CONFINED SPACE

8 HOUR

CONFINED SPACE /

TRENCH AWARENESS

CONFINED SPACE • Types of Confined Spaces–Sewers

–Silos

–Vats

–Ventilation and Exhaust ducts

–Boilers

CONFINED SPACE

• Types of Confined Spaces–Pipelines

–Underground Utility vaults

–Tunnels

–Railroad & Roadway tank cars

CONFINED SPACE

•Reasons for entering confined spaces–Cleaning–Inspections–Maintenance–*** Training ***–*** RESCUE ***

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Qualified person•A person designated by the Employer in writing, as capable (by education and/or specialized training) of anticipating, recognizing and evaluating employee exposure to hazardous substances or other unsafe conditions in a Confined Space

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Qualified person•This person shall be capable of specifying necessary control and/or protective action to insure worker safety

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Attendant = A trained

individual, stationed outside the Confined Space area who monitors authorized entrants working in Permit - Required Confined Spaces

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Authorized Entrant = A trained

individual who is authorized to enter a Permit - Required Confined Space area to perform work

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Entry Supervisor = A trained

individual who verifies that all requirements for Permit - Required Confined Space entry have been met, authorizing and overseeing entry operations, and for terminating entries

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Hazardous Atmosphere = An

atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self - rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit space), injury or acute illness from one or more of the following:

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Hazardous Atmosphere =

Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10% of its Lower Flammable / Explosive Limits (LFL / LEL)

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Hazardous Atmosphere =

Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LEL / LFL

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions

–Hazardous Atmosphere = Oxygen concentration below 19.5% or above 23.5%

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Hazardous Atmosphere =

Concentration of any substance published in Subpart G, Occupational Health & Environmental Control, or Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, in excess of its dose or Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Hazardous Atmosphere =

Any other atmospheric condition that is Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health (IDLH)

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Hazardous Atmosphere =

Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health (IDLH) - any condition that•Poses an immediate or delayed threat to life•Would cause irreversible adverse health effects

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Hazardous Atmosphere =

Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health (IDLH) - any condition that•Would interfere with an individuals ability to escape unaided from a permit space

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Engulfment - The surrounding

and effective capture of a person by a liquid or finely divided (flowable) solid substance that can be aspirated to cause death by filling or plugging the respiratory system, or that can exert enough force on the body to cause death by strangulation, constriction, or crushing

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere -

an atmosphere containing less than 19.5% oxygen by volume

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions

–Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres - an atmosphere containing more than 23.5% oxygen by volume

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Permit Required Confined

Space (PRCS) - a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics•contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere•contains a material that has a potential for engulfing an entrant

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Permit Required Confined Space

(PRCS) - a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics•has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes and tapers to a smaller cross section

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Permit Required Confined

Space (PRCS) - a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics•contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Non-Permit Confined Space - A

space that does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Inerting - displacement of the

atmosphere in a permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere is noncombustible

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Isolation - The process by which a

permit required confined space is removed from service and completely protected against the release of energy and/or material into the confined space by such means as•Blanking and bleeding•Removing sections of lines, pipes or ducts

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Isolation - The process by which a

permit required confined space is removed from service and completely protected against the release of energy and/or material into the confined space by such means as•Double block and bleed•Lockout, tagout, or tryout of all sources of energy•Blocking or disconnecting of all linkages

CONFINED SPACE •Definitions–Retrieval system - the equipment

including a retrieval line, class III harness, wristlets, if appropriate, and lifting device used for on-entry rescue of workers from a permit-required confined space.

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Acceptable Entry Conditions -

the condition that must exist in a confined space to allow entry and ensure that employees involved with a permit-required confined space entry can work within the confined space

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Entry - •The action by which a person passes through an opening into a permit required confined space, and includes ensuing work activities in that space

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Entry Permit - •The written or printed document provided by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) to allow and control entry to a permit space

CONFINED SPACE•Definitions–Entry Permit - •Content of each permit is based on the AHJ’s identification and evaluation of each hazard of that permit space, or class of spaces, and all procedures the AHJ’s requires for protecting entrants from those hazards during entry

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Entry Permit - •Each permit contains the information specified in paragraph (f), (“ENTRY PERMIT”), of the standard

CONFINED SPACE

•Definitions–Prohibited Condition - any

condition in a permit space that is not allowed by the permit during the period when entry is authorized

