Conflict+of+Laws+Digests

8/12/2019 Conflict+of+Laws+Digests

1/62

Conflict of Laws Cases 1951-1960

(1) Saura Import and Export Co! Inc " #i$iano L %eer

GR No. L-2927 February 26, 1951(&) 'ilippine efinin* " Ledesma

GR No. L-2193 April 27, 1951

(+) In re, estate Estate of te deceased .ose # Sunta/GR Nos. L-3087 an L-3088 !uly 31, 195"

() 'acific %icronisian Line " el osario

GR No. L-715" #$%ober 23, 195"(5) 2in* %au 3u " S/cip

GR No. L-5897 April 23, 195"(6) 4rca " .a"ier

GR No. L-6768 !uly 31, 195"() e los Santos and 4strauillo " epu$lic

GR No. L-"818 February 28, 1955

(7) Ca/etano Liwana* " o$ert 8amill

GR No. L-7881 February 27, 1956(9) 'aul %ac onald " ational Cit/ #an: of ;

GR No. L-7991 &ay 21, 1956

(10) Cu uadalupe Corre

GR No. L-10128 No)e(ber 13, 1956

(1&) Lao Icon* et al " .aime 8ernande?

101 il 1155 &ay 31, 1957

(1+) East$oard a"i*ation " .uan ;smael Co

102 *+il 1 'ep%e(ber 10, 1957

(1) L/ >io: 8a et al " >alan*101 *+il "59 &ay 17, 1957

(15) 4merican #i$le Societ/ " Cit/ of %anila

101 *+il 386 April 30, 1957

(16) Claudina @da de @illaruel " %anila %otor

10" *+il 926 e$e(ber 13, 1958

(1) oman Catolic 4postolic 4dministrator of a"ao " e Land e*istration

Commission

102 *+il 596 e$e(ber 20, 1957

(17) Lim Sio: 8ue/ " 4lfredo Lapi?

103 *+il 930 &ay 28, 1958

(19) Lee Suan 4/ et al " >alan*

106 *+il 707 e$e(ber 23, 1959

(&0) 2o 3ai %e " >alan*

106 *+il 661 No)e(ber 28, 1959

(&1) estate Estate of CA #oanan " #oanan et al!

G.R. No. L-12105 !anuary 30, 1960


2/62

(&&) #enito Lim " 8er$ert #rownwell

107 *+il 3"" &ar$+ 2", 1960

S4


3/62

Doctrine:While on army bases of installations within Philippines, the goods purchased were, incontemplation of law, on foreign soil. The result was that when Saura, after acquiring title to

such goods, brought them outside of those bases or depots, there was importation in the ordinary

sense.

FA'/ +is is an a$%ion %o re$o)er a %a pai in pro%es% by 'aura (por% an por% o. n$.'aura (por% an por% n$ bou+% 4ro( %+e Forein Liuia%ion o((ission, a ni%e

'%a%es Go)ern(en% aen$y, eeps, eapons $arriers, an %ru$s, all o4 +i$+, a% %+e %i(e o4pur$+ase, ere lo$a%e in i44eren% ni%e '%a%es Ar(y epo%s in %+e *+ilippines. ((eia%ely%+erea4%er, 'aura +a %+e pur$+ases eli)ere %o i% +i$+ in %urn sol i% %o %+ir persons in %+e*+ilippines.Lower Court ulin*, 'aura (por% an por% n$ is an i(por%er an le)ie on %+e (o%or)e+i$les pur$+ase %+e per$en%ae %a as pres$ribe in 'e$%ions 185 an 186 o4 o((oneal%+A$% No. "66.ISSin %+is $ase by %+e ni%e '%a%es Ar(y? $ease only +en @%+e o$$upan% evacuated%+e is%ri$% or was ri)en ou% by %+e ene(y, or by levee en massee, an %+e lei%i(a%e o)ern(en%a$%ually resumed i%s 4un%ions.@

=y poli%i$al rela%ions+ip be%een %+e *+ilippines an be%een %+e ni%e '%a%es an byreason o4 ar, %+e ni%e '%a%es Go)ern(en% on %+a% a%e enoye urisi$%ional ri+%s o)er$er%ain areas o4 %+e *+ilippine %erri%ory an o)er (ili%ary oos brou+% +ere an in%ene 4or %+eni%e '%a%es Ar(y. :+ile on ar(y bases o4 ins%alla%ions i%+in *+ilippines %+ose oos ere, in

$on%e(pla%ion o4 la, on 4orein soil. +e resul% as %+a% +en 'aura, a4%er a$uirin %i%le %o su$+oos, brou+% %+e( ou%sie o4 %+ose bases or epo%s, %+ere as i(por%a%ion in %+e orinary sense.

'8ILI''IE EII> CA%'4;! IC "CES4 LEES%4> o L-&91+ 4pril &! 1951

Doctrine: nder the !aw Pia doctrine, a pre"war debtor who had paid his debt during the

#apanese occupation with the authori$ed office%body of the occupant is released from all hisliability to the former creditor.


4/62

4CS, *+ilippine Re4inin orpora%ion is a o(es%i$ $orpora%ion opera%in as an oil(anu4a$%urer an re4iner, i%+ i%s $api%al s%o$ bein one (os%ly by =ri%is+ an u%$+in%eres%s.

#n February 15, 1939, %+e *+ilippine Re4inin o(pany sol %o %+e e4enan% esarLees(a, a Filipino $i%ien, %+ree par$els o4 lan in *aranaue, Rial 4or %+e a(oun% o4 *"13,6"".Lees(a eli)ere *103,"11 in $as+, an ee$u%e si pro(issory no%es 4or %+e balan$e, ea$+ 4or

%+e a(oun% o4 *51,705.50, (a%urin su$$essi)ely on February 15 o4 %+e years 19"0, 19"1, 19"2,19"3, 19"", an 19"5. o se$ure pay(en% o4 %+e no%es, Lees(a (or%ae %+e %+ree par$els o4lan. +e 4irs% %o pro(issory no%es ere pai. Boe)er, urin %+e !apanese o$$upa%ion,Lees(a sa%is4ie %+e re(ainin 4our pro(issory no%es %o %+e #44i$e o4 %+e ne(y *roper%yus%oian o4 %+e !apanese Ar(y, upon pre)ious e(an by %+e la%er. +e pay(en% as (ae in!apanese (ili%ary no%es. onseuen%ly, %+e !apanese au%+ori%ies $ause %+e (or%ae %o be$an$elle an %+is as uly no%e in proper Reis%ry o4 ees.Lower Court ulin*,+e pay(en% (ae by Lees(a is )ali as per %+e Ba *ia o$%rine +i$+absol)e a pre-ar eb%or o4 %+e +ina =anin orpora%ion +o +a pai +is eb% urin %+e!apanese o$$upa%ion i%+ !apanese (ili%ary no%es %o %+e =an o4 aian, %+a% +a beenesina%e by %+e !apanese &ili%ary %o liuia%e %+e a4oresai ban, an ene(y-one ins%i%u%iones%ablis+e in o$$upie %erri%ory.

ISS


5/62

ru na(ely, Apolonio, on$ep$ion, Anel, &anuel, Feeri$o, Ana, Aurora, (iliano, an$+ilren i%+ +is se$on (arriae %o &aria Na%i)ia Li( =illian na(ely !ose, !r. an 'il)ino.

n%es%a%e pro$eeins ere ins%i%u%e in %+e our% o4 Firs% ns%an$e o4 =ula$an. Apolonio'un%ay as e$lare a(inis%ra%or. A4%er +is ea%+, Feeri$o . 'un%ay as appoin%ea(inis%ra%or o4 %+e es%a%e. &aria Na%i)ia 4ile a pe%i%ion in %+e our% o4 Firs% ns%an$e o4=ula$an 4or %+e proba%e o4 a las% ill an %es%a(en% $lai(e %o +a)e been ee$u%e an sine in

%+e *+ilippines on No)e(ber 1929 by %+e la%e !ose =. 'un%ay. +is pe%i%ion as enie be$auseo4 %+e loss o4 sai ill an o4 %+e insu44i$ien$y o4 %+e e)ien$e %o es%ablis+ %+e loss o4 %+e saiill. An appeal as %aen 4ro( sai orer enyin %+e proba%e o4 %+e ill an %+is our% +el %+ee)ien$e be4ore %+e proba%e $our% su44i$ien% %o pro)e %+e loss o4 %+e ill an re(ane %+e $ase %o%+e our% o4 Firs% ns%an$e o4 =ula$an 4or %+e 4ur%+er pro$eeins.

'il)ino 'un%ay, $lai(in %+a% +e +a 4oun a(on %+e 4iles, re$ors an o$u(en%s o4 +isla%e 4a%+er a ill an %es%a(en% in +inese $+ara$%ers ee$u%e an sine by %+e e$ease on "!anuary 1931 an %+a% %+e sa(e as 4ile, re$ore an proba%e in %+e A(oy is%ri$% $our%,*ro)in$e o4 Fooien, +ina, 4ile a pe%i%ion in %+e in%es%a%e pro$eeins prayin 4or %+e proba%e o4%+e ill ee$u%e in %+e *+ilippines or o4 %+e ill ee$u%e in A(oy, Fooien, +ina.:i%nesses ere presen%e %o pro)e %+e eis%en$e o4 %+e ill alleely le4% by !ose 'un%ay.

Lower Court ulin*,issalloe allee ill an %es%a(en% ee$u%e in &anila on No)e(ber1929, an %+e allee las% ill an %es%a(en% ee$u%e in Dulansu, A(oy, +ina, on " !anuary1931, by !ose =. 'un%ay.

ISS


6/62

$o(pe%en% e)ien$e. Boe)er, %+ere as no e)ien$e presen%e %o pro)e %+is poin%. +eun)eri4ie ansers %o %+e ues%ions propoune by $ounsel 4or %+e appellan% %o %+e onsulGeneral o4 %+e Republi$ o4 +ina, obe$%e %o by $ounsel 4or %+e appellee, are ina(issible,be$ause apar% 4ro( %+e 4a$% %+a% %+e o44i$e o4 onsul General oes no% uali4y an (ae %+eperson +o +ols i% an eper% on %+e +inese la on pro$eure in proba%e (a%%ers, i4 %+e sa(e bea(i%%e, %+e a)erse par%y oul be epri)e o4 +is ri+% %o $on4ron% an $ross-ea(ine %+e

i%ness. onsuls are appoin%e %o a%%en %o %rae (a%%ers. &oreo)er, i% appears %+a% all %+epro$eeins +a in %+e (uni$ipal is%ri$% $our% o4 A(oy ere 4or %+e purpose o4 %ain %+e%es%i(ony o4 %o a%%es%in i%nesses %o %+e ill an %+a% %+e orer o4 %+e (uni$ipal is%ri$% $our%o4 A(oy oes no% purpor% %o proba%e %+e ill. n %+e absen$e o4 proo4 %+a% %+e (uni$ipal is%ri$%$our% o4 A(oy is a proba%e $our% an on %+e +inese la o4 pro$eure in proba%e (a%%ers, i% (aybe presu(e %+a% %+e pro$eeins in %+e (a%%er o4 proba%in or alloin a ill in %+e +inese$our%s are %+e a eposi%ion or %o a perpe%ua%ion o4 %es%i(ony, an e)en i4 i% ere so i% oes no%(easure sa(e as %+ose pro)ie 4or in our las on %+e sube$%. % is a pro$eein in re( an 4or%+e )alii%y o4 su$+ pro$eeins personal no%i$e or by publi$a%ion or bo%+ %o all in%eres%e par%ies(us% be (ae. +e in%eres%e par%ies in %+e $ase ere non %o resie in %+e *+ilippines. +ee)ien$e s+os %+a% no su$+ no%i$e as re$ei)e by %+e in%eres%e par%ies resiin in %+e*+ilippines

+e orer o4 %+e (uni$ipal is%ri$% $our% o4 A(oy, +ina, oes no% purpor% %o proba%e orallo %+e ill +i$+ as %+e sube$% o4 %+e pro$eeins. n )ie %+ereo4, %+e ill an %+e alleeproba%e %+ereo4 $anno% be sai %o +a)e been one in a$$oran$e i%+ %+e a$$ep%e basi$ an4una(en%al $on$ep%s an prin$iples 4olloe in %+e proba%e an alloan$e o4 ills.onseuen%ly, %+e au%+en%i$a%e %rans$rip% o4 pro$eeins +el in %+e (uni$ipal is%ri$% $our% o4A(oy, +ina, $anno% be ee(e an a$$ep%e as pro$eeins leain %o %+e proba%e or alloan$eo4 a ill an, %+ere4ore, %+e ill re4erre %o %+erein $anno% be alloe, 4ile an re$ore by a$o(pe%en% $our% o4 %+is $oun%ry.


7/62

'4CIIC %ICAISI4 LIE! IC " EL AS4IA

> o L-15 Acto$er &+! 195

octrine,n orer %+a% ser)i$es (ay be e44e$%e upon pri)a%e $orpora%ions, i% is reuire %+a% %+e4orein $orpora%ion be one +i$+ is doing business in the Philippines. +is is asine qua nonreuire(en%. +is 4a$% (us% be 4irs% es%ablis+e in orer %+a% su((ons $an be (ae anurisi$%ion a$uire.

