible with dispersion model


Dispersion modelling tool

» Dispersion model: BelEUROS» EUROS developed by RIVM

(Netherlands) for modelling of ozone» BelEUROS extended by Vito in 2004/2005

to model dispersion of primary and secondary particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5)» Meteo: ECMWF (T, rH, wv+wd, CC,

PR, mixing layer height)» Emissions: EMEP/CORINAIR + local

emission inventories» Emission scenarios: GAINS

Europe» Resolution: horizontal: 60 kmor

7.5 km


Impact assessment» Gridded emissions (E-MAP)» Air quality maps for the EU domain and the Channel zoom

(belEUROS)» Impact assessment on human health (population exposure) and

sensitive ecosystems (exceedance of critical loads)


Summary» Shipping is an important source of NOx and SO2 emissions

» Legal and technical constraints on using MBI to reduce NOx and SO2 pollution from ships (legal jurisdiction, legal enforcement, EU vv non-EU vessels, 16 vessel type categories

» Inland waters (including ports) – ETS, differentiated dues/charges, taxation, fuel and technology standards

» Territorial seas (less 12 nautical miles) – only differentiated dues/charges and taxation in context of services rendered

» Ports only account for <10% NOx and S02 emissions

» Generic tool at EU level – ETS (ports) + differentiated dues/charges (territorial seas + resticted seas e.g. Baltic, Adriatic)????

» Confined ETS scheme – Port Zone (ships trading with local IPPC installations)????

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