REQUIREMENTS

•General–The employer will decide if

the workplace contains Permit Required Confined Spaces (PRCS)

REQUIREMENTS

•General –If workplace contains PRCS,

the employer must inform employees of their existence, location and dangers

REQUIREMENTS

•General–If the employer decides

employees will enter permit spaces, the employer shall develop and implement a written entry program

REQUIREMENTS

•General–The employer may use

alternate entry procedures provided certain conditions and requirements are met

REQUIREMENTS

• General–When there are changes in use

or configuration of a non-permit confined space that might increase the hazards to entrants, the Employer shall, if necessary, reclassify as a permit space

REQUIREMENTS• General–If there are no actual or

potential atmospheric hazards and if all hazards within the space are eliminated without entry, space may be reclassified for as long as the non-atmospheric hazards remain eliminated

REQUIREMENTS• General–If entry into a confined space is

required to eliminate hazards, it shall be according to regulations and the confined space may be reclassified for as long as the hazards remain eliminated.

REQUIREMENTS

• General–The entry supervisor shall certify

in writing that all hazards in PRCS have been eliminated and make this document available to each entrant

REQUIREMENTS• General–If hazards arise in Alternate

Entry Permit Space or Non-permitted Space, employees shall exit the confined space and the entry supervisor shall determine whether to reclassify the confined space

REQUIREMENTS

• General–When the employer arranges

for contractor to perform PRCS entry work, the Employer shall• Inform contractor of the employer’s PRCS entry program

REQUIREMENTS• General–When the employer arranges for

contractor to perform PRCS entry work, the Employer shall•Appraise contractor of particular PRCS hazards, precautions and procedures implemented for protection of employees in or near the Permitted Space

REQUIREMENTS• General–When the employer arranges

for contractor to perform PRCS entry work, the Employer shall•Coordinate entry operations with

contractor when both will be working in or near Permitted Spaces and debrief contractor after entries

REQUIREMENTS• General–When the employer arranges for

contractor to perform PRCS entry work, the Employer shall•Contractors shall comply with the Employers PRCS Entry Program during combined employee entries and coordinate multiple entry operations

REQUIREMENTS• Alternate Entry Procedures–The AHJ may use alternate entry

procedures as specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain conditions listed below•The Entry Supervisor demonstrates that only hazards posed by permit space is actual or potential hazardous atmosphere

REQUIREMENTS• Alternate Entry Procedures–The AHJ may use alternate entry

procedures as specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain conditions listed below•The Entry Supervisor demonstrates that continuous forced air ventilation alone is sufficient to maintain a safe permit space

REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures–The AHJ may use alternate entry

procedures as specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain conditions listed below•The employer develops monitoring and inspection data that supports above demonstrations

REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures–The AHJ may use alternate entry

procedures as specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain conditions listed below• If an initial entry is necessary to obtain above data, entry shall be performed in accordance with OSHA 1910.146

REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures–The AHJ may use alternate entry

procedures as specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain conditions listed below•Determinations and supporting data shall be documented by the Entry Supervisor and made available to entrants

REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures–The AHJ may use alternate entry

procedures as specified in OSHA standard 1910.146 under certain conditions listed below•Entry must be in accordance with requirements that follow

REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures–If alternate entry procedures are

used, the following will be allowed•No formal written program•No permit system or permits•No attendant or supervisor•No rescue provisions•Training required

REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures–Requirements for Alternate

Entry•Any condition making it unsafe to

remove an entrance cover shall be eliminated before the cover is removed

REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures–Requirements for Alternate

Entry•When entrance covers are

removed, opening shall be promptly and effectively protected

REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures–Requirements for Alternate Entry•Before entry, internal atmosphere shall be tested with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for the following conditions in the order listed:–Oxygen content–Flammable gases and vapors–Potential toxic air contaminants

REQUIREMENTS

• Alternate Entry Procedures–Requirements for Alternate Entry•There may be no hazardous atmosphere within the confined space until after it is occupied

REQUIREMENTS

• Procedures for using continuous forced air ventilation–Entry will not be permitted until

hazardous atmosphere is eliminated–Ventilation shall be directed to

immediate areas where employees are or will be present and shall continue until employees have left space

