Confined Space Entry - NDSC Conference/A01 John Lindstrom...on-site rescue team and to provide life...

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a01

Confined space rescue

Tuesday 11:00 – 5:30

Course Introduction

• Instructor(s)

• Classroom Rules

• Restrooms

• Breaks

• Emergency Procedures

• Emergency Exits

• Evacuation Wardens

• Severe Weather Shelter

2

Disclaimer

• Hennepin Technical College and the North Dakota Safety Council are NOT endorsing any of the products shown in this training program. They are used for demonstration purposes, ONLY.

Cody McNulty Story

09:27

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Why do confined spaces kill so many people?


•Confined spaces are deceiving.

• A confined space often appears to be harmless; no danger signs are apparent and the space may have been entered on prior occasions without incident.

•However, a worker cannot assume that conditions have not changed and that the space is safe for entry each time.


4

Events Injuries Fatalities

Atmospheric Condition in CS 80 72 78

Explosion or Fire in CS 15 49 15

Explosion or Fire at Point-of-entry 23 20 32

Falls while in CS 27 26 1

Struck by Falling Object 15 1 14

Caught In / Crushed By 10 3 10

Trapped in Unstable Materials 16 0 16

Electrocution 11 2 9

Ingress / Egress 33 30 3

Insufficient Maneuverability 15 15 0

Eye Injury 10 10 0

Temperature Extreme in CS 7 4 3

Noise in CS 1 1 0

Vibration in CS 1 1 0

Stress / Exertion 12 0 12

FatalFacts No. 12-2015

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“RELIANCE OF MUNICIPAL FIRE DEPARTMENTS FOR CONFINED SPACE RESPONSE”

Information excerpted from, “Confined Space Emergency Response: Assessing Employer and Fire Department Practices,” by Michael P. Wilson, Heather N. Madison & Stephen B. Healy (2012). This study was published in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (Feb 2012) and is available for purchase from Taylor & Francis Online.

“Reliance of Municipal Fire Departments for Confined Space Response”

• A study has been funded by a legal settlement following the deaths of two workers in a confined space incident in California.

Posted on May 22, 2012 by Rescue Talk

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• Research by the University of California, Berkeley, indicates that employers may be relying too heavily on local fire departments for confined space rescue.



• These findings indicate that local fire departments may not have the resources to provide the specialized training needed for confined space rescue, especially when “response and rescue” times are such critical factors.


Key Points from Study

• Confined space incidents represent a small but continuing source of fatal occupational injuries;


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• A sizeable portion of employers may be relying on public fire departments for permit-required confined space response; and,



• With life-threatening emergencies, fire departments usually are not able to effect a confined space rescue in a timely manner.


Municipal Response Statistics

• The study includes some very interesting statistics about fire department response times, rescue times, and capabilities.


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• According to the report, fire department confined space rescue time estimates ranged from 48 to 123 minutes



• The study includes some very interesting statistics about fire department response times, rescue times, and capabilities. – It also shows that rescue

times increase dramatically when hazardous materials are present.



• According to the report, fire department confined space rescue time estimates ranged from 48 to 123 minutes and increased to as much as 173 minutes when hazardous materials were present.


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• According to the report, “estimates made by fire officers show that a worker who experiences cardiac arrest, deprivation of cerebral oxygen, or some other highly time-critical, life-threatening emergency during a confined space entry will almost certainly die if the employer’s emergency response plan relies solely on the fire department for rescue services.”



• Researchers proposed that a more appropriate role for fire departments would be to support a properly trained and equipped on-site rescue team and to provide life support following a rescue.


CONFINED SPACE RESCUE

STANDARDS

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NFPA® 1670

Standard on

Operations and Training for

Technical Search and

Rescue Incidents

2014 Edition

NFPA 1670

• Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents

– 2014 Edition

• Chapter 4 – General Requirements

• Chapter 7 – Confined Space Search and Rescue

NFPA 1670

• Awareness Level:– This level represents the minimum capability of organizations

that provide response to technical search and rescue incidents.

• Operations Level:– This level represents the capability of organizations to respond

to technical search and rescue incidents and identify hazards, use equipment, and apply limited techniques specified in this standard to support and participate in technical search and rescue incidents.

• Technician Level:– This level represents the capability of organizations to respond

to technical search and rescue incidents and identify hazards, use equipment, and apply advanced techniques specified in this standard necessary to coordinate, perform, and supervise technical search and rescue incidents.

