World War II

Desert Storm

Vietnam War

Afghanistan

Operation Iraqi Freedom

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War Histories and Photographs…

Rick Loomis – L.A. Times

Iraqi – as close to peaceful as we’ve seen…

Sources

World War II History and coverage of the war: This war served as a beginning for

many female journalists in covering war. Women did cover the Civil War and World War I, but it wasn’t until World War II that the number of female photographers grew dramatically.

Notable photographer during this war: Margaret Bourke-White. About Bourke-White: In 1935, she was hired by Life magazine.

Bourke-White covered the London Blitz, the Russian war effort, and various World War II battles, and was permitted to work in combat zones during WWII. She served as the “first” for many experiences…

- She was Life Magazine’s female photojournalist - She was the first female American war correspondent. - She also was one of the first photographers to enter and document the Nazi Death Camps.

Photos

Joe Rosenthal - "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima,” taken on February 23, 1945. U.S. Marines raised a United States flag on Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jim.

Margaret Bourke-White - Half-starved, emaciated male prisoners behind barbed wire fence, staring vacantly into space at Buchenwald concentration camp during liberation by American forces.

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Joe Rosenthal - a marine advancing toward the corpses of two fellow soldiers at Iwo Jima on 19th February, 1945.

W. Eugene Smith - Marine Demolition Team Blasting Out a Cave on Hill 382. Iwo Jima, 1945

Vietnam History and coverage of the war: Many images from this war were

published in LIFE magazine. The Vietnam war was an easier war to cover as far as access, and journalists were allowed close up access and could associate with the soldiers.

Notable photographer during this war: Larry Burrows About Burrows: He worked for Life magazine for 9 years. On

February 10, 1971, at age 44, he lost his life while on the job. He was in a helicopter, covering the invasion of Laos by the South Vietnamese army, when the helicopter went down over the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

Photos

LARRY BURROWS - KHESANH, SOUTH VIETNAM, 1968: A HELICOPTER AIRLIFTS AMMUNITION TO U.S. TROOPS ATTEMPTING TO BREAK THE NORTH VIETNAMESE SIEGE OF KHESANH.

Larry Burrows - South Vietnamese troops with Vietcong captives, Mekong Delta, South Vietnam, 1962.

Larry Burrows - A napalm strike in Nha Trang, South Vietnam, 1962.

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Eddie Adams - Execution of a Viet Cong Guerrilla, 1968

Desert Storm History and coverage of the war: This war, which was called “The

Gulf War” by the media, was very difficult for journalists to cover. There was often strong tension between the government and the media. Press pools were formed, and only about 100 photographers were allowed access into the war zone. These select journalists were only let in to cover these conflicts with a military escort. Journalist’s work could be sent to the government for censorship before they were able to publish it, which often took a long time, considering that these journalists wanted their readers and viewers back in the U.S. to get the information in a timely fashion.

Notable photographer during this war: Peter Turnley About Turnley: Born in 1955, Turnley’s photographs have appeared

on over 40 Newsweek covers, as well as magazine like Vanity Fair, and The New York Times Magazine. He has photographed many world conflicts in places such as: Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, South Africa, Chechnya, Haiti, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Kosovo, the Gulf War (1991), the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and most recently, Iraq.

Photos

Peter Turnley - A U.S. soldier helps support an injured Iraqi soldier as a large group of Iraqi soldiers are taken prisoner by the Allied Forces at the end of the Gulf ground War. This scene was very near the Mile of Death north of Kuwait City.

An American soldier examines a weapon, among many taken from Iraqi prisoners at the end of the Gulf Ground War. This scene was very near the Mile of Death.

Peter Turnley - Before the beginning of the Gulf War, shortly after Iraq invaded Kuwait, thousands of immigrant workers working in Kuwait, became refugees in the desert between Iraq and Amman and found themselves living in dire conditions.

David Turnley (Detroit Free Press) - Sgt. Ken Kozakiewicz, as he realizes that the soldier’s body that was just brought into the helicopter in a zippered bag, was a good friend of his.

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Afghanistan

History and coverage of the war: At the time of this war, the digital age was up and coming, thankfully, because there was no place to process film in that area during war time. This was the first war in which digital equipment was regularly used.