REQUIREMENTS

• Procedures for using continuous forced air ventilation–Air supply shall be from a clean

source and may not increase hazards in space–Atmosphere within space shall be

continuously tested

REQUIREMENTS

• Procedures when a hazardous atmosphere is detected during entry–Each employee shall leave the

confined space immediately–Permit space shall be evaluated to

determine how hazardous atmosphere developed

REQUIREMENTS• Procedures when a hazardous

atmosphere is detected during entry•Measures shall be taken to protect employees from the hazardous atmosphere before a subsequent entry•The Entry Supervisor shall certify in writing that the confined space is safe for entry and that all of the above requirements have been met

REQUIREMENTS

• Procedures when a hazardous atmosphere is detected during entry–The Entry Permit will be available

to each employee before entry

REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)–Use of the PECS Program•Prevent unauthorized entry

• Identify and evaluate hazards before entry

REQUIREMENTS• Permit Entry Confined Space

Procedure (PECS)–Use of the PECS Program•Establish safe practices, such as

• Isolation• Purging• Inerting•Ventilation• Barricades• Lock out/tag out

REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)–Provide and maintain

equipment necessary for safe entry, including testing and monitoring, ventilation, communications, personal protection, lighting, barriers, ingress and egress, and rescue

REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)–Test Permit Space and

document results–Maintain acceptable conditions

in Permit Space

REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)–Provide at least one attendant

outside the Permitted Space for the duration of entry operations–Identify duties of each

employee and provide training

REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)–Establish a written system for

preparation, issuance, use and cancellation of Entry Permits

REQUIREMENTS

• Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure (PECS)–Coordinate entry operations

during multiple employer entries–Review entire program at least

annually, unless previously reviewed at conclusion of a specific entry

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–The Entry Supervisor, through

the permit system, shall•Ensure all PRCS Entry Permits are issued and posted at the entry portal•Ensure that the duration of the Permit does not exceed the time required to complete the task

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–The Entry Supervisor, through

the permit system, shall•Ensure that all PRCS Permits are appropriately cancelled in a timely manner

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–The Entry Permit must provide the

following information•Permit Space(s) to be entered•Purpose of entry •Date and authorized duration of entry permit•Authorized entrants

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–The Entry Permit must provide the

following information•Attendants•Entry Supervisors, by printed name and signature•Hazards of the permit space•Measures required to control hazards of the space

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–The Entry Permit must provide the

following information•Acceptable entry condition•Test results with signature or initials of tester(s)•Rescue services, and the means to summon them

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–The Entry Permit must provide the

following information•Communication procedures and equipment are on site•All special equipment and procedures, including personal protective equipment and rescue equipment

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–The Entry Permit must provide

the following information•Any other information needed to ensure safe entry•Any additional permits needed for welding, cutting, and brazing

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Employee’s duties•Authorized entrants–Know the hazards that may be faced

during entry, including mode, signs or symptoms, and consequences of exposure–Properly use all required equipment

REQUIREMENTS• Entry Permit System–Employee’s duties•Authorized entrants–Communicate with attendant as

necessary to enable attendant to monitor status and to alert entrants of need to evacuate–Alert attendant whenever any warning

sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation or a prohibited condition is detected

REQUIREMENTS• Entry Permit System–Employee’s duties•Authorized entrants–Exit from the permit space as quickly

as possible whenever•Order to evacuate is given by

attendant or entry supervisor• Entrant recognizes any warning sign

or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Employee’s Duties•Authorized entrants–Exit from the permit space as quickly

as possible whenever• Entrant detects a prohibited

condition• Evacuation alarm is activated

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Employee’s Duties•Authorized entrants–RESCUERS MUST BE TRAINED

TO THE ENTRANT LEVEL

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Employee’s Duties•Authorized attendants–Know the hazards that may be faced

during entry

–Know the possible behavioral effects of hazards

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Employee’s Duties•Authorized attendants–Continuously maintains accurate

count of entrants–Remain outside of permit space

during entry operations until relieved by another attendant

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Employee’s Duties•Authorized attendants–Communicate with entrants as

necessary to monitor status and alert of need to evacuate space–Monitor activities inside and outside

the space to determine if it is safe for entrants to remain in space and order evacuation when necessary