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NFPA 1670 – Technician Level for Confined

Space Search and Rescue Incidents

Chapter 4General Requirements

Chapter 5Rope Rescue Awareness

Chapter 12Machinery Search and Rescue Awareness

General Requirements General Requirements General Requirements

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Recognize need for rope rescue Recognize the need for machinery SAR

Incident Response Planning Identify resources necessary…rope rescue operations

Identify resourcesnecessary…machinery SAR

Equipment Emergency response system for rope SAR

Emergency response system for machinery SAR

Safety Site control and scene management

Site control and scene management

Hazard recognition and mitigation Hazard recognition and mitigation

Utilizing PPE at a rope rescue incident

NFPA 1670 – Chapter 7

Confined Space Search and Rescue

General Requirements Awareness Operations Technician

Personal protective equipment [PPE]

Recognize the need for ConSpace SAR

Size up conditions at ConSpace emergencies

Develop hazard isolation and control requirementsAuthorized rescue

entrant

Initiate contact and communications with victim

Protect personnel for ConSpace hazards

Practice every 12 months w/evaluation

Recognize hazards for non-entry emergencies

Ensure rescuers are capable of physical and psychological effects

Participate in medical surveillance program

First responder, or equivalent w/CPR

Recognize confined spaces

Identify duties of rescue team personnel Plan response for entry-

type ConSpace SAR in hazardous environmentsHazard awareness

Perform non-entry retrieval

Atmospheric monitoring

Implement emergency response system

Perform entry rescuesImplement a planned response

Site control and scene management

Package victims in ConSpaces

Use rope lowering and raising systems

NFPA® 1006

Standard for

Technical Rescuer

Professional

Qualifications

2013 Edition

13

NFPA 1006

• Students will achieve the required skills and knowledge for Rescue Technicians as outlined in NFPA 1006 – Chapter 5

– These are pre-requisites for all subsequent Rescue Technician training programs

NFPA 1006Chapter 5 – Job Performance Requirements

Introduction to Rescue Technician

General Requirements

EMS Training

Hazardous Materials

Operational

Site Operations

Victim Management

MaintenanceRopes / Rigging

Introduction to Rescue Technician

Site Operations

Identify the needed support resources

Size up a rescue incident

Manage incident hazardsManage resources in a rescue

incident

Conduct a searchPerform ground support operations

for helicopter activities

Terminate a technical rescue operation

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Rescue Technician Fundamentals

Victim Management

Triage victimsMove a victim in a

low-angle environment

Transfer a victim to emergency medical

services (EMS)


Maintenance

Inspect and maintain hazard-specific personal

protective equipment

Inspect and maintain rescue equipment


Ropes / Rigging

Tie knots, bends, and hitches Construct a single-point anchor system

Place edge protectionConstruct a simple rope

mechanical advantage system

Direct a team in the operation of a simple rope mechanical advantage system in a low-angle raising

operation

Direct a team in the operation of a simple rope mechanical advantage system in a high-angle raising

operation

Function as a litter tender in a low-angle

lowering or hauling operationConstruct a lowering system

Direct a lowering operation in a

low-angle environment

Direct a lowering operation in a

high-angle environment

Construct a belay systemOperate a belay system during a lowering or raising

operation in a high-angle environment

Belay a falling load in a high-angle environment Conduct a system safety check

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5.5 Ropes/Rigging

• All references to lowering or hauling operations require a minimum load travel distance of 3m (10 ft).


Rope Rescue Confined Space Rescue

Trench Rescue Structural Collapse Rescue

Vehicle and Machinery Rescue Surface Water Rescue

Swiftwater Rescue Dive Rescue

Ice Rescue Surf Rescue

Wilderness Rescue Mine and Tunnel Rescue

Cave Rescue

1006 - Rescue Technician

Intro to Rescue

Technician

(40 Hours)

Confined Space Tech 1

(16 Hours)

Confined Space Tech 2

(8 Hours)

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National Fire Protection Association

• NFPA 1006 - Standard for Technical Rescuer Professional Qualifications – 2008 Edition

– Chapter 7 Confined Space Rescue

NFPA 1006 – Level I

7-1.1 Conduct monitoring of the environment

7-1.2 Prepare for entry into the confined space

7-1.3 Enter a confined space

7-1.4 Package the victim for removal from a confined space

7-1.5 Remove all entrants from a confined space

NFPA 1006 – Level II

7-2.1 Preplan a confined space incident

7-2.2 Assess the incident

7-2.3 Control hazards

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HOW TO

IDENTIFY

CONFINED

SPACES

Confined Space Entry

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How to Identify Confined Spaces

02:10


• Large enough for human entry

• Limited Openings for Entry and Exit

• Not Designed for Continuous Worker Occupancy

Large enough for human entry

• This space is “cramped”, but people can still enter and performed assigned work.