4CS,Al4onsa *elinon 4ile a $lai( 4or $o(pensa%ion 4or +ersel4 an +er %o (inor $+ilreni%+ %+e :or(enEs o(pensa%ion o((ission aains% %+e Luon '%e)eorin o., n$., +ore4use %o en%er%ain %+e $lai( on %+e roun %+a% sai $o(pany as no% %+e e(ployer o4 %+ee$ease +usban o4 %+e $lai(an%. +e :or(enEs o(pensa%ion o((ission, belie)in %+a% %+e*a$i4i$ Far as% Line, n$., a 4orein $orpora%ion li$ense %o o business in %+e *+ilippines, asan aen% o4 pe%i%ioner i%+ au%+ori%y %o re$ei)e ser)i$e o4 pro$ess, ser)e no%i$e o4 %+e $lai( onan o44i$ial o4 sai 4orein $orpora%ion +o in %urn 4orare %+e no%i$e %o pe%i%ioner e)en i4 %+ela%%er as no% an aen% o4, nor as i% au%+orie %o a$$ep% ser)i$e o4 pro$ess in be+al4 o4, saipe%i%ioner. *a$i4i$ 4ile a spe$ial appearan$e i%+ %+e :or(enEs o(pensa%ion o((ission 4or%+e sole purpose o4 asin 4or %+e is(issal o4 %+e $lai( on %+e roun %+a% %+e o((ission +ano urisi$%ion o)er i% be$ause i% is a 4orein $orpora%ion no% o(i$ile in %+is $oun%ry, i% is no%li$ense %o enae an is no% enain in business %+erein, +as no o44i$e in %+e *+ilippines, an is

no% represen%e by any aen% au%+orie %o re$ei)e su((ons or any o%+er ui$ial pro$ess in i%sna(e an be+al4.

Lower Court ulin*, +e :or(enEs o(pensa%ion o((ission +as urisi$%ion o)er %+epe%i%ioner. Ben$e, %+e $ase $an be %rie on i%s (eri%s.

ISS


8/62

upon %+e aen% +o represen%e i% in en%erin in%o %+e $on%ra$% o4 e(ploy(en% i%+ %+ee$ease +usban.

4IA, +e per%inen% rule %o be $onsiere is se$%ion 1", Rule 7, o4 %+e Rules o4 our%, +i$+re4ers %o ser)i$e upon pri)a%e 4orein $orpora%ions. +is se$%ion pro)ies/

'. 1". Service upon private foreign corporations. 4 %+e e4enan% is a 4orein

$orpora%ion, or a non-resien% oin% s%o$ $o(pany or asso$ia%ion, oin business in %+e*+ilippines, ser)i$e (ay be (ae on i%s resien% aen% esina%e in a$$oran$e i%+ la4or %+a% purpose, or, i4 %+ere be no su$+ aen%, on %+e o)ern(en% o44i$ial esina%e byla %o %+a% e44e$%, or on any o4 i%s o44i$ers or aen%s i%+in %+e *+ilippines.

+e abo)e se$%ion pro)ies 4or %+ree (oes o4 e44e$%in ser)i$es upon a pri)a%e$orpora%ion, na(ely/ >1? by ser)in upon %+e aen% esina%e in a$$oran$e i%+ la %o a$$ep%ser)i$e o4 su((ons >2? i4 %+ere be no spe$ial aen%, by ser)in on %+e o)ern(en% o44i$ialesina%e by la %o %+a% e44e$% an >3? by ser)in on any o44i$er or aen% i%+in %+e *+ilippines.=u%, i% s+oul be no%e, in orer %+a% ser)i$es (ay be e44e$%e in %+e (anner abo)e s%a%e, saise$%ion also reuires %+a% %+e 4orein $orpora%ion be one +i$+ is doing business in thePhilippines. +is is asine qua nonreuire(en%. +is 4a$% (us% be 4irs% es%ablis+e in orer %+a%

su((ons $an be (ae an urisi$%ion a$uire. +is is no% only $lear in %+e rule bu% is re4le$%ein a re$en% e$ision o4 %+is our%. :e %+ere sai %+a% @as lon as 4orein pri)a%e $orpora%ion oesor enaes in business in %+is urisi$%ion, i% s+oul an ill be a(enable %o pro$ess an %+eurisi$%ion o4 %+e lo$al $our%s.@

*e%i%ioner is a $orpora%ion e$lusi)ely enae in %+e business o4 $arryin oos anpasseners by sea be%een %+e %erri%ory o4 Gua( an %+e rus% erri%ories o4 %+e *a$i4i$ slansan 4or %+a% purpose i% as opera%in a 4lee% o4 )essels plyin be%een %+ose por%s or %erri%ories.*e%i%ioner +as no proper%y or o44i$e in %+e *+ilippines, nor is i% li$ense %o o business in %+e*+ilippines. An %+e only a$% i% i +ere as %o se$ure %+e ser)i$es o4 Lu$eno *elinon %o a$% as$oo an $+ie4 s%ear in one o4 i%s )essels au%+oriin %o %+a% e44e$% %+e Luon '%e)eorin o.,n$. a o(es%i$ $orpora%ion. *e%i%ioner enae %+e ser)i$es o4 *elinon no% as par% o4 %+eopera%ion o4 i%s business bu% (erely %o e(ploy +i( as (e(ber o4 %+e $re in one o4 i%s s+ips.

+a% a$% apparen%ly is an isola%e one, in$ien%al, or $asual, an @no% o4 a $+ara$%er %o ini$a%e apurpose %o enae in business@ i%+in %+e (eanin o4 %+e rule. +e o((ission +as nourisi$%ion o)er %+e pe%i%ioner an, %+ere4ore, %+e presen% pro$eeins $anno% $on%inue an s+oulbe is(isse.


9/62

2I> %4< 3< "4CISCA S;CI'> o L-579 4pril &+! 195

Doctrine:) non"resident may sue a resident in the courts of this country where the defendantmay be summoned and his property leviable upon e*ecution in the case of a favorable, final, and

e*ecutory +udgment.

4CS,+is is an a$%ion %o $olle$% 4ile by Din &a :u aains% Fran$is$o 'y$ip 4or %+ea(oun% o4 *59,082.92, %oe%+er i%+ la4ul in%eres%s 4ro( 1" #$%ober 19"7, %+e a%e o4 %+eri%%en e(an 4or pay(en%, an $os%s.

Din &au :uu, aen% o4 Fran$is$o 'y$ip, sol an eli)ere 1,000 %ons o4 $o$onu% oile(ulsion %o !as &aell Fasse%. Fasse% in %urn assine i% %o For%rae orpora%ion. ner anaen$y aree(en% ee$u%e in Ne ;or, +i$+ as aresse an a$$ep%e by Fran$is$o 'y$ipon No)e(ber 22, 19"5, Din &au :u as (ae %+e e$lusi)e aen% o4 'y$ip in %+e sale o4$o$onu% oil an i%s eri)a%ies ou%sie %+e *+ilippines an as %o be pai 2 H per$en% on %+e a$%ualsale pri$e o4 sales ob%aine %+ru +is e44or%s, in ai%ion %o 50 per$en% o4 %+e i44eren$e be%een %+eau%+orie sale pri$e an %+e a$%ual sale pri$e.

Din &au :u $lai(s %+a% 4or %+e sale %o Fasse%, +e is en%i%le uner %+e aen$y $on%ra$%%o a $o((ission o4 2 H per$en% on %+e %o%al a$%ual sale pri$e o4 1,000 %ons o4 $o$onu% oil e(ulsionan 50 per $en% o4 %+e i44eren$e be%een %+e au%+orie sale pri$e o4 I350 per %on an %+e a$%ualsellin pri$e o4 I"00 per %on. As 'y$ip alreay (ae pre)ious pay(en%s, Din &au :u is us%$olle$%in on balan$e pay(en%s ue %o +i(.

'y$ip, on %+e o%+er +an, $on%ens %+a% %+e sales %ransa$%ion as no% $o)ere by %+eaen$y $on%ra$% a%e No)e(ber 22 as %+e sales as aree upon on #$%ober 16 an %+a% i% asan inepenen% an separa%e %ransa$%ion 4or +i$+ Din &au :u +a been uly $o(pensa%e.

Lower Court ulin*,Renere u(en% in 4a)or o4 Din &au :u an enie bo%+ %+e (o%ion4or re$onsiera%ion an ne %rial 4ile by 'y$ip. 'y$ip 4ile an appeal, $on%enin %+a% %+e our%o4 Firs% ns%an$e o4 &anila +as no urisi$%ion o)er %+e $ase as %+e aen$y $on%ra$% as ee$u%e

in Ne ;or.

ISS


10/62

arisin 4ro( $on%ra$% an unless %+e en4or$e(en% o4 %+e $on%ra$% be aains% publi$ poli$y o4 %+e4oru(, i% (us% be en4or$e.

+e plain%i44 is en%i%le %o $olle$% *7,589.88 4or $o((ission an *50,000 4or one-+al4 o4%+e o)erpri$e, or a %o%al o4 *57,589.88, la4ul in%eres%s %+ereon 4ro( %+e a%e o4 %+e 4ilin o4 %+e$o(plain%, an $os%s in bo%+ ins%an$es.

S4L


11/62

in%erpre%e as pla$in +er uner %+e urisi$%ion o4 %+e $our% be$ause i%s only purpose as %oi(pun %+e $lai( o4 appellan% %+a% +is o(i$ile or leal resien$e a% %+a% %i(e as &obileoun%y, an %o s+o %+a% %+e roun o4 eser%ion i(pu%e %o +er as baseless an 4alse. 'u$+anser s+oul be $onsiere as a spe$ial appearan$e %+e purpose o4 +i$+ is %o i(pun %+eurisi$%ion o4 %+e $our% o)er %+e $ase.

n e$iin %+e anson $ase, %+is $our% i no% o)erloo %+e o%+er $ases pre)iously

e$ie on %+e (a%%er, bu% pre$isely %oo oo no%e o4 %+e(. A(on %+e $ases in)oe are-amire$ vs. mur, "2 *+il. 855 ousins Bi vs. Flue(er, 55 *+il., 851, an /arretto on$alesvs. on$ales, 58 *+il., 67.

n %+e $ases us% (en%ione, %+is $our% lai on %+e 4olloin o$%rines/

% is es%ablis+e by %+e rea% ei+% o4 au%+ori%y %+a% %+e $our% o4 a $oun%ry in +i$+nei%+er o4 %+e spouses is o(i$ile an %o +i$+ one or bo%+ o4 %+e( (ay resor% (erely4or %+e purpose o4 ob%ainin a i)or$e +as no urisi$%ion %o e%er(ine %+eir (a%ri(onials%a%us an a i)or$e ran%e by su$+ a $our% is no% en%i%le %o re$oni%ion else+ere.>SeeNo%e %o 'u$$ession o4 =en%on, 59 L. R. A., 1"3? +e )olun%ary appearan$e o4 %+ee4enan% be4ore su$+ a %ribunal oes no% in)es% %+e $our% i%+ urisi$%ion. >Anres vs.

Anres, 188 . '., 1" "7 L. e., 366.?

% 4ollos %+a%, %o i)e a $our% urisi$%ion on %+e roun o4 %+e plain%i44Es resien$e in %+e'%a%e or $oun%ry o4 %+e ui$ial 4oru(, +is resien$e (us% be bona fide. >1" y$. 817,181.?@ >Ra(ire vs. G(ur, 82 *+il., 855.?

=u% e)en i4 +is resien$e +a been %aen up is oo 4ai%+, an %+e $our% +a a$uireurisi$%ion %o %ae $onian$e o4 %+e i)or$e sui%, %+e e$ree issue in +is 4a)or is no%binin upon %+e appellan% 4or %+e (a%ri(onial o(i$ile o4 %+e spouses bein %+e i%y o4&anila, an no ne o(i$ile +a)in been a$uire in :es% Kirinia, %+e su((ons (aeby publi$a%ion, s+e no% +a)in en%ere an appearan$e in %+e $ase, ei%+er personally or by$ounsel, i no% $on4er urisi$%ion upon sai $our% o)er +er person. >ousins Bi vs.

Flue(er, 55 *+il., 851.?

A% all %i(es %+e (a%ri(onial o(i$ile o4 %+is $ouple +as been i%+in %+e *+ilippineslans an %+e resien$e a$uire in %+e '%a%e o4 Ne)aa by %+e +usban 4or %+e purposeo4 se$urin a i)or$e as no% a bona 4ie resien$e an i no% $on4er urisi$%ion upon%+e $our% o4 %+e '%a%e %o issol)e %+e bons o4 (a%ri(ony in +i$+ +e +a en%ere in1919. >=arre%%o Gonales vs. Gonales, 58 *+il., 67.?

n %+e li+% o4 %+e 4oreoin au%+ori%ies, i% $anno% %+ere4ore be sai %+a% %+e &obile oun%your% o4 Alaba(a +a a$uire urisi$%ion o)er %+e $ase 4or %+e si(ple reason %+a% a% %+e %i(e i%as 4ile appellan%Es leal resien$e as %+en in %+e *+ilippines. Be $oul no% +a)e a$uire lealresien$e or o(i$ile a% &obile oun%y be$ause a% %+a% %i(e +e as s%ill in %+e ser)i$e o4 %+e .'.

Na)y an (erely ren%e a roo( +ere +e use %o s%ay urin +is o$$asional s+ore lea)e 4or s+i4%u%y. +a% +e ne)er in%ene %o li)e %+ere per(anen%ly is s+on by %+e 4a$% %+a% a4%er +is (arriae%o +el(a Fran$is in 19"1, +e (o)e %o Ne ;or an a4%er +is i)or$e 4ro( +el(a in 19"9an +is re%ire(en% 4ro( %+e .'. Na)y, +e re%urne %o %+e *+ilippines an (arrie &aria #)inao4 Nai$, a)i%e, +ere +e li)e e)er sin$e. % (ay %+ere4ore be sai %+a% appellan% en% %o &obileoun%y, no% i%+ %+e in%en%ion o4 per(anen%ly resiin %+ere, or o4 $onsierin %+a% pla$e as +isper(anen% aboe, bu% 4or %+e sole purpose o4 ob%ainin i)or$e 4ro( +is i4e. 'u$+ resien$e isno% su44i$ien% %o $on4er urisi$%ion on %+e $our%.