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Employee’s Duties•Authorized attendants–Summon rescue and emergency

services when emergency exit from permit space is necessary

REQUIREMENTS• Entry Permit System–Employee’s Duties•Authorized attendants–Take the following actions when

unauthorized persons approach or enter a permit space while entry in underway •Warns them to stay away•Advised them to exit immediately if

they have entered• Informs authorized entrants and entry

supervisor if unauthorized persons enter space

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Employee’s Duties•Authorized attendants–Perform non-entry rescues–Perform no duties that might

interfere with attendant’s primary duty to monitor and protect authorized entrants

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Employee’s Duties•Entry Supervisors–Know the hazards that may be faced

during entry–Verity that acceptable conditions for

entry exist–Terminate entry when operations are

completed or a prohibited condition arises

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Employee’s Duties•Entry Supervisors–Verify rescue services are available–Remove unauthorized persons who

enter or attempt to enter permit space during operations–Determine, whenever responsible and

at appropriate intervals, that acceptable entry conditions are maintained

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Rescue Services - ability to

restore an airway and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes•On site team–Must be properly trained in entry

procedures, rescue procedures and PPE equipment

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Rescue Services - ability to restore

an airway and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes•On site team–Permit space rescues must be

practiced at least annually from similarly configured spaces

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Rescue Services - ability to

restore an airway and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes•On site team–Must be trained in basic first-aid

and CPR, and have at least one member currently certified

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Rescue Services - ability to

restore an airway and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes•Off-site team–Inform rescue service of hazards

they may confront

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Rescue Services - ability to

restore an airway and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes•Off-site team–Provide rescue service with access to

all permit spaces so they can develop appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations

REQUIREMENTS

• Entry Permit System–Rescue Services - ability to

restore an airway and circulation to the victim in 3-4 minutes•Off-site team–If injured entrant is exposed to

substance with a required MSDS, it shall be made available to medical facility treating entrant

HAZARDS

• The Incident itself–Configurations

–Locations

–Height

–Depth

HAZARDS

• The Incident itself–Difficult rescues, can be

stationary or mobile

–May be above grade, below grade or at grade level

HAZARDS

• The Incident itself–Can narrow at the bottom

and/or the top

–Can be in an area difficult to get equipment to

HAZARDS

• Containment hazards (engulfment)–coal, sand, grain, pellets, you can

sink like quicksand or fall 20’ threw a hole

–Water - you can drown

HAZARDS

• Biological hazards / health hazards–MSD plants and sewers •Human waste

•Hepatitis B

• Infection

HAZARDS

• Biological hazards / health hazards–Storm sewers•Rats

• Insects

•Contaminated water

•Hepatitis B

HAZARDS

• Biological hazards / health hazards–Plants that work with biological

specimens and hazardous materials• Insects •Contaminated water

HAZARDS

• Mechanical Hazards–Electrical, augers, backhoes,

welding equipment

HAZARDS

• Mechanical Hazards–Difficulty with isolation - the

process where the space is removed from service by• Lockout, Tag out procedures,

preferably at disconnect switches remote from the equipment

HAZARDS

• Mechanical Hazards–Difficulty with isolation - the process

where the space is removed from service by•Disconnect–Removing belt and chain drives, mechanical

linkages when possible–A computer from a remote location can turn on

equipment or release a produce

HAZARDS• Mechanical Hazards–Difficulty with isolation - the process

where the space is removed from service by•Blanking and bleeding - pneumatic and hydraulic lines•Securing - mechanical moving parts within a space with chains, bars, chocks, blocks and other devices

HAZARDS

• Mechanical Hazards–Difficulty with isolation - the

process where the space is removed from service by•Double block and bleed

•Stored energy

•Static electricity

HAZARDS

• Weather–The environment for time of

season and day is extremely influencing

HAZARDS• Weather–Examples •Rain

•Snow

•Heat

•Cold

•Low and high humidity

HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and hazards)–Terms•TLV - TWA - Threshold Limit Value, the amount of exposure a person can receive in an eight hour day, forty hours a week

HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and hazards)–Terms•EEL - STEL - Emergency Exposure Limits or Short Term Exposure Limit, the amount of exposure a person can receive in fifteen minutes during a rescue

HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and hazards)–Terms• IDLH - Immediately Deadly to Life and Health, the amount of an exposure a person receives that is immediately life threatening