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How To Identify Confined Spaces

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ATMOSPHERIC

HAZARDS OF

CONFINED SPACES


Safety Shorts_Atmospheric Hazards

00:56

PEL

• PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT– Ceiling values - at no

time should this exposure limit be exceeded.

– 8-hour Time Weighted Averages (TWA) - an average value of exposure over the course of an 8 hour work shift.

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STEL

• SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT

– The maximum concentration of a chemical to which workers may be exposed continuously for up to 15 minutes (4 times per day) without danger to health or work efficiency and safety.

IDLH

• IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS to LIFE and HEALTH

– Any condition which poses an immediate threat to the health of life on an entrant, or;

– Would cause irreversible adverse health effects, or;

– Would interfere with an individual’s ability to escape unaided from a permit (confined) space.

Atmospheric Hazardsof Confined Spaces

00:49

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IDLH

• IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH

– The maximum concentration of gas from which a worker could escape within 30 minutes without experiencing any escape-impairing or irreversible health effects

IDLH

• Under the NIOSH respirator decision logic, "highly reliable" respirators (i.e., the most protective respirators) would be selected for:– Emergency situations – Fire fighting*– Exposure to carcinogens – Entry into oxygen-deficient atmospheres– Entry into atmospheres that contain a substance at a

concentration greater than 2,000 times the NIOSH REL or OSHA PEL

– Entry into immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) conditions

* Structural fire fighting is assumed to be an IDLH atmosphere.

IDLH

• These "highly reliable" respirators include either:

– a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode, or

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IDLH

• These "highly reliable" respirators include either:

– a supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary SCBA operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

IDLH

• The purpose for establishing an IDLH value was to determine the airborne concentration from which a worker could escape without injury or irreversible health effects from an IDLH exposure in the event of the failure of respiratory protection equipment.

• In determining IDLH values, NIOSH considered the ability of a worker to escape without loss of life or irreversible health effects along with certain transient effects, such as severe eye or respiratory irritation, disorientation, and incoordination, which could prevent escape.

IDLH

• As a safety margin, IDLH values are based on effects that might occur as a consequence of a 30-minute exposure.

• However, the 30-minute period was NOT meant to imply that workers should stay in the work environment any longer than necessary;

• In fact, EVERY EFFORT SHOULD BE MADE TO EXIT IMMEDIATELY!

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IDLH

• 1910.134(g)(3) -Procedures for IDLH atmospheres.

– any entry into a confined space with an IDLH atmosphere would require a rescue standby present during the entire entry operation.

PEL?...STEL??...IDLH???

01:20

Atmospheric Hazards of Confined Spaces

• Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)– 8 hour per day / 40 hours per

week

• Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)– 1 hour per day (15 minute

maximum (x4))

• Immediate Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH)– 30 minutes to escape

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• Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres

• Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres

• Flammable Vapors and Gases

• Dust and Particulates

• Toxic Vapors and Gases

OXYGEN


Oxygen

01:17

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Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres

O2 % EFFECTS

19.5 Minimum permissible level – 8 hours

15 – 19 Decreased ability to work strenuously.

Impaired coordination.

12 - 15 Increased respirations. Impaired

judgment.

10 - 12 Increased respirations. Cyanosis.

8 – 10 Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea.

6 – 8 Coma. Death in 4-5 minutes.

4 – 6 Death.

Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres

Working inside an unventilated 500 gallon tank

Activity

RespirationRate

(Breaths/Min)

Oxygen Consumption

(L/Min)

Time from 21% to 19.5% Oxygen

(Minutes)

Resting 12 0.52 47

Strenuous exercise 30 1.31 19

Athlete (Peak) 49 2.12 12

Firefighter (SCBA) 137 5.96 4

Based on 0.75L/breath and 5.8% oxygen consumption

Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres

• Oxygen level above 23.5%.

• Causes flammable and combustible materials to burn violently when ignited.

– Hair, clothing, materials, etc.

– Oil soaked clothing and materials.

• Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.

• Never store or place compressed tanks in a confined space.