12/62

4'ALI4IA > E LAS S4AS and IS4#ELA 4S4D


13/62

4CS, +is a$%ion in)ol)es %+e %i%le %o 1,600,000 s+ares o4 s%o$ o4 %+e Lepan%o onsolia%e&inin o., n$. *lain%i44s $on%en %+a% e los 'an%os bou+% 55,000 s+ares 4ro( !uan a(pos,in &anila, early in e$e(ber, 19"2 %+a% +e bou+% 300,000 s+ares 4ro( arl Bess an %+a%,be4ore +ris%(as o4 19"2, +e bou+% 800,000 s+ares 4ro( arl Bess, %+is %i(e 4or %+e a$$oun% anbene4i% o4 As%rauillo. =y )ir%ue o4 )es%in *-12, a%e February 18, 19"5, %i%le %o %+e 1,600,000

s+ares o4 s%o$ in ispu%e as, +oe)er, )es%e in %+e Alien *roper%y us%oian o4 %+e . '.>+ereina4%er re4erre %o as %+e *roper%y us%oian? as !apanese proper%y. Ben$e, plain%i44s 4ile%+eir respe$%i)e $lai(s i%+ %+e *roper%y us%oian. n ue $ourse, %+e Kes%e *roper%y lai(so((i%%ee o4 %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A(inis%ra%ion (ae a @e%er(ina%ion,@ a%e &ar$+9, 19"8, alloin sai $lai(s, +i$+ ere $onsiere an +ear oin%ly as lai( No. 535, bu%,upon personal re)ie, %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A(inis%ra%ion (ae by sai o((i%%ee ane$ree %+a% @%i%le %o %+e s+ares in ues%ion s+all re(ain in %+e na(e o4 %+e *+ilippine Alien*roper%y A(inis%ra%or.@ onseuen%ly, plain%i44s ins%i%u%e %+e presen% a$%ion %o es%ablis+ %i%le %o%+e a4ore(en%ione s+ares o4 s%o$ an pray %+a% u(en% be renere e$larin %+e( la4uloners o4 sai s+ares o4 s%o$, i%+ su$+ i)iens, pro4i%s an ri+%s as (ay +a)e a$$rue%+ere%o reuirin %+e e4enan% %o rener a$$oun%s an %o %rans4er sai s+ares o4 s%o$ %oplain%i44sE na(es an sen%en$in %+e 4or(er %o pay %+e $os%s.

+e e4enan% +erein, A%%orney General o4 %+e . '., su$$essor %o %+e @A(inis%ra%or@,$on%ens %+a% prior %o %+e ou%brea o4 %+e ar in %+e *a$i4i$, sai s+ares o4 s%o$ ere bou+% byKi$en%e &arial, in %rus% 4or, an 4or %+e bene4i% o4, %+e &i%sui =ussan Dais+a >+ereina4%erre4erre %o as %+e @&i%suis@?, a $orpora%ion oranie in a$$oran$e i%+ %+e las o4 !apan, %+e%rue oner %+ereo4, i%+ bran$+ o44i$e in %+e *+ilippines %+a% on or be4ore &ar$+, 19"2, &arialeli)ere %+e $orresponin s%o$ $er%i4i$a%es, i%+ +is blan inorse(en% %+ereon, %o %+e &i%suis,+i$+ ep% sai $er%i4i$a%es, in %+e 4iles o4 i%s o44i$e in &anila, un%il %+e libera%ion o4 %+e la%%er by%+e A(eri$an 4or$es early in 19"5 %+a% %+e &i%suis +a ne)er sol, or o%+erise ispose o4, sais+ares o4 s%o$ an %+a% %+e s%o$ $er%i4i$a%es a4ore(en%ione (us% +a)e been s%olen or loo%e,%+ere4ore, urin %+e e(eren$y resul%in 4ro( sai libera%ion.

Lower Court ulin*, !u(en% as renere in 4a)or o4 %+e plain%i44s

ISS


14/62

boos, 4or a perio o4 al(os% "5 years, is, %o our (in, $lear proo4 o4 %+e unillinness o4 ourepar%(en% %o $+ane %+e poli$y se% 4or%+ in se$%ion 35 o4 A$% No. 1"59. Neeless %o say, %+is 4a$%nea%es our au%+ori%y +i$+ is li(i%e %o %+e in%erpre%a%ion o4 %+e la, an i%s appli$a%ion, withall its imperfections %o abanon +a% %+e issen%in opinion $+ara$%eries as %+e @$i)il las%anpoin%,@ an subs%i%u%e, in lieu %+ereo4, %+e $o((er$ial )iepoin%, by applyin sai se$%ion 5o4 %+e ni4or( '%o$ rans4er A$%, al%+ou+ no% a par% o4 %+e la o4 %+e lan. nee, e)en in

(a%%ers enerally $onsiere as 4allin i%+in @$o((er$ial %erri%ory@, %+e Ro(an La $on$ep%+as no% i)en ay in %+e *+ilippines %o %+e o((on La approa$+, e$ep% +en %+ere is e*plicits%a%u%ory pro)ision %o %+e $on%rary.

C4;E4A # LI344>! " A#E S 84%ILL! E 4L

> o L-771 e$ruar/ &! 1956

Doctrine:7aws of the Philippines continue to be in force in said bases e*cept when otherwiseagreed upon in an agreement.

4CS, Rober% '. Ba(ill, &aor, 'AF, Assis%an% =ase *ro)os% &ars+al, lar Air For$e =ase,pro)in$e o4 *a(pana, 4ile an a(ene $o(plain% aains% Liana 4or )iola%ion o4 se$%ion 17"o4 %+e n%ernal Re)enue oe. % is allee in %+e a(ene $o(plain% %+a% Liana, a pri)a%eini)iual, i%+ou% au%+ori%y +a%soe)er, an i%+ou% payin %+e $orresponin spe$i4i$ %a o4:# *'#' >*2? per $ar%oon, i %+en an %+ere ill4ully, unla4ully an 4eloniously, possessan +a)e in +is $on%rol se)en%een $ar%oons o4 i(por%e 4ree o4 %a A(eri$an $iare%%es 4or useonly o4 %+e ' &ili%ary an Na)al For$es s%a%ione in %+e *+ilippines.M +e $o(plain% assubs$ribe an sorn %o be4ore !ue Loreno . Li$up. ounsel 4or Liana (o)e %o uas+%+e $o(plain% in %+e !us%i$e o4 %+e *ea$e our%, bu% %+is as enie. +ereupon Liana 4ile a

pe%i%ion 4or pro+ibi%ion i%+ %+e our% o4 Firs% ns%an$e, allein %+a% Rober% '. Ba(ill +as nopersonal $apa$i%y %o subs$ribe %o %+e $o(plain% an %+e !us%i$e o4 %+e *ea$e $our%, %+ere4ore,a$uire no urisi$%ion %o $onu$% %+e preli(inary in)es%ia%ion.

Lower Court ulin*, Rober% '. Ba(ill is no% a pea$e o44i$er o4 %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippinesan, %+ere4ore, is no% au%+orie %o 4ile a $o(plain% in a$$oran$e i%+ se$%ion 2, Rule 106 o4 %+eRules o4 our%.


15/62

ISSo4 %+e ni%e '%a%es? %+e poer %o prose$u%e)iola%ions o4 *+ilippine las in %+e (ili%ary bases. 'in$e %+ese bases ere es%ablis+e %+eRepubli$ o4 %+e *+ilippines +as abs%aine 4ro( appoin%in pea$e o44i$ers o4 i%s on %+is (us%+a)e been i%+ %+e uners%anin %+a% %+e ee$u%ion o4 *+ilippine las oul be %aen $are o4%+erein by %+e pea$e o44i$ers o4 %+e ni%e '%a%es o4 A(eri$a. +e absen$e o4 pea$e o44i$ers o4 %+eRepubli$ o4 %+e *+ilippines in %+ese bases is ue %o %+e 4a$% %+a% %+e en4or$e(en% an prose$u%ion

o4 o44enses aains% *+ilippine las as in%ene %o be loe i%+ %+e pea$e o44i$ers o4 %+eni%e '%a%es o4 A(eri$a.


16/62

'4a? +a% %+e (or%aor s+all no% sell or o%+erise ispose o4 %+e sai$+a%%els i%+ou% %+e (or%aeeb? +a% %+e (or%aee (ay 4ore$lose %+e(or%ae a% any %i(e, a4%er brea$+ o4 any $oni%ion %+ereo4, %+e (or%aor ai)in %+e 30- ayno%i$e o4 4ore$losure.

+e Na%ional i%y =an o4 Ne ;or, -espondent +erein learne %+a% %+e par%ners+ip'%asiino$ey %rans4erre %o :illia( '+ae44er, 4ro( %+e la%%er %o *aul &$onal, an 4ro( *aul&$onal %o =ena(in Gonales, o4 %+e )e+i$les pre)iously plee by '%asiino$ey %o %+e-espondent. +us Responen% 4ile an a$%ion aains% '%asiino$ey an i%s allee par%ners Gor$eyan a os%a, as ell as *aul &$onal an =ena(in Gonales, %o re$o)er i%s $rei% an %o4ore$lose %+e $orresponin $+a%%el (or%ae. &$onal an Gonales ere (ae Defendantsbe$ause %+ey $lai(e %o +a)e a be%%er ri+% o)er %+e plee )e+i$le.


17/62

Lower Court ulin*, !u(en% in 4a)or o4 %+e-espondent, annullin %+e sale o4 %+e )e+i$les inues%ion %o =ena(in Gonales sen%en$in a os%a an Gor$ey %o pay %o %+e -espondentoin%lyan se)erally %+e su( o4 *6,13".92, i%+ leal in%eres% 4ro( %+e eb% o4 %+e pro(issory no%ein)ol)e sen%en$in %+ePetitionerGonales %o eli)er %+e )e+i$les in ues%ion %o %+e-espondent4or sale a% publi$ au$%ion i4 a os%a an Gor$ey s+oul 4ail %o pay %+e (oney u(en% ansen%en$in a os%a, Gor$ey an '+ae44ers %o pay %o %+e -espondent oin%ly an se)erally any

e4i$ien$y %+a% (ay re(ain unpai s+oul %+e pro$ees o4 %+e sale no% be su44i$ien% ansen%en$in Gor$ey, a os%a, &$onal an '+ae44er %o pay %+e $os%s.

4ppellate Court ulin*,+e e$ision appeale 4ro( is a44ir(e bu% (oi4ie as %o )ppellant:illia( '+ae44er in %+e oblia%ion o4 payin, oin%ly an se)erally, %oe%+er i%+ Alan :. Gor$eyan Louis F. a os%a, !r., any e4i$ien$y %+a% (ay re(ain unpai a4%er applyin %+e pro$ees o4%+e sale o4 %+e sai (o%or )e+i$les +i$+ s+all be uner%aen upon %+e lapse o4 90 ays 4ro( %+ea%e %+is e$ision be$o(es 4inal, i4 by %+en DefendantsLouis F. a os%a, !r., an Alan :.Gor$ey +a no% pai %+e a(oun% o4 %+e u(en% eb%.

ISS


18/62

C< SAS @ #A4 A 4B 4''E4LS

> o L-6&96 Septem$er &9! 1956

Doctrine: &ommonwealth )ct 4o. 188 94ational (nternal -evenue &ode does not authori$edeductions for war losses which were compensated by the War Damage &ommission since such

compensation does not fall within the purview of ;compensation by insurance or otherwise,< as

the .S. overnment was not under any legal obligation to do so, until .S. &ongress passed the

Philippine -ehabilitation )ct of 5618 9Public 7aw 3=>.

4CS, u nien 'ons >'? is a o(es%i$ $orpora%ion. &ore %+an 70O o4 i%s $api%al s%o$ isone by Filipino $i%iens.

#n February 19"8, ' 4ile i%+ %+e *+ilippine :ar a(ae o((ission>o((ission? a $lai( 4or $o(pensa%ion in a$$oran$e i%+ %+e *+ilippine Re+abili%a%ion A$% o4

19"5. +e *1,079,388.05 $lai( is base on allee losses sus%aine urin %+e ba%%le o4 libera%iono4 &anila an o%+er par%s o4 %+e *+ilippines. #4 %+e su( $lai(e, only *671,770.19 as appro)eby %+e o((ission an *"70,239.19 ill be pai.

#n !une 15, 1950, ' re$ei)e a .'. reasury :arran% 4or *202, 531.06 as par%ialpay(en% o4 %+e appro)e $lai(. Ano%+er reasury :arran% 4or *151,1".31 as %rans(i%%e onNo)e(ber 8, 1950. oe%+er i%+ %+e se$on $+e$, ' as no%i4ie %+a% i% oul be %+e las%pay(en% %o be (ae by %+e o((ission $o)erin 'R? isalloe eu$%ions 4or ar losses $lai(e by ' 4or %+e years19"6 an 19"7 on %+e roun %+a% all ar losses sus%aine by ' s+oul +a)e been $lai(e as a

eu$%ion 4or %+e year 19"5 +en %+e sai losses ere a$%ually sus%aine, pursuan% %o %+e Na%ionaln%ernal Re)enue oe >NR?. ' (ain%ains %+a% %+e sai losses ere $o(pensa%e byinsuran$e or o%+erise,M an %+a% sin$e no%i$e as i)en by %+e o((ission in 1950, i% 4ollos%+a% %+e losses in ues%ion ere no% $+areable as eu$%ions in %+e year 19"5.

Commissioner of Internal e"enue ulin*, +e losses ere no% $o(pensa%e 4or by insuran$eor o%+erise, an %+a%, a$$orinly, %+e $orresponin eu$%ion as per(issible in 19"5 only.

#oard of ax 4ppeals ulin*, A44ir(e R Rulin.