Notable photographer during this war: Alexandra Boulat About Boulat: Born in Paris in 1962, Boulat studied fine arts and art

history at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, in Paris. The conflicts she has covered include those in Yugoslavia, Indonesia, Iraq, and the conflicts in Afghanistan. She is also the founding photographer of the photo agency VII. Her work has been published in magazines such as National Geographic, Time, Newsweek, Paris Match, and Geo.

Photos

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Jockel Finck - The barrage of cruise missiles over Afghanistan, as U.S. fighter planes targeted Taliban military installations and Al Qaeda sanctuaries.

Rabih Moghrabi - A crew member of USS Enterprise prepares a bomb which reads for the Pentagon and the USA before the launch against Afghanistan.

Alexandra Boulat - October 2001 - Pakistani women pray during an anti American demonstration in downtown Quetta.

Said Mohammed - Evidence of war: Afghans gather to look at the debris from the Afghan Technical Consultants offices in Kabul after it was hit by American cruise missiles.

Operation Iraqi Freedom Operation Iraqi Freedom: This war is being covered in a style that

hasn’t been seen since Vietnam. The press has been allowed more access and close-up interaction, and some have even been imbedded with the troops. Covering this war has also become more efficient with the increased use of digital equipment, and photos can be transmitted almost instantly. Many representatives from major newspapers have said that their staff is now shooting only using digital equipment. "Today, the quality of digital photography has gotten so good that everybody’s gone digital. It’s fast, economical, and lets you transmit instantly instead of sending your film on a two-week safari to the Saudi Desert,” says Brian Storm, vice president of news and editorial photography at Corbis.

Notable photographer during this war: James Nachtwey About Nachtwey: A graduate of Dartmouth college, Nachtwey worked

with Time magazine since 1984 as a contract photographer. On December 10, 2003, while covering the war in Iraq, Nachtwey was injured in a grenade attack in Baghdad.

Photos

James Nachtwey - March 2003, Government buildings in Baghdad are attacked by American missiles during the third

night of the U.S.-led war against the regime of Saddam Hussein.

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James Nachtwey - March 2003, Iraqi soldiers and police fire into the reeds at the edge of the Tigris River in Baghdad as they search for what they thought was a downed American pilot.

James Nachtwey - March 2003, In Baghdad, a woman carries vegetables home from market during a lull in the American attacks. At these times the life of the capital city momentarily returns to a semblance of normality.

James Nachtwey - In the orange light created by a huge sandstorm a statue of Saddam Hussein presides over Palestine Square in Baghdad. The sandstorm delayed an American ground offensive and deterred bombing sorties.

Iraqi - as close to peaceful as we’ve seen…

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Damir Sagolj, Reuters

John Moore, Associated Press

John Moore, Associated Press

Romeo Gacad, AFP

Roger Fenton

Roger Fenton was born March 28 1819 in Bury, England. And died August 8 1869. He was one of the first war photographers in the world.

In 1840. Fenton graduated at University College London with a “first class” Bachelor of Arts Degree.

Later on, Fenton visited the Great Exhibition in 1851 and was impressed by the photography on display there.

He got really interested in photography and its whole process.

By 1852, he had photographs exhibited everywhere.

 •In 1855 Fenton was sent to the Crimean War as the first official war photographer.

•Due to the size and weight of his photographic equipment, Fenton was limited in his choice of motifs.

•In recognition of the importance of his photography, Fenton's photos of the Crimean war were included in the Life collection, 100 Photographs that Changed the World.

Photo featured in Life Magazine for being one of the 100 Photographs that Changed the World

Mathew Brady

Brady is mostly known for being an American civil war photographer. He was born in warren country, New York, USA. Brady studied painting, in 1839.Traveled to Albany, New York then to New York city. Brady’s teacher Samuel F.B Morse met Louis Jacques Daguerre on a trip and when returned, Morse opened a studio and offered classes to study in daguerreotype photography, Brady was one of the first people to join. A couple of years later in 1844, Brady had opened his own photography studio in New York. He also had opened another studio in Washington D.C in 1849.

