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Confined Space EntryTraining Session
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EnsureVentilationIsolation
PPE / RespiratorsStand-by rescueEntry permitting
CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS
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Limited Openings for Entry and Exit
Unfavorable Natural Ventilation Not Designed for Continuous WorkerOccupancy
What is a Confined Space
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Typical Confined Spaces Boiler, Furnace Pipeline, Pit, Pumping Station Chest Vessel, Storage Tanks Septic Tank, Storage Tank,
Manhole, Trenches,
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Limited Access
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Potential Hazards in Confined
Spaces Oxygen Deficiency
23.5%
oxygen concentration Combustibles
Methane Hydrogen
Acetylene Propane Gasoline fumes
Toxic Materials Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Sulfide Welding fumes Corrosives
Electricity Physical Hazards Temperature Extremes Falling objects
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What is Air?
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Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level.15 - 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously.
Impair coordination. Early symptoms.12-14% Respiration increases. Poor judgment.10-12% Respiration increases. Lips blue.8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea
Unconsciousness. Vomiting.
6-8% 8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50% fatal 4-5 minutes - possible recovery.
4-6% Coma in 40 seconds. Death
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Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres Oxygen level above 21%. Causes flammable and combustible
materials to burn violently when ignited. Hair, clothing, materials, etc. Oil soaked clothing and materials. Never use pure oxygen to ventilate. Never store or place compressed tanks in a
confined space.
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Flammable Atmospheres 2 Critical Factors: Oxygen content in the air. Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor Presence of dust (visibility of 5 or less)
Proper air/gas mixture can lead to explosion Typical Ignition Sources:
Sparking or electric tool. Welding / cutting operations. Smoking
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Methane (CH 4) Natural gas, swamp gas. Due to gas leak or organic decay Colorless/odorless flammable gas, or scented LEL = 5%; UEL = 15%
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Toxic Atmospheres Product stored in a confined space:
Gases released when cleaning.
Materials absorbed into walls of confined space. Decomposition of materials in the confined space.
Work performed in a confined space: Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.
Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing. Sealing, bonding, melting.
Areas adjacent to a confined space.
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Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S) (p. 9) Sewer gas, stink gas (rotten eggs) Odor threshold: 0.02-0.2 ppm Colorless, flammable gas. Strong odor BUT
Fatigues your senses. Deadly! Very high concentrations lead to
cardiorespiratory arrest because of brainstemtoxicity. Affect nervous system.
Heavier than air IDLH H2S = 100 ppm 8 hr. PEL = 10 PPM Alarm Point = 10 ppm
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Carbon Monoxide
Odorless, Colorless Gas. Combustion By-Product. Quickly collapse at high concentrations.
PPM Effect Time50 Permissible Exposure Level 8 Hours
200 Slight headache, discomfort 3 Hours600 Headache, discomfort 1 Hour1000-2000 Confusion, nausea, headache 2 Hours1000-2000 Tenden cy to stagger 1 1/2 Hours1000-2000 Slight heart palpitation 30 Min.2000-2500 Unconsciousness 30 Min.
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Physical Hazards (p. 9)
Electrical Slips, trips, and falls
Augers, turbines, blades, pumps Falling objects and
materials
Drowning orengulfment
Converging sections
Fire/explosion Noise
Heat Psychological
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Temperature Extremes Extremely hot or cold temperatures. Steam cleaning of confined spaces. Humidity factors. Extremely cold liquids.
Work processes inside the confined spacecan increase temperature extremes. Personal protective equipment.
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Engulfment Hazards Loose, granular materials stored in bins and
hoppers - grain, sand, coal, etc.
Crusting and bridging below a worker. Flooding of confined space. Water or sewage flow.
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Engulfment
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Other Hazards Noise Amplified due to acoustics within the space.
Damaged hearing, affect communication. Slick / Wet Surfaces Slips and falls. Increased chance of electric shock.
Falling Objects Topside openings expose workers inside confined
space to falling objects.
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Other Hazards
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Safety precautions for Confined
Space work Confined space work permit Air Testing Ventilation Safety Equipment
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Air Testing and Evaluation
(p. 10) Air inside a permit-required space must be tested
and evaluated before entry
Air will be classified as safe or hazardous. Entry into a hazardous atmosphere requiresapproval of at least a general supervisor, thefacility safety coordinator and entry supervisor
Oxygen Toxic atmospheres Flammable atmospheres
NO ENTRY!
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Ventilation
Forced ventilation is required when: Testing indicates a hazardous
atmosphere out of acceptable range Theres a potential for atmospheric
conditions to move out of acceptable range
The work can cause a hazardousatmosphere, such as welding, cutting, painting, chemical cleaning, etc....
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Equipment Requirements
Equipment needed should be selected on a case bycase basis
Written procedures will identify minimumequipment requirements
The permit includes a checklist for equipment Equipment training session goes into detail
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