ISS


19/62

:i%+ rear %o %+e ues%ion on +e%+er %+e losses a4ore(en%ione ere $o(pensa%e 4orby insuran$eM in 19"5, ' relies upon 'e$%ion 5>? o4 an A$% o4 onress o4 %+e ni%e '%a%eso4 &ar$+ 27, 19"2 >*ubli$ La 506?. +e pro)ision au%+ories %+e Re$ons%ru$%ion Finan$eorpora%ion %o e(poer %+e :ar a(ae orpora%ion %o use i%s 4un %o pro)ie, %+rou+insuran$e, reinsuran$e or o%+erise, reasonable pro%e$%ion aains% loss o4, or a(ae %o, proper%y+i$+ (ay resul% 4ro( ene(y a%%a$M an %+a% su$+ pro%e$%ion s+all be (ae a)ailable upon

pay(en% o4 su$+ pre(iu( or o%+er $+are as %+e o((ission (ay es%ablis+.M n orer %o $o(euner sai pro)ision, %+ere (us% be >1? insuran$e, reinsuran$e, or o%+eriseM an >2? pay(en%o4 su$+ pre(iu( or o%+er $+are as %+e :ar a(ae orpora%ion (ay es%ablis+.M Nei%+erreuire(en% is presen% in %+e $ase a% bar. Ben$e, ' is no% en%i%le %o %+e bene4i%s o4 %+e *ubli$La 506.

' insis%s %+a% i%s proper%y ere, in e44e$%, $o)ere by a spe$ial s%a%u%ory insuran$e,Mrearless o4 any leisla%ion %+ereon, be$ause/ >1? on e$. 13, 19"1, %+e Feeral Loan Aen$y o4%+e .'. announ$e %+a% %+e Re+abili%a%ion Finan$e orpora%ion +a $rea%e %+e :ar a(aeorpora%ion %o pro)ie pro%e$%ion aains% losses resul%in 4ro( ene(y a%%a$ +i$+ (i+% besus%aine by oners o4 proper%y in $on%inen%al .'. >2? on e$. 23, 19"1, sai Aen$y 4ur%+erannoun$e %+a% %+e :ar nsuran$e orpora%ion oul e%en %+e sa(e pro%e$%ion %o proper%yoners in %+e *+ilippines %+ese announ$e(en%s ere publis+e in %+e &anila ay =ulle%in an

ere subseuen%ly $on4ir(e in raio broa$as%s o4 %+e Koi$e o4 A(eri$aM >"? !esse !ones, %+eFeeral Loan A(inis%ra%or o4 %+e .'. e$lare %+a% sai announ$e(en% as in%ene asinsuran$e poli$y an, >5? $o(plian$e %+erei%+, a$$orin %o 'ena%or yins, as a lealoblia%ionM on %+e par% o4 %+e .'. ' a(i%s %+a% losses sus%aine la%er %+an !uly 1, 19"2, oesno% $o)er losses or proper%y a(ae +i$+ (ay resul% 4ro( ene(y a%%a$ >in$luin any a$%ion%aen by (ili%ary, na)al, or air 4or$es o4 %+e .'. in resis%in ene(y a%%a$?.

' su44ere i%s a4ore(en%ione losses in 19"5, urin %+e ba%%le 4or %+e libera%ion o4 %+e*+ilippines by %+e Allie, espe$ially A(eri$an For$es. +ose losses ere no% %+e resul% o4 ene(ya%%a$, or o4 a$%ion by %+e ar(e 4or$e o4 %+e .'. in resis%in ene(y a%%a$. +e (ain ene(yas !apan, an nei%+er !apan nor any o4 i%s asso$ia%es, as a%%a$in in %+e *+ilippines. % is $lear%+ere4ore %+a% %+e losses o4 ' o no% $o(e i%+in %+e pur)ie ei%+er o4 *ubli$ La 506 or o4%+e announ$e(en%s abo)e(en%ione, an are no% $o(pensa%e 4or by insuran$e,M as %+e %er( is

use in %+e NR.:+e%+er %+e sai losses $oul no% be eu$%e in 19"5, be$ause %+ey ere $o(pensa%e

4or by insuran$e or o%+erise,M ' in)oes %+e *+ilippine Re+abili%a%ion A$% o4 19"6 >*ubli$La 370?. +e la as appro)e, an be$a(e e44e$%i)e, on April 30, 19"6. n orer %o be en%i%le%o e4er eu$%ions 4or losses (a%erially sus%aine i%+in a i)en year, %+e ri+% %o $o(pensa%ion%+ere4or, by ay o4 insuran$e or o%+erise,M i4 any, (us% eis%s, prior %o %+e en o4 sai year.onseuen%ly, %+e appro)al o4 %+e *+ilippine Re+abili%a%ion A$% o4 19"6 i no% $ons%i%u%e in19"5 a $o(pensa%ion< by ay or insuran$eM an i no% au%+orie ' +erein %o pos%pone, %oano%+er year, i%s $lai( 4or eu$%ion arisin 4ro( %+e ar losses in ues%ion.

% is also $lai(e %+a% %+e a$%s an e$lara%ions o4 responsible o44i$ials an orans o4 %+e.'. Go)ern(en% be4ore %+e en o4 19"5 ere su$+ as %o $ons%i%u%e $on$lusi)e assuran$e %+a%proper%y oners +a reasonable epe$%a%ion %+a% %+eir ar losses oul be $o(pensa%e 4or.M

Alleely, %+is reasonable epe$%a%ionM su44i$e %o pla$e %+e losses o4 ', urin 19"5, i%+in%+e pur)ie o4 %+e p+rase $o(pensa%e 4or P o%+eriseM %+an by insuran$e uner %+e NR.+e $on%en%ion is un%enable. #%+eriseM in %+e $lause $o(pensa%e 4or by insuran$e oro%+eriseM s+oul be $ons%rue %o re4er %o $o(pensa%ion ue uner a %i%le analoous or si(ilar %oinsuran$e. nas(u$+ as %+e la%%er is a $on%ra$% es%ablis+in a leal oblia%ion, i% 4ollos %+a% inorer %o be ee(e $o(pensa%ion 4or P o%+erise,M %+e losses sus%aine by %+e %apayer (us%be $o)ere by a ui$ially en4or$eable ri+%, sprinin 4ro( any o4 %+e urii$al sour$es o4oblia%ion/ la, $on%ra$%, uasi-$on%ra$%, %or%s, or $ri(e.


20/62

% is no% $on%ene %+a% ine(ni%y as ue %o ' by reason o4 %or%, $ri(e, or uasi-$on%ra$%. pon %+e o%+er +an, ', in 19"5, no ri+% %o ine(ni%y sprinin 4ro( la, 4or %+e*+ilippine Re+abili%a%ion A$% as no% appro)e un%il April 19"6. +e press releases anannoun$e(en%s ere (erely epressions o4 a poli$y o4 %+e e$u%i)e epar%(en% o4 %+e .'.+ey i no% i(ply any in%en% %o in)es%, in %+e oners o4 proper%y a(aes or es%roye in %+e*+ilippines urin %+e ar, a leal ri+% %o e(an ine(ni%y 4ro( %+e .'. &oreo)er, %+e

pay(en% o4 ine(ni%y by %+e .'. ne$essarily reuire an appropria%ion o4 publi$ 4uns +i$+$oul be (ae only by an a$% o4 onress o4 %+e .'., an, as rears ar losses or a(aessus%aine in %+e *+ilippines la%er %+an !uly 1, 19"2,M no su$+ appropria%ion la eis%e a% %+e$lose o4 19"5 or be4ore. +e %+eory %+a% %+e announ$e(en%s resul%e in an i(plie $on%ra$% is$learly e)oi o4 (eri%.

&oreo)er, %+e Go)ern(en% o4 %+e .'. as uner no leal oblia%ion %o pay ine(ni%y4or losses $ause by %+e ene(y in %+e *+ilippines. Nei%+er as i% liable 4or a(aes $ause by %+eA(eri$an 4or$es urin i%s ar opera%ions %+erein, in $on4or(i%y i%+ %+e las an $us%o(s o4ar. onseuen%ly, %+e ine(ni%y pro)ie 4or in %+e *+ilippine Re+abili%a%ion A$% o4 19"5 aspurely an oblia%ion )olun%arily assu(e solely 4or (oral $onsiera%ions, an i no% eis% as aleal oblia%ion prior %o %+e appro)al o4 sai A$% on April 30, 19"6.

%4%EA CAE @ >


21/62

4ppellate Court ulin*,No% appli$able.

ISS E 4L @ .4I%E 8E4E

101 'il 1155 (05F+1F5)

Doctrine: ) law distinguishing aliens from residents does not violate the equal protection clause

of the &onstitution because sufficient grounds e*ist for the distinction between alien and citi$en

in the e*ercise of the occupation regulated. (t also does not violate the due process of law clause,

because the law is prospective in operation and recogni$es the privilege of aliens alreadyengaged in the occupation and reasonably protects their privilege.

4CS, Republi$ A$% No. 1180 >An A$% %o Reula%e %+e Re%ail =usinessM? as passe %oe44e$%i)ely na%ionalie %+e re%ail %rae business. +e (ain pro)isions o4 %+e A$% are/ >1? apro+ibi%ion aains% persons, no% $i%iens o4 %+e *+ilippines, an aains% asso$ia%ions, par%ners+ips,or $orpora%ions %+e $api%al o4 +i$+ are no% +olly one by $i%iens o4 %+e *+ilippines, 4ro(enain ire$%ly or inire$%ly in %+e re%ail %rae >2? an e$ep%ion 4ro( %+e abo)e pro+ibi%ion in4a)or o4 aliens a$%ually enae in sai business on &ay 15, 195", +o are alloe %o $on%inue %oenae %+erein, unless %+eir li$enses are 4or4ei%e in a$$oran$e i%+ %+e la, un%il %+eir ea%+ or)olun%ary re%ire(en% in $ase o4 na%ural persons, an 4or %en years a4%er %+e appro)al o4 %+e A$% orun%il %+e epira%ion o4 %er( in $ase o4 urii$al persons >3? an e$ep%ion %+ere4ro( in 4a)or o4

$i%iens an urii$al en%i%ies o4 %+e ni%e '%a%es >"? a pro)ision 4or %+e 4or4ei%ure o4 li$enses >%oenae in %+e re%ail business? 4or )iola%ion o4 %+e las on na%ionalia%ion, $on%rol ei+%s an(easures an labor an o%+er las rela%in %o %rae, $o((er$e an inus%ry >5? a pro+ibi%ionaains% %+e es%ablis+(en% or openin by aliens a$%ually enae in %+e re%ail business o4 ai%ionals%ores or bran$+es o4 re%ail business, >6? a pro)ision reuirin aliens a$%ually enae in %+e re%ailbusiness %o presen% 4or reis%ra%ion i%+ %+e proper au%+ori%ies a )eri4ie s%a%e(en% $on$ernin%+eir businesses, i)in, a(on o%+er (a%%ers, %+e na%ure o4 %+e business, %+eir asse%s anliabili%ies an %+eir o44i$es an prin$ipal o44i$es o4 ui$ial en%i%ies an >7? a pro)ision alloin


22/62

%+e +eirs o4 aliens no enae in %+e re%ail business +o ie, %o $on%inue su$+ business 4or aperio o4 si (on%+s 4or purposes o4 liuia%ion.

*e%i%ioner, 4or an in +is on be+al4 an on be+al4 o4 o%+er alien resien%s, $orpora%ions,an par%ners+ips a)ersely a44e$%e by %+e pro)isions o4 R.A. No. 1180, brou+% %+is a$%ion %oob%ain a ui$ial e$lara%ion %+a% sai A$% is un$ons%i%u%ional, an %o enoin %+e 'e$re%ary o4Finan$e an all o%+er persons a$%in uner +i(, par%i$ularly $i%y an (uni$ipal %reasurers, 4ro(

en4or$in i%s pro)isions. A(on o%+er %+ins, pe%i%ioner $on%ens %+a% %+e A$% enies %o alienresien%s %+e eual pro%e$%ion o4 %+e las an epri)es o4 %+eir liber%y an proper%y i%+ou% uepro$ess o4 la an )iola%es in%erna%ional an %rea%y oblia%ions o4 %+e *+ilippines.

Lower Court ulin*,No% appli$able.


ISS


23/62

3. )lleged violation of international treaties and obligations/Ano%+er suborina%e aru(en%aains% %+e )alii%y o4 %+e la is %+e suppose )iola%ion %+ereby o4 %+e +ar%er o4 %+e ni%eNa%ions an o4 %+e e$lara%ion o4 %+e Bu(an Ri+%s aop%e by %+e ni%e Na%ions GeneralAsse(bly. :e 4in no (eri% in %+e Na%ions +ar%er i(poses no s%ri$% or leal oblia%ionsrearin %+e ri+%s an 4reeo( o4 %+eir sube$%s, an %+e e$lara%ion o4 Bu(an Ri+%s $on%ains

no%+in (ore %+an a (ere re$o((ena%ion or a $o((on s%anar o4 a$+ie)e(en% 4or all peoplesan all na%ions. +a% su$+ is %+e i(por% o4 %+e ni%e Na%ions +ar%er ai o4 %+e e$lara%ion o4Bu(an Ri+%s $an be in4erre %+e 4a$% %+a% (e(bers o4 %+e ni%e Na%ions #rania%ions, su$+ asNoray an en(ar, pro+ibi% 4oreiners 4ro( enain in re%ail %rae, an in (os% na%ions o4%+e orl las aains% 4oreiners enae in o(es%i$ %rae are aop%e.

+e rea%y o4 A(i%y be%een %+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines an %+e Republi$ o4 +inao4 April 18, 19"7 is also $lai(e %o be )iola%e by %+e la in ues%ion. All %+a% %+e %rea%yuaran%ees is euali%y o4 %rea%(en% %o %+e +inese na%ionals @upon %+e sa(e %er(s as %+e na%ionalso4 any o%+er $oun%ry.@ =u% %+e na%ionals o4 +ina are no% is$ri(ina%in aains% be$ause na%ionalso4 all o%+er $oun%ries, e$ep% %+ose o4 %+e ni%e '%a%es, +o are ran%e spe$ial ri+%s by %+eons%i%u%ion, are all pro+ibi%e 4ro( enain in %+e re%ail %rae. =u% e)en supposin %+a% %+e lain4rines upon %+e sai %rea%y, %+e %rea%y is alays sube$% %o uali4i$a%ion or a(en(en% by a

subseuen% la, an %+e sa(e (ay ne)er $ur%ail or res%ri$% %+e s$ope o4 %+e poli$e poer o4 %+e'%a%e.