HAZARDS• Air contaminants (present the most

problems and hazards)–Terms•LEL - UEL - Lower Explosive Limits and Upper Explosive Limits - Between this range, combustible gases can burn and explode. Above the UEL the concentration is too rich and below the LEL the concentration is too lean

HAZARDS• Air contaminants (present the most

problems and hazards)–Recognize overexposure to yourself

and co-workers•Headache•Dizziness•Nausea•Smell of rotten eggs•Euphoria

HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and hazards)–Oxygen ranges - 19.5% to 23.5% -

can be displaced oxygen in a space from decaying plants, rust, introduction of another gas, inert gas cleansing and more

HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and hazards)–Carbon Monoxide displaces

oxygen in the human body, even when plenty of good air is available. ( 50 ppm ) Odorless, colorless, tasteless gas

HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and hazards)–Hydrogen Sulfide•Extremely poisonous and flammable–10 ppm is the TLV–IDLH is 300 ppm

HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and hazards)–Hydrogen Sulfide•Has an odor of rotten eggs and immediately deadens you senses

• If you smell it, get out!

HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and hazards)–Explosive gases - flammable

hydrocarbons•Methane•Gasoline•Acetylene•Carbon monoxide

HAZARDS

• Air contaminants (present the most problems and hazards)–Combustible dusts

HAZARDS

• Electrical and other energy

sources

• Poor lighting

• Poor footing (slips, falls)

HAZARDS

• Improper training–Retrieval system or methods shall

be used whenever entry is made, unless the retrieval equipment would increase overall risk of entry or would not be of value

HAZARDS

• Improper training–Each entrant shall use chest or

full body harness, with retrieval line attached at the center of their back neat shoulder level, or above their head

HAZARDS

• Improper training–Wristlets may be used in lieu of the

chest or full body harness if employer can show use of chest or body harness is not feasible or creates a greater hazard and that use of wristlets is safest and most effective alternative

HAZARDS

• Improper training–Other end of retrieval line shall

be attached to a mechanical device or fixed point outside permit space for immediate use

HAZARDS

• Improper training–Mechanical device shall be used

to retrieve personnel from vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet deep hazards associated with Confined Spaces

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use–Time needed to intake

atmosphere ( 1 second per foot of tubing)

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use–Time needed for monitor to

evaluate• If you move too fast you can walk into or through a hazard

•Test 4 feet in all directions in front of you

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use–Your test equipment must

monitor what you’re searching for•Product

•LEL

•PPM

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use–Types of monitors•Gas detectors

•Particulate detectors

•Draeger tubes

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use–Types of monitors•Explosive meters–Calibration per manufacturer’s

recommendations

• Bump testing

• Fresh air calibration

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use–Types of monitors•Explosive meters–Maintenance - department and

manufacturer’s recommendations

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use–SHOULD USE TWO

MONITORS!!!!

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Monitor use–WHEN ALARM GOES OFF -

BELIEVE IT !!!–Testing must be continuous for

the outside and inside of the Confined Space (This makes sure that old problems don’t reoccur and new ones don’t arise

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Definition - the planned and

systematic release and removal of gases and the replacement of these gases with a supple of fresh air

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Consider characteristics of

gases•Vapor densities

•Stratification

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Reasons for ventilation•When the type of construction is unsuitable for natural ventilation•To remove dangerous toxic gases

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Reasons for ventilation•To reduce LEL’s to safe levels

•To produce a work environment with a temperature conducive to human habitation

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–When to ventilate - prior and

during entry of confined space

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Where to ventilate• In the area where the confined space is occupied•During a rescue, the ventilation hose should be directed at the victims face when possible

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Ventilation must be continuous

–Ventilation equipment should be intrinsically safe if dealing with flammable gases

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Tubing should be sized so

escape air can be released around if from the opening

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Area outside the Confined

Space should be clear for dangerous expelled gases

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Make sure you’re not purging you

Confined Space with contaminated air from the outside•Car exhaust, small engine exhaust•Secure the scene and immediate area•Use upwind

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Always operate the ventilator in the

positive pressure mode; an exhaust mode can draw flammable gases into your equipment and BOOM!!!!

