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CONFLICT RESOURCES
In Africa
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Video
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Conflict resources
Conflict resources are natural resources
extracted in a conflict zone and sold to
perpetuate the fighting.
And even..
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�Diamonds that are used by rebel groups to f uel conflict and civil wars
�Funded brutal conflicts in Africa
Blood Diamond
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Countries involved
Angola
Ivory
Coast
Sierra
Leone
Congo
Liberia
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The African diamond industry came underpressure as it became clear that conflict
diamonds were playing a role in the brutal wars
in Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia and theDemocratic Republic of Congo
Background
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Angola
Several civil wars occurred between NationalUnion f or theTotal Independence of Angola
(UNITA) and Popular Liberation Movement of
Angola (MPLA) from 1975 to 2002
UNITA captured majority of Angola's
diamond mine
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Angola
UNITA reaped $430 million in profits from
the sale of diamonds to f und the war
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Sierra Leone
Diamonds were first f ound in Sierra Leone inthe 1930s
since then, they have caused nothing but
greed, savagery and war
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Sierra Leone
In 1990s the rebel group RevolutionaryUnited Front (RUF) enslaved thousands of
their own people
They ritually hacked off peoples limbs f or the
slightest reason.
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Sierra Leone
Child slavery children were used as combatants and child
labourers in the diamond mines
children work up to even 11 hours per day
with no pay
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Sierra Leone
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� Initiated in 2003
� Prevent blood diamonds from entering the
market
� governments are required to certify thatshipments of rough diamonds are free fromblood diamonds
The Kimberley process
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� Limitations
� Some governments do not have the capacity to implement the process successf ully
� E.g. Angola
The Kimberley process
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Ivory Coast
military coup overthrew the government in
1999
Rebels used cocoa and cotton, as well asdiamonds, to f und their war eff ort
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Ivory Coast
Child slavery
Children work in farms growing cocoas
undergo severe abuse
In Ivory coast 200,000 alone, children wereinvolved in work on cocoa farms
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The Harkin-Engel Protocol of 2001 was acommitment by the industry groups World Cocoa
Foundation and Chocolate Council of the National
Confectioners Association to develop andimplement voluntary standards to certify cocoaproduced without the "worst f orms of child
labour by 2005
Harkin-Engel Protocol
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Harkin-Engel Protocol
Effectiveness
The deadline has passed but the chocolate
industry has failed to comply with the terms
of this agreement
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Looking ahead
.Today 74 governments have enshrined into
their national law the Kimberley ProcessCertification System
more than 99% of the world's diamonds are
from conflict free sources
�Today 74 governments have enshrined into
their national law the Kimberley ProcessCertification System
�more than 99% of the world's diamonds
are from conflict free sources
�The diamond industry continues to work
with governments, NGOs and the UN to
strengthen the Kimberley Process
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Singapore
We only import diamonds from India, U.S.A.,
U.K., Belgium, Japan, Hong Kong, Israel,
Brazil,C
hina, Netherlands, Au
stria, etc. Singapore imports cut and polished
diamonds from Israel and India.
Theref ore, Singapore takes no part inpurchasing blood diamonds.