24/62

E4S#A4 4@I>4IA @ .e4enan%?, %+rou+ D. B. Be(ay >i%s presien% an eneral(anaer?, $+ar%ere as%boar Na)ia%ionplain%i44? )essel %o loa a $aro o4 s$rap iron in %+e*+ilippines 4or =uenos Aires. +e $+ar%er par%y aree(en% $on%aine, besies %+e reular $+ar%erpar%y prin%e 4or(, a %yperi%%en $lause pro)iin 4or $o(pulsory arbi%ra%ion in %+e s%a%e o4 Ne;or, .'. in $ase o4 any ispu%es %+a% (ay arise o4 sai aree(en%. !uan ;s(ael, %+rou+ D.B.Be(ay, sine no% only %+e prin%e por%ion o4 %+e $+ar%er par%y bu% %+e %yperi%%en por%ion. %

appears %+a% a4%er %+e ispu%e as %o %+e liabili%y o4 !uan ;s(ael >4or %+e pay(en% 4rei+% ane(urrae? arose, D.B. Be(ay appoin%e Ne ;or A%%ys. &annin, Barnis$+, an Bolliner%o represen% !uan ;s(ael in %+e arbi%ra%ion pro$eeins %o be +el in Ne ;or. #n &ay 23,1959, &essrs. &annin, Barnis$+, an Bolliner, a$%in as a%%orneys 4or !uan ;s(ael ee$u%ei%+ %+e a%%orney 4or as%boar Na)ia%ion an arbi%ra%ion aree(en%. +e arbi%ra%ion aree(en%as presen%e by as%boar Na)ia%ion %o %+e .'. is%ri$% our%, 'ou%+ern is%ri$%, 'ou%+ernis%ri$% o4 Ne ;or, 4or $on4ir(a%ion an sai our% >a$%in as an a(iral%y $our%? $on4ir(e%+e sai arbi%ra%ion e$ision in i%s #rer an Final e$ree o4 Auus% 15, 1950 >#rer an Finale$reeM?.

as%boar Na)ia%ion brou+% %+is a$%ion %o en4or$e %+e a4oresai #rer an Finale$reeM pursuan% %o 'e$%ion "8, Rule 39 o4 %+e Rules o4 our% +i$+ pro)ies %+a% in $ase o4 au(en% aains% a person, %+e u(en% s presu(p%i)e e)ien$e o4 a ri+% as be%een %+e par%ies

an %+eir su$$essors in in%eres% by a subseuen% %i%le bu% %+e u(en% (ay be repelle bye)ien$e o4 a an% o4 urisi$%ion, an% o4 no%i$e %o %+e par%y, $ollusion, 4rau, or $lear (is%ae o4la or 4a$%.M !uan ;s(ael se%s up %+e e4ense %+a% %+e u(en% $anno% be en4or$e in %+e*+ilippines be$ause +en %+e Ne ;or is%ri$% our% a$%e on %+e $ase, i% i no% +a)eurisi$%ion o)er %+e person o4 %+e e4enan%.

Lower Court ulin*, e$ision o4 %+e Ne ;or is%ri$% our% a44ir(e an %+a% %+e #rer anFinal e$reeM s+oul be en4or$e.


ISS


25/62

(anaer. Far 4ro( oin so, !uan ;s(ael ra%i4ie i% by subseuen% a$%s +i$+ $learly ini$a%e%+a% i% as areeable %o sai arbi%ra%ion. onseuen%ly, sai arbi%ra%ion pro$eeins as ell as %+earbi%ra%ion e$ision renere pursuan% %+ereo4, as $on4ir(e by %+e is%ri$% our% o4 Ne ;or,are )ali +en$e, en4or$eable in %+is urisi$%ion.

2. As %o +e%+er %+e e$ision renere by %+e .'. is%ri$% $our% o4 Ne ;or si%%in as an

A(iral%y our%, +i$+ ra%i4ie %+e aar (ae by %+e arbi%ra%ors, +as no binin e44e$% one4enan% $orpora%ion or +e%+er i% $an be en4or$e in %+is urisi$%ion as %+e .'. is%ri$% $our%i no% a$uire urisi$%ion o)er !uan ;s(ael, %+e our% +el %+a% su$+ $on%en%ion asun(eri%orious. +e $lai( is prei$a%e on %+e allee 4a$% %+a% e4enan% as ne)er ser)e i%+no%i$e, su((ons, or pro$ess rela%i)e %o %+e sub(ission o4 %+e aar o4 %+e arbi%ra%ors %o sai$our%, in)oin .'. Arbi%ra%ion A$% o4 February 12, 1925 uner +i$+ %+e Ne ;or is%ri$%$our% $on4ir(e %+e arbi%ra%or


26/62

4CS, *e%i%ioner Ly Gio Ba, alias :y Gio Ba, en%ere %+e *+ilippines as a $i%ien o4 %+eNa%ionalis% Republi$ o4 +ina an a %e(porary )isi%or, e%ene up %o &ar$+ 1", 1956. n orer %o(ae sai en%ry 4easible, +er sis%er an $o-pe%i%ioner :y Bon n, +a, on &ar$+ 28, 1955,(ae i%+ %+e =ureau o4 ((ira%ion, a $as+ eposi% o4 *10,000. Ly Gio Ba, alias :y Gio Ba,(arrie Res%i%u%o La$as%a, a Filipino. +is no%i%+s%anin, on &ar$+ 16, 1956, responen%(ilio L. Galan, as o((issioner o4 ((ira%ion e$lare sai $as+ eposi% 4or4ei%e. Ly Gio

Ba, +er +usban Res%i%u%o La$as%a, %+e 4or(erEs sis%er, :y Bon n, an %+e la%%erEs +usban,No n, ins%i%u%e %+e presen% a$%ion aains% (ilio L. Galan.

Lower Court ulin*, +e our% o4 Firs% ns%an$e o4 &anila renere u(en% 4or %+epe%i%ioners.

4ppellate Court ulin*,NQA

ISSc? o4 o((oneal%+ A$% No. 613 pro)ies %+a%@in %+e e)en% o4 %+e na%uralia%ion as a *+ilippine $i%ien . . . o4 %+e alien on +ose be+al4 %+e boneposi% is i)en, the bond shall be cancelled or the sum deposited shall be returned %o %+eeposi%or or +is leal represen%a%i)e.M

onsierin, +oe)er, %+a% nei%+er in %+e a(inis%ra%i)e pro$eeins, nor in %+e loer$our%, +a %+e par%ies see(inly 4el% %+a% %+ere as an issue on +e%+er Ly Gio Ba (ay @bela4ully na%uralie,@ an %+is bein a $ase o4 4irs% i(pression in our $our%s, +e ' is o4 %+e

opinion %+a%, in %+e in%eres% o4 eui%y an us%i$e, %+e par%ies s+oul be i)en an oppor%uni%y %oin%rou$e e)ien$e, i4 %+ey +a)e any, on sai issue. +e e$ision appeale 4ro( is +ereby se%asie an le% %+e re$ors o4 %+is $ase be re(ane %o %+e loer $our% 4or 4ur%+er pro$eeins


27/62

4%EIC4 #I#LE SACIE; @ CI; A %4IL4

> o L-96+ 4pril +0! 195

Doctrine/ &orporations or associations organi$ed and operated e*clusively for religious,charitable, or educational purposes, are e*empt from corporate income ta*es.

4CS, *lain%i44-appellan% is a 4orein, non-s%o$, non-pro4i%, reliious, (issionary $orpora%ionuly reis%ere an oin business in %+e *+ilippines %+rou+ i%s *+ilippine aen$y es%ablis+e in&anila. +e e4enan% appellee is a (uni$ipal $orpora%ion i%+ poers %+a% are %o be eer$ise in

$on4or(i%y i%+ %+e pro)isions o4 Republi$ A$% No. "09, non as %+e Re)ise +ar%er o4 %+ei%y o4 &anila.

n %+e $ourse o4 i%s (inis%ry, plain%i44Es *+ilippine aen$y +as been is%ribu%in an sellinbibles anQor ospel por%ions %+rou+ou% %+e *+ilippines. #n &ay 29 1953, %+e a$%in i%yreasurer o4 %+e i%y o4 &anila in4or(e plain%i44 %+a% i% as $onu$%in %+e business o4 eneral(er$+anise sin$e 19"5, i%+ou% pro)iin i%sel4 i%+ %+e ne$essary &ayorEs per(i% an(uni$ipal li$ense, in )iola%ion o4 #rinan$e No. 3000, as a(ene, an #rinan$es Nos. 2529,


28/62

3028 an 336", an reuire plain%i44 %o se$ure, i%+in %+ree ays, %+e $orresponin per(i% anli$ense 4ees, in %+e %o%al su( o4 *5,821."5.

*lain%i44 pai %o %+e e4enan% uner pro%es% %+e sai per(i% an li$ense 4ees in %+ea4ore(en%ione a(oun%, i)in a% %+e sa(e %i(e no%i$e %o %+e i%y reasurer %+a% sui% oul be%aen in $our% %o ues%ion %+e leali%y o4 %+e orinan$es uner +i$+, %+e sai 4ees ere bein$olle$%e. :i%+ rear %o #rinan$e No. 2529, as a(ene by #rinan$es Nos. 2779, 2821 an

3028, appellan% $on%ens %+a% i% is un$ons%i%u%ional an illeal be$ause i% res%rains %+e 4ree eer$isean enoy(en% o4 %+e reliious pro4ession an ors+ip o4 appellan%.

Lower Court ulin*,For %+e purpose o4 %ain %+e (er$+anise (en%ione in sai lealpro)isions an %+a% %+e %aes %o be le)ie by sai orinan$es is in %+e na%ure o4 per$en%aeraua%e %aes, %+e R +el %+a% %+e $ase be is(isse 4or la$ o4 (eri%.

4ppellate Court ulin*, Keri4ie %+e $ase %o %+e ' 4or %+e reason %+a% %+e errors assine %o%+e loer our% in)ol)e only ues%ions o4 la.

ISS


29/62

CL4+ibi% @A@? +ereby, %+e 4or(er aree %o $on)ey by ay o4 lease %o %+e la%%er %+eproper%y. +e %er( o4 %+e lease as 4i)e >5? years, reneable 4or an ai%ional perio o4 4i)e >5?years. +e lease pre(ises ere pla$e in %+e possession o4 %+e lessee on %+e 31s% ay o4 #$%ober,19"0.

+e &anila &o%or o., n$. an i%s bran$+ (anaer enoyin %+e pre(ises, an %+elessors re$ei)in %+e $orresponin ren%als as s%ipula%e, $on%inue un%il %+e in)asion o4 19"1 %+eene(y 4or$es +el an use %+e proper%ies lease as par% o4 %+eir uar%ers 4ro( !une 1, 19"2 %o&ar$+ 29, 19"5, ous%in %+e lessee %+ere4ro(. No pay(en% o4 ren%als ere (ae a% any %i(eurin %+e sai perio. pon %+e libera%ion o4 %+e sai $i%y in 19"5, %+e A(eri$an For$es o$$upie%+e sa(e builins %+a% ere )a$a%e by %+e !apanese, un%il #$%ober 31, 19"5. &on%+ly ren%alsere pai by %+e sai o$$upan%s. :+en %+e ni%e '%a%es Ar(y 4inally a)e up %+e o$$upan$y %+epre(ises, %+e &anila &o%or o., n$., e$ie %o eer$ise %+eir op%ion %o rene %+e $on%ra$% 4or

%+e ai%ional perio o4 4i)e >5? years. 'i(ul%aneously i%+ su$+ reneal, %+e $o(pany suble% %+esa(e builins, e$ep% %+a% use 4or %+e resien$e o4 %+e bran$+ (anaer, %o %+e o%+er e4enan%,Ar%uro ol(enares. Boe)er, be4ore resu(in %+e $olle$%ion o4 ren%als, r. Al4reo Killaruel,$onsul%e A%%y. Luis Bilao on +e%+er %+ey +a %+e ri+% %o $olle$%, 4ro( %+e e4enan%$o(pany, ren%als $orresponin %o %+e %i(e urin +i$+ %+e !apanese (ili%ary 4or$es +a $on%rolo)er %+e lease pre(ises. pon bein a)ise %+a% %+ey +a su$+ a ri+%, r. Killaruel e(anepay(en% %+ereo4, bu% %+e e4enan% $o(pany re4use %o pay. As a resul%, r. Killaruel a)e no%i$eseein %+e res$ission o4 %+e $on%ra$% o4 lease an %+e pay(en% o4 ren%als. +e lessors $o((en$e


30/62

%+is a$%ion on April 26, 19"7 i%+ %+e our% o4 Firs% ns%an$e o4 Neros #$$ien%al aains% %+eappellan%s +erein.

urin %+e penen$y o4 %+e $ase, a 4ire oriina%in 4ro( %+e proe$%ion roo( o4 %+e i%y+ea%re, in%o +i$+ Ar%uro ol(enares, +a $on)er%e %+e 4or(er repair s+op o4 %+e &anila&o%or o. n$., $o(ple%ely rae %+e builin. *lain%i44s e(ane rei(burse(en% bu% %+ee4enan%s re4use.

Lower Court ulin*,+e $ase as a$$orinly +ear an %+erea4%er, u(en% as renere inplain%i44sE 4a)or.

4ppellate Court ulin*,NQA

ISS


31/62

A%4 C48ALIC 4'ASALIC 4%IIS4A A 4@4A @ 8E L4

E>IS4IA

> o L-751 ecem$er &0! 195

Doctrine/) corporation sole, irrespective of the citi$enship of its incumbent, is not prohibited ordisqualified to acquire and hold real properties in the Philippines.