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–How long to ventilate•Until the confined space is free of toxic gases and the LEL is at a safe level•MONITOR !!!–Minimum of 5 minutes or–6 air exchanges in the space

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Blower considerations•CFM (usually stamped on blower)

•The length of blower hose and the number of bends will affect the CFM achieved

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Blower considerations•Tubing in hole should not obstruct exhaust gases, should allow one person to enter and exit

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Blower considerations•The blower should not be closer than 5 feet to confined space

•Place blower upwind

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Blower considerations•Blower should be operated for one minute prior to putting hose in confined space

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Blower considerations•Placement of blower hose–In a vertical confined space: with a 90

degree bend, blow against the wall, at least one foot below the surface, and two feet above the floor

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Use of ventilation to control the situation–Blower considerations•Placement of blower hose–In a horizontal confined space: lay hose

on the floor with the end of the hose at least two feet from the end wall. Be sure blower is out of the path of the purged air

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

–Personal protective equipment•Components–Hard hats

–Lights

–Radios

–Boots

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

–Personal protective equipment•Components–Eye and hearing protection–Splash protection–SCBA–Turn-outs (fire gear)–Hazardous materials protection

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment•Does equipment need to be intrinsically safe; if yours?

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

–Personal protective equipment•Firefighting Protective Clothing - Nomex garment provides the best protection for out level of training–Helmets - Shock and eye protection–Turn out gear - fire and minor spill protection–Boots - shin and sole protection

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment–SCBA and Supplied Air Units•Compatible air system with supplied air systems

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment–SCBA and Supplied Air Unit•Supplied air system–10 minute escape bottle recommended

–one person with the main system

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment–SCBA and Supplied Air Unit

•Supplied air system–Keep short distances for possible kinking of hose

–100 foot maximum

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Personal protective equipment–SCBA and Supplied Air Units•Standard SCBA enables us greater freedom of movement but air supply is limited

•MUST BE POSITIVE PRESSURE !!!

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• SCBA and Supplied Air Unit–Physicals are required yearly

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Approved full body harness, life line, tripods, descent and retrieval systems–Tri Pod Retrieval System

–Life Line Retrieval

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Tools/equipment–Non-sparking

–Air driven tools, intrinsically safe (drills, saws, cleaning equipment)

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Tools/equipment–Electrical equipment•Electrical is a source of ignition

•Should be on surge protectors and / or ground faults

•Needs to be grounded

•Should be low voltage

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Methods of Communication–Radios•Won’t turn corners

•Difficulty in thick cement structures

•Difficulty underground

•May need to be intrinsically safe

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Methods of Communication–Life Line - O A T H•O = OK - 1 pull on rope

•A = Advance line - 2 pulls on rope

•T = Take up slack - 3 pulls on rope

•H = HELP !!! 4 or more pulls on rope

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Methods of Communication–Hand Signals•Department usage

•Sight

–Voice

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

• Identification system / Accountability system–Name of attendant

–Name & Number of entrants

–Time in and out of confined space

–Time on and off air system

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

•Record keeping–Types of records•Training

•Permits

•Incidents

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

•Record keeping–Types of records•Medical surveillance - can use OSHA’s Hazardous Materials regulations for this

•Equipment maintenance

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

•Record keeping–Record retention•Must be kept for a minimum of 1 year•Exposure records must be kept for 40 years or for 30 years after employment termination

PROTECTIVE ACTIONS

•Record keeping–Record retention•THE WORK DAY ISN’T OVER UNTIL THE PAPERWORK IS COMPLETE

PROCEDURES

• Initial Operations–Activate response plan

–Incident Command system

–Prevent unauthorized personnel from entering area

–Set up control zones

PROCEDURES

• Permit required confined space entry & rescue–Prepare permit or S.O.P.–Check for hazards–Air quality monitor–Ventilate–Tri-pod or other fixed point

PROCEDURES

• Permit required confined space entry & rescue–Retrieval system–Full body harness–Lighting–Communications–Personal protective equipment–Rescue services

PROCEDURES• Permit required confined space

entry & rescue–Protect portal–Post permit or S.O.P. at portal–All entrants or rescuers are

trained to complete assignment–Make entry, perform assigned

work–Cancel permit

PLANNING

• Establish a confined space training program• Make personnel aware of

hazards• Train personnel in tasks that

your department can perform safely

PLANNING

• Preplan a confined space rescue response• Develop a procedure for first in

companies• Develop a response plan with

local area fire departments & industry