Most of Brady’s photos were daguerreotypes, but soon after moved towards ambrotype photography, which lead to the albumen print. Albumen prints were mostly used for American Civil War photography.

Soon after, Brady was soon taken after the idea of documenting the war itself, he had asked for permission to travel to battles sites. He got permission From president Lincoln, but he was told that it was all under his own expense.

Brady was known for bringing his own photographic studio right onto the battlefields.

Throughout the dangers, financial risk and no encouragement, Brady had quoted saying “I had to go. A spirit in my feet said ‘GO’ and I went.”

Brady had been in a couple of close calls, that he barely got enough images after awhile. Therefore; Brady needed to higher assistants. Assistants were; Alexander Gardner, Timothy O’Sullivan, William Pywell, George N. Barnard, Thomas C. Roche and 17 other men.

All were given a traveling darkroom and were off to photograph scenes from the Civil War.

Then on, Mathew Brady had many exhibitions one of them being “The Dead of Antietam” Brady’s exhibition helped Americans see what really goes on. Brady’s photography is known for being an eye opener.

He was 74 years old when he had passed away…

Alexander Gardner

Gardner was a Scottish photographer who emigrated to the united states in 1858.

Gardner is best known for his work of photography of the American Civil War.

Gardner would emigrate time to time. He would buy and sell land repeatedly. Gardner visited The Great Exhibition in 1851 in Hyde park, London. Which was the photography of Mathew Brady.

After seeing the exhibition, Gardner’s interest for photography was indescribable. He was interested in the subject.

Gardner had initiated contact with Brady and went to work for him later during that year, 1856. continuing until 1862.

Gardner’s job at first was to make the imperial large photographic prints but Brady’s eye sight began to fail therefore; Gardner took more responsibility.

In 1858, Brady had put Gardner in charge of his gallery in Washington D,C.

James Nachtwey

James Nachtwey was born March 14th, 1948 in Syracuse, New York. He grew up in Massachusetts, where he studied Art History and Political Science at Darmouth College.

After his studies, he started working as a newspaper photographer in 1976 at the Albuquerque Journal. In 1981, he moved to New York and began working as a freelance photographer. A year later, Nachtwey covered his first overseas project in Northern Ireland illustrating civil strife.

• He has since then documented a variety of armed conflicts and social issues.

• He has been injured many times throughout his adventures.

• Nachtwey received many prestigious awards and honors.

"Every minute I was there, I wanted to flee.

I did not want to see this.Would I cut and run, or would I deal withthe responsibility of being there with a camera"

(James Nachtwey)

A hospital patient with advanced tuberculosis in Mumbai

Medics with a wounded marine in Iraq

Lesson Objectives

Select one of the themes outlined below: •Peace •Conflict •Resistance •Hope •Freedom

Write a 500 word essay on this theme including annotated images to illustrate your point

Locate the work of 1 photographer who has produced work exploring the theme of your choice.

Extension activity

Research and begin work on light Painting task (Task 4 Studio on Moodle)

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_photography• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(photographer)• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Brady• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nachtwey#Photography• http://www.jamesnachtwey.com/• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fenton

Links

National Geographic Magazine http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1210_031210_warwomen.htmlTime Magazinehttp://www.time.com/time/photoessaysTime Magazinehttp://www.time.com/time/2002/afghanistan/CFJE Onlinehttp://www.cfje.dk/cfje/Uddbase.nsf/ID/UB04481190First Run Icarus Filmshttp://www.frif.com/new2002/warp2.htmlUnited States Department of Defensehttp://www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb2003/d20030228pag.pdfCalifornia State University at Fullertonhttp://commfaculty.fullerton.edu/lester/writings/military.htmlUSC Annenberg Online Journalism Reviewhttp://www.ojr.org/ojr/lasica/1048185413.phpCorbishttp://pro.corbis.com/sectionfront/default.aspx?Category=9United States Department of Defensehttp://www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb2001/n02132001_200102135.htmlLos Angeles Times Newspaper http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/iraq/la-iraq-war-photos,0,5399727.gallery?coll=la-adelphia-right-rail

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Sources