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Apollo 1

• January 27, 1967

Edward Higgins White, II, Lieutenant Colonel, USAFVirgil "Gus" Ivan Grissom, Lieutenant Colonel, USAFRoger Bruce Chaffee, Lieutenant Commander, USN

Apollo 1

Apollo 1Event Timeline

Fire broke from its point of origin. 23:31:12

Cabin pressure exceeded range of transducers, 23:31:16

Beginning of final voice transmission from crew. Entire transmission garbled. 23:31:16.8

Command module ruptured, start of second stage of fire. 23:31:19.4

End of final voice transmission. 23:31:21.8

Television monitors showed flames spreading from left to right side of command module and shortly covered entire visible area.

23:31:22.4

Hatches opened, outer hatches removed. Resuscitation of crew impossible. 23:36

Firefighters arrived at Level A8.Positions of crew couches and crew could be perceived through smoke but only with great difficulty. Unsuccessful attempt to remove senior pilot from command module.

23:40

Removal of crew completed, about seven and one-half hours after accident.

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Apollo 1

Apollo 1

Apollo 1

• The review board identified five major factors which combined to cause the fire and the astronauts' deaths:

– An ignition source most probably related to exposed electrical wiring and leak-prone plumbing

– Pure oxygen atmosphere at high pressure

– Flammable (combustible) materials in the cabin

– A hatch cover which could not be quickly removed at high pressure

– Inadequate emergency preparedness

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FLAMMABLE VAPORS AND GASES


Flammable Vapors and Gases

• Gas

– a substances possessing perfect molecular mobility and the property of indefinite expansion, as opposed to a solid or liquid.

• Vapor

– A substance in a gaseous state that is liquid or solid at room temperature

– a substance diffused or suspended in the air, by a process of heating, agitating, or atomizing.

Flammable and Combustible Liquids

GHS 29 CFR 1910.106 Flashpoint (°F)

Boiling Point (°F)

Flammable 1 Flammable IA < 73 < 100

Flammable 2 Flammable IB < 73 ≥ 100

Flammable 3Flammable IC ≥ 73 and < 100

Combustible II ≥ 100 and <140

Flammable 4 Combustible IIIA ≥ 140 and < 200

None Combustible IIIB ≥ 200

73° F is the temperature in a normally occupied structure.

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01:12


• Proper air/fuel mixture can lead to explosion

– >16% oxygen content in the air.

– Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor


LEAN RICH

LEL Vapor/Gas Concentration in Air (%) UEL

Flammable Range

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Gasoline

Propane

Methane

Ethanol

Hydrogen sulfide

Carbon monoxide

Acetylene

Vapor/Gas Concentration in Air (%)


• Proper air/fuel mixture can lead to explosion

– >16% oxygen content in the air.

– Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor

• Typical Ignition Sources:

– Sparking or electric tool.

– Welding / cutting operations.

– Static

Static Ignition

00:33

32

DUST AND PARTICULATES


Dust and Particulates

Combustible / Explosive

• Proper air/fuel mixture can lead to explosion– 16% oxygen content in the air.

– Presence of suspended dust or particulates (visibility of 5’ or less)

00:34

HEAT


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Respiratory Hazards

• Particulates– Lead

– Asbestos

– Silica

– Smoke


Respiratory Hazards

• Toxic– Poison

– Carcinogenic

– Corrosive

• Mechanical– They can become imbedded

in the respiratory system membrane and cause scar tissue to form.

TOXIC VAPORS AND GASES


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Toxic Vapors and Gases

• Gases are airborne contaminants that are invisible at room temperature.

• Gases can be hard to detect because they can be colorless, odorless, and tasteless.

• Vapors are invisible contaminants formed when a liquid or solid evaporates.

• Vapor producing activities include painting, refining, and solvent cleaning.


• Product stored in a confined space

• Gases released when cleaning.

• Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.

• Decomposition of materials in the confined space.


• Work performed in a confined space:

– Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.

– Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.

– Sealing, bonding, melting.

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• Areas adjacent to a confined space.

CARBON MONOXIDE


Carbon Monoxide

01:00

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Carbon Monoxide

• Odorless, Colorless Gas.

• Combustion By-Product.

• Carbon monoxide is a major industrial gas used in bulk chemical manufacturing.