4CS,&a%eo L. Rois, a Filipino $i%ien an resien% o4 %+e i%y o4 a)ao, ee$u%e a ee o4sale o4 a par$el o4 lan lo$a%e in %+e sa(e $i%y, in 4a)or o4 %+e Ro(an a%+oli$ Apos%oli$

A(inis%ra%or o4 a)ao n$., $orpora%ion sole oranie an eis%in in a$$oran$e i%+*+ilippine Las, i%+ &sr. lo)is +ibaul%, a anaian $i%ien, as a$%ual in$u(ben%. :+en %+eee o4 sale as presen%e %o Reis%er o4 ees o4 a)ao 4or reis%ra%ion, %+e la%%er reuire sai$orpora%ion sole %o sub(i% an a44ia)i% e$larin %+a% 60 per $en% o4 %+e (e(bers %+ereo4 ereFilipino $i%iens.

As %+e Reis%er o4 ees en%er%aine so(e oub%s as %o %+e reis%erabili%y o4 %+eo$u(en%, %+e (a%%er as re4erre %o %+e Lan Reis%ra%ion o((issioner en consulta 4orresolu%ion. *roper +earin on %+e (a%%er as $onu$%e by %+e o((issioner an a4%er %+epe%i%ioner $orpora%ion +a 4ile i%s (e(oranu(, a resolu%ion as renere, +olin %+a% in )ieo4 %+e pro)isions o4 'e$%ion 1 an 5 o4 Ar%i$le o4 %+e *+ilippine ons%i%u%ion, %+e )enee asno% uali4ie %o a$uire pri)a%e lans in %+e *+ilippines in %+e absen$e o4 proo4 %+a% a% leas% 60 per$en%u( o4 %+e $api%al, proper%y, or asse%s o4 %+e Ro(an a%+oli$ Apos%oli$ A(inis%ra%or o4

a)ao, n$., as a$%ually one or $on%rolle by Filipino $i%iens, %+ere bein no ues%ion %+a%%+e presen% in$u(ben% o4 %+e $orpora%ion sole as a anaian $i%ien. % as also %+e opinion o4%+e Lan Reis%ra%ion o((issioner %+a% se$%ion 159 o4 %+e $orpora%ion La relie upon by %+e)enee as renere opera%i)e by %+e a4ore(en%ione pro)isions o4 %+e ons%i%u%ion i%+ respe$%%o real es%a%e, unless %+e pre$ise $oni%ion se% %+erein %+a% a% leas% 60 per $en% o4 i%s $api%al isone by Filipino $i%iens be presen%, an, %+ere4ore, orere %+e Reis%ere ees o4 a)ao%o eny reis%ra%ion o4 %+e ee o4 sale in %+e absen$e o4 proo4 o4 $o(plian$e i%+ su$+ $oni%ion.

Land e*istration Commissioner ulin*,+e )enee as no% uali4ie %o a$uire pri)a%elans in %+e *+ilippines in %+e absen$e o4 proo4 %+a% a% leas% 60 per $en%u( o4 %+e $api%al, proper%y,or asse%s o4 %+e Ro(an a%+oli$ Apos%oli$ A(inis%ra%or o4 a)ao, n$., as a$%ually one or$on%rolle by Filipino $i%iens.

ISS


32/62

all %+e ri+%s an pri)ilees ran%e %o su$+ ar%i4i$ial bein uner %+e las o4 %+a% $oun%ry,separa%e an is%in$% 4ro( %+e personali%y o4 %+e Ro(an *on%i44 or %+e Boly 'ee, i%+ou%preui$e %o i%s reliious rela%ions i%+ %+e la%%er +i$+ are o)erne by %+e anon La or %+eirrules an reula%ions.

As pro)ie by la, lans +el in %rus% 4or spe$i4i$ purposes (e be sube$% o4 reis%ra%ion>se$%ion 69, A$% "96?, an %+e $apa$i%y o4 a $orpora%ion sole, lie pe%i%ioner +erein, %o reis%er

lans belonin %o i% is a$nolee, an %i%le %+ere%o (ay be issue in i%s na(e >=is+op o4Nue)a 'eo)ia )s. nsular Go)ern(en%, 26 *+il. 300-1913?.

+e 4ra(ers o4 %+e ons%i%u%ion in%ene $er%ain pro)isions as barrier 4or 4oreiners or$orpora%ions 4inan$e by su$+ 4oreiners %o a$uire, eploi% an e)elop our na%ural resour$es.=u% %+a% is no% %+e $ase o4 $orpora%ions sole in %+e *+ilippines, 4or, %+ey are (ere a(inis%ra%ors o4%+e @%e(porali%ies@ or proper%ies %i%le in %+eir na(e an 4or %+e bene4i% o4 %+e (e(bers o4 %+eirrespe$%i)e reliion $o(pose o4 an o)er+el(in (aori%y o4 Filipinos. Ben$e, responen%Reis%er o4 ees o4 %+e i%y o4 a)ao is orere %o reis%er %+e ee o4 sale ee$u%e by &a%eoL. Rois in 4a)or o4 %+e Ro(an a%+oli$ Apos%oli$ A(inis%ra%or o4 a)ao.

LI% SIA2 8


33/62

Doctrine: (n case of foreign plaintiffs, the authori$ation given to the counsel must be clear,

specific, and unequivocal.

4CS, +is is an a$%ion by %+e spouse an %+e $+ilren o4 +ua *ua Lun %o re$o)er a(aes4ro( Al4reo Lapi, %+e ri)er o4 %+e !auar eepney +i$+ $ollie i%+ a bus, resul%in %o %+eea%+ o4 +ua. As %o o4 %+e $+ilren are (inors, %+e $our%, upon (o%ion o4 %+eir $ounsel,appoin%e +ua *ua a(, a bro%+er o4 %+e e$ease, as uarian ad litem %o represen% %+e( in %+is$ase. A4%er %rial, +oe)er, %+e loer $our% is(isse %+e $o(plain% on %+e %+eory %+a% plain%i44s4aile %o au%+orie anyone %o 4ile %+e $o(plain% on %+eir be+al4, +i$+ is 4a%al %o %+eir $ause as%+ey are all $i%iens an resien%s o4 o((unis% +ina. n 4a$%, +ua *ua a(, %+e uarian adlitem, %es%i4ie %+a% %+e plain%i44s +a no% ri%%en %o +i( nor +a +e $o((uni$a%e i%+ %+e(.

Lower Court ulin*, %+e loer $our% is(isse %+e $o(plain%.

ISS


34/62

&ar$+ 1955, Alber%o an, a Filipino, an Lee 'uan Ay reues%e %+e !us%i$e o4 %+e *ea$e o4 Las*iSas, Rial, %o oin %+e( in (arriae. Be re4use %o o so as s+e +a %o ob%ain paren%al a)i$e,bein less %+an 23 years ol.

#n 28 &ar$+ 1955, %+e bons(an ro%e a le%%er in4or(in %+e o((issioner o4((ira%ion %+a% +is au+%er as ill an $on4ine a% %+e +inese General Bospi%al sin$e 21&ar$+ 1955 an %+a% as s+e (i+% $ollapse urin %+e re%urn %rip %o Bonon, s+e e4erre +er

epar%ure se% 4or 23 &ar$+, an reues%in %+a% s+e be ran%e %en ays e%ension o4 +erau%+orie perio o4 %e(porary s%ay in %+e *+ilippines %o enable +er %o res% an re$upera%e. #n 1April 1955, Lee 'uan Ay an Alber%o an ere oine in (arriae by %+e !us%i$e o4 %+e *ea$e o4Las *iSas. A4%er %+eir (arriae, %+ey re$ei)e a le%%er 4ro( %+e o((issioner o4 ((ira%ionenyin %+eir pe%i%ion 4or e%ension o4 +er %e(porary s%ay in %+e *+ilippines an e$larin %+e$as+ bon 4or4ei%e in 4a)or o4 %+e Go)ern(en%. Ber 4a%+er ase 4or re$onsiera%ion on %+eroun %+a% +a)in (arrie a Filipino $i%ien, Le 'uan Ay 4ollos %+e i%iens+ip o4 +er +usbanan $ease %o be an alien %e(porary )isi%or, an %+a% reason %+e $as+ bon 4ile s+oul be re%urne%o +i( an %+a% +er 4ailure %o presen% +ersel4 %o %+e o((issioner o4 ((ira%ion i%+in 2"+ours 4ro( re$eip% o4 no%i$e as ue %o illness an loss o4 ei+%. +us, %+is $ase as 4ile.

Lower Court ulin*, +e our% is(isse %+e plain%i44sE $o(plain% bu% le4% %+e reu$%ion o4 %+e

bon %o %+e soun is$re%ion o4 %+e o((issioner o4 ((ira%ion.

ISS


35/62

ES4E ES4E A C A #A844! '8ILI''IE


36/62

+e %es%a%or per(anen% resien$e or o(i$ile in %+e ni%e '%a%es epene upon +ispersonal in%en% or esire, an +e sele$%e Ne)aa as +is +o(i$ie an %+ere4ore a% %+e %i(e o4 +isea%+, +e as a $i%ien o4 %+a% s%a%e.

:+ere4ore, %+e $our% 4ins %+a% %+e %es%a%or . #. =o+anan as a% %+e %i(e o4 +is ea%+ a$i%ien o4 %+e ni%e '%a%es an o4 %+e '%a%e o4 Ne)aa an e$lares %+a% +is ill an %es%a(en%,+ibi% A, is 4ully in a$$oran$e i%+ %+e las o4 %+e s%a%e o4 Ne)aa an a(i%s %+e sa(e %o

proba%e.

ISSRule 123?.

:e +a)e, +oe)er, $onsul%e %+e re$ors o4 %+e $ase in %+e $our% belo an e +a)e

4oun %+a% %+e 4orein la as in%rou$e in e)ien$e by appellan%Es >+erein? $ounsel as +ibi%s@2@.

n ai%ion, %+e o%+er appellan%s, $+ilren o4 %+e %es%a%or, o no% ispu%e %+e abo)e-uo%epro)ision o4 %+e las o4 %+e '%a%e o4 Ne)aa. ner all %+e abo)e $ir$u(s%an$es, e are$ons%raine %o +ol %+a% %+e per%inen% la o4 Ne)aa, espe$ially 'e$%ion 9905 o4 %+e o(pileNe)aa Las o4 1925, $an be %aen ui$ial no%i$e o4 by us, i%+ou% proo4 o4 su$+ la +a)inbeen o44ere a% %+e +earin o4 %+e proe$% o4 par%i%ion.


37/62

#EIA E LI% @ 8E#E #A33ELL! .!

> o L-757 %arc &! 1960

Doctrine: ) foreign government cannot be sued without its consent.

4CS, +e proper%y in ispu%e $onsis%s o4 4our par$els o4 lan si%ua%e in ono &anila i%+ a%o%al area o4 29,151 suare (e%ers. +e lans ere, a4%er %+e orl ar, 4oun by %+e Alien*roper%y us%oian o4 %+e ni%e '%a%es %o be reis%ere in %+e na(e o4 Asai$+i Daaa, na%ionalo4 an ene(y $oun%ry. +e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A(inis%ra%or an %+e *resien% o4 %+e*+ilippines %+en ee$u%e %o 4or(al aree(en%s i%+ %+e ni%e '%a%es %o %rans4er all 4our lo%s %o%+e Republi$ o4 %+e *+ilippines i%+ an uner%ain %o ine(ni4y %+e ni%e '%a%es 4or all $lai(sin rela%ion %o %+e proper%y %rans4erre.

=eni%o Li(, 4ile a 4or(al no%i$e o4 $lai( i%+ %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%yA(inis%ra%or, $on%enin %+a% %+e lo%s in ues%ion s%ill belone %o %+e es%a%e o4 +er (o%+er,Arsenia nriue. Be allee %+a% %+e lo%s ere on$e %+e proper%y o4 Arsenia nriue %+a% %+ey

ere (or%ae by +er %o %+e &er$an%ile =an o4 +ina %+a% %+e (or%ae +a)in been4ore$lose, %+e proper%y as sol a% publi$ au$%ion urin %+e ar %o %+e !apanese Asai$+iDaaa, +o su$$eee in pre)en%in Arsenia nriue 4ro( eer$isin +er ri+% o4 ree(p%ionan %+a% Daaa ne)er a$uire any )ali %i%le %o %+e proper%y be$ause +e as ineliible uner %+eons%i%u%ion %o a$uire resien%ial lan in %+e *+ilippines by reason o4 alien ae.

+e Kes%e *roper%y lai(s o((i%%ee o4 %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A(inis%ra%orisalloe %+e $lai(. +e orer be$a(e 4inal as Li( i no% appeal %+ere4ro(. +us, Li(, asa(inis%ra%or o4 %+e in%es%a%e es%a%e o4 Arsenia nriue, 4ile a $o(plain% in %+e our% o4 Firs%ns%an$e o4 &anila aains% %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A(inis%ra%or >la%er subs%i%u%e by %+eA%%orney General o4 %+e ni%e '%a%es? 4or %+e re$o)ery o4 %+e proper%y in ues%ion i%+ ba$ren%s. +e $o(plain% as la%er a(ene %o in$lue Asai$+i Daaa as e4enan%. Be assu((one by publi$a%ion, bu% +a)in 4aile %o 4ile an anser %o %+e $o(plain%, +e as e$lare in

e4aul%.

Lower Court ulin*, +e $our% is(isse %+e $o(plain% on %+e roun %+a% i% +a no urisi$%iono)er %+e sube$% (a%%er sin$e %+e $lai( $ons%i%u%e a sui% aains% %+e ni%e '%a%es %o +i$+ i% +ano% i)en i%s $onsen%.

