Conflict in the Middle EastConflict in the Middle EastBIG Idea: Valuable waterways BIG Idea: Valuable waterways

and oil reserves led to and oil reserves led to superpower maneuvering for superpower maneuvering for influence in the Middle East.influence in the Middle East.

Why should we care?Why should we care?

Arab IndependenceArab Independence What was the Sykes-Picot agreement?What was the Sykes-Picot agreement? After WWII, European-ruled Arab countries After WWII, European-ruled Arab countries

gained independence.gained independence.– Still subject to Western influenceStill subject to Western influence

Pan-Arabism: unity in the Arab world.Pan-Arabism: unity in the Arab world.

IranIranAfter WWII, oil-rich Iran was a After WWII, oil-rich Iran was a

dictatorship run by a repressive dictatorship run by a repressive shah supported by the west to shah supported by the west to block Soviet influence.block Soviet influence.

Shah Pahlavi

– British had grown rich British had grown rich on Iranian oil at Iran’s on Iranian oil at Iran’s expense.expense.

In the early 1950s, popular, In the early 1950s, popular, democratic leader M. Mossadegh democratic leader M. Mossadegh came to power.came to power.– Took over British-owned oil Took over British-owned oil

industry & used oil money for industry & used oil money for social and economic reforms.social and economic reforms.

The U.S. sponsored a coup The U.S. sponsored a coup placing the hated shah back in placing the hated shah back in power & the oil back to western power & the oil back to western oil companies oil companies (B.P.)(B.P.)..– Created increased anti-shah (anti-Created increased anti-shah (anti-

American) sentiment in the Iranian American) sentiment in the Iranian people.people.

Shiite Muslim religious leader Shiite Muslim religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini ousted the Ayatollah Khomeini ousted the shah in 1979 and created an shah in 1979 and created an Islamic-fundamentalist Islamic-fundamentalist dictatorship.dictatorship.

U.S. supported Saddam Hussein in U.S. supported Saddam Hussein in his war against Iran.his war against Iran.

Dec. 20Dec. 20thth, 1983, 1983

““Overthrow” by Stephen KinzerOverthrow” by Stephen Kinzer

Creation of Israel (in Palestine)Creation of Israel (in Palestine) Continued violence between Zionist Continued violence between Zionist

Jews and Arab Palestinians.Jews and Arab Palestinians. Great Britain turned Palestine over Great Britain turned Palestine over

to United Nations (U.N.) control in to United Nations (U.N.) control in 1947.1947.

U.N. voted to partition Palestine U.N. voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states.into Jewish and Arab states.

On May 14On May 14thth, 1948 Israel was born, 1948 Israel was born– 700,000 Palestinian refugees700,000 Palestinian refugees

Arab-Israeli ConflictsArab-Israeli Conflicts

Within 24 hrs., Syria, Lebanon, Within 24 hrs., Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt, & Jordan attacked.Iraq, Egypt, & Jordan attacked.

Aided by the West (U.S.), Israel Aided by the West (U.S.), Israel defeated the Arabs in 9 months defeated the Arabs in 9 months and claimed more territory.and claimed more territory.

Palestinian Liberation Org. (PLO): a Palestinian Liberation Org. (PLO): a militant group aimed at eliminating militant group aimed at eliminating Israel.Israel.– Yasser ArafatYasser Arafat

Six Days War 1967Six Days War 1967

Israel tripled its land holdings.Israel tripled its land holdings.– Gaza Strip (from Egypt)Gaza Strip (from Egypt)– Golan Heights (from Syria)Golan Heights (from Syria)– West Bank (from Jordan)West Bank (from Jordan)

Palestinians were left under Palestinians were left under Israeli military occupation or Israeli military occupation or became refugees.became refugees.

U.N.-Sponsored IsraelU.N.-Sponsored Israel

Area gained in 1949Area gained in 1949

Area occupied in 1967Area occupied in 1967

Current SituationCurrent Situation

Israel refuses to pull out of Israel refuses to pull out of occupied territories.occupied territories.

Arabs refuse to recognize Israel’s Arabs refuse to recognize Israel’s right to exist.right to exist.

American support of Israel angers American support of Israel angers Arab countries.Arab countries.– Use oil embargos as a weapon (1973)Use oil embargos as a weapon (1973)

Recently, hardliners have come to Recently, hardliners have come to power on both sides.power on both sides.– NetanyahuNetanyahu– HamasHamas

Many people on both sides want peace.Many people on both sides want peace. Two state solution? Jerusalem?Two state solution? Jerusalem?

Assignment/ActivityAssignment/Activity

Study for your final!!!Study for your final!!!

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IsraelIsrael. Map. . Map. Exam 2 ReviewExam 2 Review. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2010. . N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2010. <http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/geg101i/review/exam2.htm<http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/geg101i/review/exam2.htm>.>.

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<http://pulsemedia.org/category/elections/page/2/>.<http://pulsemedia.org/category/elections/page/2/>.Muheisen, Muhammed. Muheisen, Muhammed. Yasser ArafatYasser Arafat. AP Photo. Web. 18 May 2010. . AP Photo. Web. 18 May 2010.

<http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/middleeast/arafat_timeline.ht<http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/middleeast/arafat_timeline.html>.ml>.

Palestinian Child v. Israeli TankPalestinian Child v. Israeli Tank. Private collection. Web. 18 May 2010.. Private collection. Web. 18 May 2010.Rumsfeld Hussein HandshakeRumsfeld Hussein Handshake. Private collection. Web. 18 May 2010.. Private collection. Web. 18 May 2010.U.S. Oil ConsumptionU.S. Oil Consumption. 2006. Private collection. Web. 17 May 2010.. 2006. Private collection. Web. 17 May 2010.