Carbon Monoxide

• NIOSH REL:

– 35 ppm TWA

– 200 ppm CEILING

• Current OSHA PEL:

– 50 ppm TWA

– 200 ppm CEILING

• IDLH:

– Original 1,500 ppm (LEL)

– Revised 1,200 ppm

Carbon Monoxide

PPM EFFECT TIME

50* Permissible exposure limit 8 hours

200 Slight headache, discomfort 3 hours

600 Headache, discomfort 1 hours

1000 -

2000Slight heart palpitation 30 minutes

2000

– 2500Unconsciousness 30 minutes

*MNOSHA limits Carbon Monoxide PEL to 35 PPM

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HYDROGEN SULFIDE


Hydrogen Sulfide

02:01

Hydrogen Sulfide

• Worker Exposure Limits– NIOSH REL (10-min. ceiling): 10 ppm

• OSHA PELs:– General Industry Ceiling Limit: 20 ppm

– General Industry Peak Limit: 50 ppm (up to 10 minutes if no other exposure during shift)

– Construction 8-hour Limit: 10 ppm

– Shipyard 8-hour limit: 10 ppm

• NIOSH IDLH: 100 ppm

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Hydrogen Sulfide

PPM EFFECT

0.01-1.5

Odor threshold (when rotten egg smell is first noticeable to some). Odor becomes more offensive at 3-5 ppm. Above 30 ppm, odor described as sweet or sickeningly sweet.

20Possible fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, irritability, poor memory, dizziness.

50-100Slight conjunctivitis ("gas eye") and respiratory tract irritation after 1 hour. May cause digestive upset and loss of appetite.

Hydrogen Sulfide

PPM EFFECT

100

Coughing, eye irritation, loss of smell after 2-15 minutes (olfactory fatigue). Altered breathing, drowsiness after 15-30 minutes. Throat irritation after 1 hour. Gradual increase in severity of symptoms over several hours. Death may occur after 48 hours.

100-150 Loss of smell (olfactory fatigue or paralysis).

200-300Marked conjunctivitis and respiratory tract irritation after 1 hour. Pulmonary edema may occur from prolonged exposure.

Hydrogen Sulfide

PPM EFFECT

500-700Staggering, collapse in 5 minutes. Serious damage to the eyes in 30 minutes. Death after 30-60 minutes.

700-1000

Rapid unconsciousness, "knockdown" or immediate collapse within 1 to 2 breaths, breathing stops, death within minutes.

1000-2000

Nearly instant death

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Hydrogen Sulfide

PPM

OSHA ACGIH

10 1.0 8 hr. TWA

15 5.0 15 min. STEL

Part 1

OTHER CONFINED

SPACE HAZARDS


40

Other Hazards of Confined Spaces

• Engulfment hazards

• Entanglement hazards

• Inwardly converging walls

• Temperature extremes

• Energized equipment

• Noise

• Wet/Slick surfaces

• Falling objects

Engulfment Hazards

• Loose, granular materials stored in bins and hoppers– grain

– sand

– coal

• 1 cubic foot of soil weighs 3,000#

Engulfment Hazards

• Compartment syndrome is a limb-and life-threatening condition which occurs after an injury, when there is not a sufficient amount of blood to supply the muscles and nerves with oxygen and nutrients.

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Compartment Syndrome

• Tissue damage-irreversible tissue death within 4-12 hours depending on tissue type and compartmental pressure; permanent disabilities can develop from undiagnosed compartment syndrome


• Amputation- sometimes tissue beyond repair and only measure to prevent gangrene and death is amputation


• Renal failure and/or death- can occur due to chemical imbalance, infectious etiology or through cardiac complications.

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Engulfment Hazards

• Flooding of confined space.

• Water or sewage flow.

Entanglement Hazards

• Unguarded equipment

• Mixers

• Augers

• Power Conveyors

– Belts

– Chains

Inwardly Converging Walls

• Sloping walls and floors that create a narrow cross-section.

– Entanglement

– Suffocation

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Temperature Extremes

• Extremely hot temperatures.– Steam cleaning of

confined spaces.

– Humidity factors.

– Work processes inside the confined space.

– Personal protective equipment.

Temperature Extremes

• Extremely cold temperatures.

– Refrigeration processes

– Submersion in liquids

Energized Equipment

• Stored Energy

– Electrical

– Hydraulic

– Pneumatic

– Mechanical

• Lockout / Tagout

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Noise

• Amplified due to acoustics within the space.

• Damaged hearing

• Effective communication.

Slick / Wet Surfaces

Slips and falls.Increased chance of

electric shock.

Falling Objects

• Topside openings expose workers inside confined space to falling objects.

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RESCUE

PROCEDURES

Confined Space Entry Rescue

R.E.S.C.U.E.D.

• Respond

R.E.S.C.U.E.D.