ISS


38/62

1. :+e%+er or no% %+e $o(plain% as a sui% aains% %+e Go)ern(en% o4 %+e ni%e '%a%es C;es, bu% %+ere as $onsen%.

2. :+e%+er or no% a(aes (us% be pai C No, %+e $onsen% o4 %+e ni%e '%a%es as li(i%e%o 4ilin o4 sui% an oes no% e%en %o %+e pay(en% o4 a(aes.

4IA, +e orer o4 is(issal $anno% be sus%aine in i%s en%ire%y. Al%+ou+ %+e a$%ion is in

subs%an$e aains% %+e ni%e '%a%es, %+e i((uni%y o4 %+e s%a%e 4ro( sui%, $anno% be in)oe +ere%+e a$%ion is ins%i%u%e by a person +o is nei%+er an ene(y or ally o4 an ene(y 4or %+e purpose o4es%ablis+in +is ri+%, %i%le or in%eres% in )es%e proper%y, an o4 re$o)erin +is oners+ip anpossession. +e $onsen% %o su$+ sui% +as epressly been i)en by %+e ni%e '%a%es in 'e$. 3 o4%+e *+ilippine *roper%y A$% o4 19"6.

urnin %o %+e $lai( o4 a(aes, %+e orer o4 is(issal (us% be up+el. +e relie4a)ailable %o a person $lai(in ene(y proper%y +i$+ +as been )es%e by %+e *+ilippines Alien*roper%y us%oian is li(i%e %o %+ose e*presslypro)ie 4or in %+e rain i%+ %+e ne(y A$%,+i$+ oes no% in$lue a sui% 4or a(aes 4or %+e use o4 su$+ )es%e proper%y..

:i%+ respe$% %o %+e re$o)ery or re%urn o4 %+e proper%ies )es%e, se$%ion 33 o4 %+e raini%+ %+e ne(y A$% pro)ies a pres$rip%i)e perio/ %+e $lai( s+oul no% be 4ile la%er %+an April30, 19"9, or i%+in %o years 4ro( %+e a%e o4 )es%in, +i$+e)er is la%er. n $o(pu%in %+e %o

years, +oe)er, %+e perio urin +i$+ %+ere as penin a sui% or $lai( 4or %+e re%urn o4 %+esai proper%y s+all be e$lue.

Bere, inso4ar as lo%s 3 an " o4 %+e lan in ispu%e are $on$erne, )es%in o$$urre on!uly 6, 19"8 an $onseuen%ly %+e %o-year perio i%+in +i$+ %o 4ile %+e a$%ion 4or %+eirre$o)ery epire on !uly 7, 1950. =u% in $o(pu%in %+a% %+e %o-year perio, %+e %i(e urin+i$+ plain%i44Es $lai( i%+ %+e *+ilippine Alien *roper%y A(inis%ra%ion as penin 4ro(No)e(ber 16, 19"8 +en %+e $lai( as 4ile %o &ar$+ 7, 1950 +en i% as issalloe s+oul be e$lue. +e $o(plain% %+ereo4 4ile on No)e(ber 13, 1950 is ell i%+in %+epres$ribe perio.

#n %+e o%+er +an, lo%s 1 an 2 ere )es%e by %+e Alien *roper%y us%oian on &ar$+1", 19"6. +e %o-year perio, %+ere4ore, i%+in +i$+ %o 4ile a sui% 4or %+eir re%urn epire on&ar$+ 1", 19"8.

*lain%i44 $on%ens %+a% se$%ion 33 o4 %+e rain i%+ %+e ne(y A$% $anno% pre)ail o)erse$%ion "0 o4 %+e oe o4 i)il *ro$eure, +i$+ pro)ies %+a% an a$%ion %o re$o)er real proper%ypres$ribes a4%er 10 years, on %+e %+eory %+a% uner in%erna%ional la ues%ions rela%in %o realproper%y are o)erne by %+e la o4 %+e pla$e +ere %+e proper%y is lo$a%e an %+a% pres$rip%ion,bein re(eial, is lieise o)erne by %+e las o4 %+e 4oru(. =u% %+e %rain i%+ %+e ne(yA$%, by $onsen% o4 %+e *+ilippine Go)ern(en%, $on%inue %o be in 4or$e in %+e *+ilippines e)ena4%er !uly ", 19"6 an $onseuen%ly, is as (u$+ par% o4 %+e la o4 %+e lan as se$%ion "0 o4 %+eoe o4 i)il *ro$eure.

+us, %+e orer appeale 4ro( inso4ar as i% is(isses %+e $o(plain% i%+ respe$% %o Lo%s 1an 2 an %+e $lai( 4or a(aes aains% %+e A%%orney General o4 %+e ni%e '%a%es an %+eRepubli$ o4 %+e *+ilippines, is a44ir(e, bu% re)oe inso4ar as i% is(isses %+e $o(plain% i%+respe$% %o Lo%s 3 an ", as %o +i$+ %+e $ase is +ereby re(ane %o %+e $our% belo 4or 4ur%+er

pro$eeins.


39/62

> o 16109 e$ruar/ 6! &00

ELICI4S 4%A-C44L4! *e%i%ioner,)s.CA


40/62

G.R. No. 79284 November 27, 1987FROILAN C. GANDIONCO, petitioner,vs.HON. SENEN C. PEARANDA, a Pre!"!#$ %&"$e o' ()e Re$!o#a* +r!a*Co&r( o' !am! Or!e#(a*, -ra#) 18, Ca$a/a# "e Oro C!(/, a#" +ERESI+A

S. GANDIONCO, respondents.

FACTS:

On 29 May 1986, private respondent, the legal i!e o! the petitioner !iled "ivil "ase againstpetitioner !or legal separation, on the gro#nd o! "on"#$inage, ith a petition !or s#pport andpay%ent o! da%ages. On 1& O"to$er 1986, private respondent also !iled "ri%inal "ase againstpetitioner !or "on"#$inage. On 1' (ove%$er 1986, appli"ation !or the provisional re%edy o!s#pportpendente lite,pending a de"ision in the a"tion !or legal separation, as !iled $y privaterespondent in the "ivil "ase !or legal separation. The respondent )#dge, as already stated, on 1*+e"e%$er 1986, ordered The pay%ent o! s#pportpendente lite.

SS-S:

1. +oes "onvi"tion !or "on"#$inage ill have to $e !irst se"#red $e!ore the a"tion !or legal separation

"an prosper or s#""eed/2. +id the respondent )#dge gravely a$#se his dis"retion on the alleged partiality in ordering the

pay%ent o! s#pport to his i!ependente lite. ?

0-(:

1. A de"ree o! legal separation, on the gro#nd o! "on"#$inage, %ay $e iss#ed #pon proo! $y

preponderan"e o! eviden"e in the a"tion !or legal separation. (o "ri%inal pro"eeding

or "onvi"tion is ne"essary.

n vie o! the a%end%ent #nder the 1983 0#les on Cri%inal 4ro"ed#re, a "ivil a"tion !or legal

separation, $ased on "on"#$inage, %ay pro"eed ahead o!, or si%#ltaneo#sly ith, a "ri%inal

a"tion !or "on"#$inage, $e"a#se said "ivil a"tion is notone 5to en!or"e the "ivil lia$ility arising

!ro% the o!!ense5 even i! $oth the "ivil and "ri%inal a"tions arise !ro% or are related to the sa%e

o!!ense.

2. +ivergen"e o! opinions $eteen a )#dge hearing a "ase and a partys "o#nsel, as to appli"a$le

las and )#rispr#den"e, is not a s#!!i"ient gro#nd to dis7#ali!y the )#dge !ro% hearing the "ase, on

the gro#nd o! $ias and %ani!est partiality. (o proo! o! grave a$#se o! dis"retion on the part o! the

respondent #dge in ordering the sa%e. S#pportpendente lite, as a re%edy, "an $e availed o! in

an a"tion !or legal separation, and granted at the dis"retion o! the )#dge. ! petitioner !inds the

a%o#nt o! s#pportpendente liteordered as too onero#s, he "an alays !ile a %otion to %odi!y or

red#"e the sa%e.

> o 16&570 .anuar/ &! &006


41/62

EL%4 A 'EE!*e%i%ioner,)s.CA


42/62

FACTS:O"to$er 1986, respondent olita #intero;a%ano and Toshio ;a%ano started a"o%%onla relationship in apan. They later lived in the 4hilippines !or a %onth.Therea!ter, Toshio ent $a"< to apan and stayed there !or hal! o! 198=. On

(ove%$er 16, 198=, she gave $irth to their "hild.On January 14, 1988, she and Toshio were married in Bacoor, Cavite. One month after their

marriage, Toshio returned to Japan and promised to return y Christmas to ce!erate the ho!idays

with his fami!y. "fter sending money to respondent for two months, Toshio stopped giving

financia! support. #he wrote him severa! times ut he never responded. #ometime in 1991,

respondent !earned from her friends that Toshio visited the $hi!ippines ut he did not other to

see her and their chi!d.%##&'(

1. )hether or not mere aandonment y the husand of his fami!y and his insensitivity to them

automatica!!y constitute psycho!ogica! incapacity*

+. )hether or not reuirements of psycho!ogica! incapacity app!y to mi-ed marriages*&/%0(

1. 0o. the po!icy of the 1982 Constitution to protect and strengthen the fami!y as the asic

autonomous socia! institution and marriage as the foundation of the fami!y. Thus, any dout

shou!d e reso!ved in favor of the va!idity of the marriage. The urden of proof to show the nu!!ity

of the marriage e!ongs to the p!aintiff. "ny dout shou!d e reso!ved in favor of the e-istence

and continuation of the marriage and against its disso!ution and nu!!ity. Toshio3s act of

aandonment was dout!ess!y irresponsi!e ut it was never a!!eged nor proven to e due to

some ind of psycho!ogica! i!!ness. )e cannot presume psycho!ogica! defect from the mere fact

that Toshio aandoned his fami!y immediate!y after the ce!eration of the marriage. nMolina, it is

not eno#gh to prove that a spo#se !ailed to %eet his responsi$ility and d#ty as a %arried person>

it is essential that he %#st $e shon to $e in"apa$le o! doing so d#e to so%e psy"hologi"al, not

physical, illness. The root cause of the psychological incapacity must be: (a) medically or

clinically identified, (b) alleged in the complaint, (c) sufficiently proven by experts and (d)

clearly explained in the decision.

+. The h#s$and $eing a apanese national is i%%aterial in proving psy"hologi"al in"apa"ity, no

distin"tion $eteen an alien spo#se and a Filipino spo#se. ;en"e, the nor%s #sed !or

deter%ining psy"hologi"al in"apa"ity sho#ld apply to any person regardless o! nationality.

G.R. No. L341427 %e 10, 1988

CONS+ANCIA C. +OLEN+INO, petitioner,vs.COR+ OF APPEALS a#" CONSELO DAID, respondents.G+IERRE5, %R., J.:

FACTS:


43/62

The petitioner Constan"ia C. Tolentino is the present legal i!e o! Art#roTolentino, their %arriage having $een "ele$rated on April 21, 19'3 in Manila. The#nion prod#"ed three "hildren.0espondent Cons#elo +avid as legally %arried to Art#ro Tolentino on Fe$r#ary8, 19&1. Their %arriage li


44/62

as the i!e o! Sat#rnino Silva. There as, there!ore, a #s#rpation o! the i!esstat#s hi"h is a$sent in the "ase at $ar.


45/62

^^

CIVIL PROCEDURE

INSURANCE

LAND TITLES AND DEEDS

PROPERTY

REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS

SPECIAL COMMERCIAL LAWS

TRANSPORTATION LAW

LABOR LAW

CONFLICT OF LAWS

CIVIL LAW 2

POLITICAL LAW

RSS Feed

Ar"hive !or the CONFLIC+ OF LA6SD CategoryM;C A(+ M;C ES. (0C eave a "o%%entMHC AND MHICL vs. NLRC et al

G.R. No. 120077

October 13, 2000

FACT: private rep!"de"t Sa"t! #a a" !verea #!r$er e%p&!'ed a a pri"ter at t(e

Ma)!!" Pri"ti"* Pre+ S,&ta"ate !- O%a". S,/e0,e"t&' (e #a dire1t&' (ired /' t(e Pa&a1e

!te&+ Bei3i"*+ Pe!p&e4 Rep,/&i1 !- C(i"a a"d &ater ter%i"ated d,e t! retre"1(%e"t.

Petiti!"er are t(e Ma"i&a !te& C!rp!rati!" 56MC78 a"d t(e Ma"i&a !te& I"ter"ati!"a&

C!%pa"'+ Li%ited 56MICL78.

W(e" t(e 1ae #a -i&ed i" 9;+ MC #a ti&& a *!ver"%e"t

B' virt,e !- a 6%a"a*e%e"t a*ree%e"t7 #it( t(e Pa&a1e !te&+ MICL trai"ed t(e per!""e&

a"d ta-- !- t(e Pa&a1e !te& at Bei3i"*+ C(i"a.

N!# t(e -a1t.

D,ri"* (i e%p&!'%e"t #it( t(e Ma)!!" Pri"ti"* Pre+ rep!"de"t Sa"t! re1eived a &etter

-r!% Mr. S(%idt+ e"era& Ma"a*er+ Pa&a1e !te&+ Bei3i"*+ C(i"a. Mr. S1(%idt i"-!r%ed

rep!"de"t Sa"t! t(at (e #a re1!%%e"ded /' !"e B,e"i!+ a -rie"d !- (i. Mr. S(%idt

!--ered rep!"de"t Sa"t! t(e a%e p!iti!" a pri"ter+ /,t #it( a (i*(er %!"t(&' a&ar' a"d

i"1reaed /e"e-it. Rep!"de"t Sa"t! #r!te t! Mr. S(%idt a"d i*"i-ied (i a11epta"1e !- t(e

!--er.