• Respond

• Evaluate

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Evaluate

• Entrants:

– Number

– Entry time / Down time

– Last contact

• Atmospheric conditions

• Hazard control

– Ventilation

– Lockout / tagout

– Drainage

Evaluate

Rescue

Versus

Recovery

WARNING

The following images contain

graphic content.

Viewer Discretion is advised.

47

Rescue Situations

• Medical emergency

• Explosion or fire

• Engulfment

• Sudden release of energy or product into space (lock-out/tag-out failure)

• Power failure

• Separation from lifeline

• Low-air alarm (SCBA / SABA)

Rescue Situations

• Attendant is in voice communication with entrant.

• Resources are immediately available for rescue.

• Personnel are properly trained for rescue:– Self-rescue

– Non-entry rescue

– Entry rescue

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Recovery Situations

• No voice communications with entrant.

• Entrant has been inside space longer than available air supply.

• Air quality indicates hazardous environment exists.

• No personnel or resources to initiate immediate rescue action.

R.E.S.C.U.E.D.

• Respond

• Evaluate

• Safety

– Eliminate hazards

– Safe work practices

– Personal protective equipment (PPE)

R.E.S.C.U.E.D.

• Respond

• Evaluate

• Safety

• Casualty Management

– Triage

– Treatment

– Transport

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R.E.S.C.U.E.D.

• Respond

• Evaluate

• Safety


• Utilize ICS

Command

Operations

Safety

Rescue

EMS

Logistics

Safety

Officer

R.E.S.C.U.E.D.

• Respond

• Evaluate

• Safety


• Utilize ICS

• Extricate Patient(s)

– Access

– Egress

– Disentangle

Access the Patient

• Crawling

• Climbing

• Lowering

• Abseiling

– Rappelling

50

Egress Route

• Horizontal

– Dragging

• Vertical

– Lifting

– Lowering

• Combinations

Victim Removal

• Can the victim be easily moved towards the opening with current equipment carried by the team?

– Is an additional team needed to make the move?

• Assure as much c-spine control as is possible based on the space and the victims condition.

Victim Removal

• Use removal systems on the exterior which are applicable to the size and weight of the victim.

– Mechanical advantage systems are much preferred over manual hauling.

– Do not use electric winches, et., to remove victims; these allow little control and could result in dismemberment or additional injury.

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Victim Removal

• Decide if the victim is to be removed head first or feet first.

– Avoid the use of wristlets on patients with burns to the extremities.

Victim Removal

• Assure that if the victim is to be moved through an opening, either vertical or horizontal, that proper procedures should be used for packaging.

• Assure that all team members are stationed to the egress side of the hole/opening in the event the victim becomes lodged. – Always try to avoid being blocked-in by a victim.

Victim Removal

• When the move is made, assure it is made quickly and smoothly, leaving the time the space is blocked for egress as minimal as possible.

• Assure that the exterior personnel as well as interior teams are aware of the move and a plan is agreed upon prior to blocking the space.

52

Victim Removal

• Assure that all air lines and connections are clear of the victim and his movement path to assure that no air line problems develop as a result of the victim becoming entangled or pinching off the lines.

• Once the victim is clear from the space remove all entry team personnel and equipment.

R.E.S.C.U.E.D.

• Respond

• Evaluate

• Safety


• Utilize ICS


– Access

– Egress

– Disentangle

• Disassemble

• Displace

• Disconnect

R.E.S.C.U.E.D.

• Respond

• Evaluate

• Safety


• Utilize ICS


• Deliver Patient(s)

– Emergency Room

– Trauma Center

53

Part 2

RESCUE

PROCEDURES

Confined Space Entry Rescue

Hands-On Practice Session

Response Evaluate

• Who, what, when,

where, how?

• Arrive in teams of two

• Victim location and

status

• Hazards present or

suspected

• Personnel and

equipment requirements

• Access route

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Safety / Hazard Control Casualty Management

• Air monitor

• Ventilation

• Lockout / Tagout

• Uninjured

• Assisted rescue

• Injured

• Retrieval rescue then

EMS

• Entry rescue w/EMS

• Dead

• Body recovery / No

Rescue


Incident Command Extrication

• COMMAND

• Safety Officer

• Operations

• Safety team

• Entry rescue team

• EMS

• Logistics

• Access

• Egress

• Disentanglement

Hands-On Activities

• Emergency Procedures

• Attendant duties

• Assess entrant status

• Call for rescue assistance

• Attempt non-entry rescue

• DO NOT ENTER THE SPACE

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RESCUE SCENARIOS

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