T(e Pa&a1e !te& Ma"a*er+ Mr. e"$ %ai&ed a read' t! i*" e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t t!

rep!"de"t Sa"t!. Sa"t! rei*"ed -r!% t(e Ma)!!" Pri"ti"* Pre. Sa"t! #r!te t(e Pa&a1e

!te& a"d a1$"!#&ed*ed Mr. e"$4 &etter. T(e e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t tated t(at (i

e%p&!'%e"t #!,&d /e -!r a peri!d !- t#! 'ear. e t(e" tarted t! #!r$ at t(e Pa&a1e !te&.

S,/e0,e"t&'+ rep!"de"t Sa"t! i*"ed a" a%e"ded 6e%p&!'%e"t a*ree%e"t7 #it( t(e

Pa&a1e !te&. I" t(e 1!"tra1t+ Mr. S(%idt repree"ted t(e Pa&a1e !te&. T(e Vi1e Preide"t
http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/civil-procedure/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/insurance/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/land-titles-and-deeds/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/property/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/real-estate-transactions/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/special-commercial-laws/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/transportation-law/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/labor-law/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/conflict-of-laws/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/civil-law-2/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/political-law/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/feed/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/mhc-and-mhicl-vs-nlrc/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/mhc-and-mhicl-vs-nlrc/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/mhc-and-mhicl-vs-nlrc/#commentshttp://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/civil-procedure/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/insurance/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/land-titles-and-deeds/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/property/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/real-estate-transactions/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/special-commercial-laws/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/transportation-law/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/labor-law/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/conflict-of-laws/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/civil-law-2/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/political-law/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/feed/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/mhc-and-mhicl-vs-nlrc/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/mhc-and-mhicl-vs-nlrc/#commentshttp://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/


46/62

5Operati!" a"d Deve&!p%e"t8 !- petiti!"er MICL Cer*,eda i*"ed t(e e%p&!'%e"t

a*ree%e"t ,"der t(e #!rd 6"!ted7.

A-ter #!r$i"* i" t(e Pa&a1e (!te& -!r &e t(a" 9 'ear+ t(e Pa&a1e !te& i"-!r%ed rep!"de"t

Sa"t! /' &etter i*"ed /' Mr. S(%idt t(at (i e%p&!'%e"t at t(e Pa&a1e !te& pri"t (!p

#!,&d /e ter%i"ated d,e t! /,i"e revere /r!,*(t a/!,t /' t(e p!&iti1a& ,p(eava& i"

C(i"a. T(e Pa&a1e !te& ter%i"ated t(e e%p&!'%e"t !- Sa"t! a"d paid a&& /e"e-it d,e (i%+

i"1&,di"* (i p&a"e -are /a1$ t! t(e P(i&ippi"e. Sa"t! #a repatriated t! t(e P(i&ippi"e.

Sa"t! -i&ed a 1!%p&ai"t -!r i&&e*a& di%ia& #it( t(e Ar/itrati!" Bra"1(+ NCR+ NLRC. e

pra'ed -!r a" a#ard !- AD+ ED a"d AF -!r. T(e 1!%p&ai"t "a%ed MC+ MICL+ t(e Pa&a1e

!te& a"d Mr. S(%idt a rep!"de"t. T(e Pa&a1e !te& a"d Mr. S(%idt #ere "!t erved #it(

,%%!" a"d "eit(er parti1ipated i" t(e pr!1eedi"* /e-!re t(e LA.

T(e LA de1ided t(e 1ae a*ai"t petiti!"er. Petiti!"er appea&ed t! t(e NLRC+ ar*,i"* t(at

t(e POEA+ "!t t(e NLRC (ad 3,ridi1ti!" !ver t(e 1ae. T(e NLRC pr!%,&*ated a re!&,ti!"+

tati"* t(at t(e appea&ed De1ii!" /e de1&ared ",&& a"d v!id -!r #a"t !- 3,ridi1ti!"

Sa"t! %!ved -!r re1!"iderati!" !- t(e a-!re


47/62

i"te&&i*e"t de1ii!" a t! t(e &a# a"d t(e -a1t a"d 58 t(at t(e P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt (a !r i &i$e&'

t! (ave p!#er t! e"-!r1e it de1ii!". T(e 1!"diti!" are ,"avai&i"* i" t(e 1ae at /ar.

N!t C!"ve"ie"t. We -ai& t! ee (!# t(e NLRC i a 1!"ve"ie"t -!r,% *ive" t(at a&& t(e

i"1ide"t !- t(e 1ae -r!% t(e ti%e !- re1r,it%e"t+ t! e%p&!'%e"t t! di%ia& !11,rred

!,tide t(e P(i&ippi"e. T(e i"1!"ve"ie"1e i 1!%p!,"ded /' t(e -a1t t(at t(e pr!per

de-e"da"t+ t(e Pa&a1e !te& a"d MICL are "!t "ati!"a& !- t(e P(i&ippi"e. Neit(er .are t(e'

6d!i"* /,i"e i" t(e P(i&ippi"e.7 Li$e#ie+ t(e %ai" #it"ee+ Mr. S(%idt a"d Mr. e"$ are

"!"


48/62

It i /ai1 t(at a 1!rp!rati!" (a a per!"a&it' eparate a"d diti"1t -r!% t(!e 1!%p!i"* it

a #e&& a -r!% t(at !- a"' !t(er &e*a& e"tit' t! #(i1( it %a' /e re&ated. C&ear a"d 1!"vi"1i"*

evide"1e i "eeded t! pier1e t(e vei& !- 1!rp!rate -i1ti!". I" t(i 1ae+ #e -i"d "! evide"1e t!

(!# t(at MICL a"d MC are !"e a"d t(e a%e e"tit'.

III. MICL "!t Lia/&e

Sa"t! predi1ate MICL4 &ia/i&it' !" t(e -a1t t(at MICL 6i*"ed7 (i e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t

#it( t(e Pa&a1e !te&. T(i -a1t -ai& t! per,ade ,.

Firt+ #e "!te t(at t(e Vi1e Preide"t 5Operati!" a"d Deve&!p%e"t8 !- MICL+ Cer*,eda

i*"ed t(e e%p&!'%e"t 1!"tra1t a a %ere #it"e. e %ere&' i*"ed ,"der t(e #!rd 6"!ted7.

W(e" !"e 6"!te7 a 1!"tra1t+ !"e i "!t e=prei"* (i a*ree%e"t !r appr!va&+ a a part'

#!,&d. I" Si1(a"*1! v. B!ard !- C!%%ii!"er !- I%%i*rati!"+ t(e C!,rt re1!*"i)ed t(at t(e

ter% 6"!ted7 %ea" t(at t(e per!" ! "!ti"* (a %ere&' ta$e" 1!*"i)a"1e !- t(e e=ite"1e !-

a" a1t !r de1&arati!"+ #it(!,t e=er1ii"* a 3,di1i!, de&i/erati!" !r re"deri"* a de1ii!" !" t(e

%atter.Se1!"d+ a"d %!re i%p!rta"t&'+ t(ere #a "! e=iti"* e%p&!'er


49/62

FACT: Petiti!"er COMMUNICATION MATERIALS AND DESIN+ INC.+ 5CMDI8 a"d ASPAC

MULTI


50/62

I" A"ta% C!"!&idated I"1. v. CA et a&. #e e=preed !,r 1(a*ri" !ver t(i 1!%%!"&' ,ed

1(e%e !- de-a,&ti"* &!1a& 1!%pa"ie #(i1( are /ei"* ,ed /' ,"&i1e"ed -!rei*" 1!%pa"ie

"!t e"*a*ed i" /,i"e i" t(e P(i&ippi"e t! i"v!$e t(e &a1$ !- 1apa1it' t! ,e !- ,1( -!rei*"

1!%pa"ie. O/vi!,&'+ t(e a%e p&!' i re!rted t! /' ASPAC t! preve"t t(e i"3,"1tive a1ti!"

-i&ed /' ITEC t! e"3!i" petiti!"er -r!% ,i"* $"!#&ed*e p!i/&' a10,ired i" vi!&ati!" !-

-id,1iar' arra"*e%e"t /et#ee" t(e partie.

2. YES Petiti!"er4 i"ite"1e !" t(e di%ia& !- t(i a1ti!" d,e t! t(e app&i1ati!"+ !r "!"

app&i1ati!"+ !- t(e private i"ter"ati!"a& &a# r,&e !- -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie" de-ie #e&&


51/62

A ATONA -ai&ed t! pa' t(e i"teret !" t(e /a&a"1e+ t(e e"tire a%!,"t 1!vered /' t(e "!te

/e1a%e d,e a"d de%a"da/&e. A11!rdi"*&'+ private rep!"de"t 9H+ I"1. ,ed petiti!"er

PILSEC+ AYALA+ a"d ATONA i" t(e U"ited State -!r pa'%e"t !- t(e /a&a"1e a"d -!r

da%a*e -!r /rea1( !- 1!"tra1t a"d -!r -ra,d a&&e*ed&' perpetrated /' petiti!"er i"

%irepree"ti"* t(e %ar$eta/i&it' !- t(e (are !- t!1$ de&ivered t! 9H+ I"1. ,"der t(e

A*ree%e"t.

W(i&e t(e Civi& Cae #a pe"di"* i" t(e U"ited State+ petiti!"er -i&ed a 1!%p&ai"t 6F!r S,%

!- M!"e' #it( Da%a*e a"d Writ !- Pre&i%i"ar' Atta1(%e"t7 a*ai"t private rep!"de"t i"

t(e RTC Ma$ati. T(e 1!%p&ai"t reiterated t(e a&&e*ati!" !- petiti!"er i" t(eir repe1tive

1!,"ter1&ai% i" t(e Civi& A1ti!" i" t(e U"ited State Ditri1t C!,rt !- S!,t(er" Te=a t(at

private rep!"de"t 1!%%itted -ra,d /' e&&i"* t(e pr!pert' at a pri1e H;; per1e"t %!re t(a"

it tr,e va&,e.

D,1at %!ved t! di%i t(e Civi& Cae i" t(e RTC


52/62

I" t(e 1ae at /ar+ it 1a""!t /e aid t(at petiti!"er #ere *ive" t(e !pp!rt,"it' t! 1(a&&e"*e

t(e 3,d*%e"t !- t(e U.S. 1!,rt a /ai -!r de1&ari"* it re 3,di1ata !r 1!"1&,ive !- t(e ri*(t

!- private rep!"de"t. T(e pr!1eedi"* i" t(e tria& 1!,rt #ere ,%%ar'. Neit(er t(e tria&

1!,rt "!r t(e appe&&ate 1!,rt #a eve" -,r"i(ed 1!pie !- t(e p&eadi"* i" t(e U.S. 1!,rt !r

appried !- t(e evide"1e pree"ted t(ereat+ t! a,re a pr!per deter%i"ati!" !- #(et(er t(e

i,e t(e" /ei"* &iti*ated i" t(e U.S. 1!,rt #ere e=a1t&' t(e i,e raied i" t(i 1ae ,1(t(at t(e 3,d*%e"t t(at %i*(t /e re"dered #!,&d 1!"tit,te re 3,di1ata.

Se1!"d. N!r i t(e tria& 1!,rt4 re-,a& t! ta$e 1!*"i)a"1e !- t(e 1ae 3,ti-ia/&e ,"der t(e

pri"1ip&e !- -!r,% "!" 1!"ve"ie":

Firt+ a MTD i &i%ited t! t(e *r!,"d ,"der R,&e 9K+ e1.9+ #(i1( d!e "!t i"1&,de -!r,% "!"

1!"ve"ie". T(e pr!priet' !- di%ii"* a 1ae /aed !" t(i pri"1ip&e re0,ire a -a1t,a&

deter%i"ati!"+ (e"1e+ it i %!re pr!per&' 1!"idered a %atter !- de-e"e.

Se1!"d+ #(i&e it i #it(i" t(e di1reti!" !- t(e tria& 1!,rt t! a/tai" -r!% a,%i"* 3,ridi1ti!"

!" t(i *r!,"d+ it (!,&d d! ! !"&' a-ter 6vita& -a1t are eta/&i(ed+ t! deter%i"e #(et(er

pe1ia& 1ir1,%ta"1e7 re0,ire t(e 1!,rt4 deita"1e.

P!ted Mar1( 2+ 2;9 /' v/dia)i" CONFLICT OF LAWS;SC ES. S;0MA( eave a "o%%entHONGONG AND HANGHAI -ANING COR'ORATION H-C/ vs. H"RMAN et al

G.R. No. 72)%)

A#$#st 11, 1%%

FACT: It appear t(at !%eti%e i" 99+ Eater" B!!$ S,pp&' Servi1e PTE+ Ltd. 5COMPANY8+

a 1!%pa"' i"1!rp!rated i" Si"*ap!re app&ied #it( a"d #a *ra"ted /' SBC Si"*ap!re /ra"1(

a" !verdra-t -a1i&it' i" t(e %a=i%,% a%!,"t !- Si"*ap!re d!&&ar 2;;+;;; #it( i"teret at @

!ver SBC pri%e rate+ pa'a/&e %!"t(&'+ !" a%!,"t d,e ,"der aid !verdra-t -a1i&it'.

A a e1,rit' -!r t(e repa'%e"t /' t(e COMPANY !- ,% adva"1ed /' SBC t! it t(r!,*( t(e

a-!reaid !verdra-t -a1i&it'+ i" 92+ /!t( private rep!"de"t a"d a 1ertai" L!#e+ a&& !- #(!%

#ere dire1t!r !- t(e COMPANY at ,1( ti%e+ e=e1,ted a !i"t a"d Severa& ,ara"tee i" -av!r!- SBC #(ere/' private rep!"de"t a"d L!#e a*reed t! pa'+ 3!i"t&' a"d evera&&'+ !"

de%a"d a&& ,% !#ed /' t(e COMPANY t! petiti!"er BAN> ,"der t(e a-!retated !verdra-t

-a1i&it'.

T(e !i"t a"d Severa& ,ara"tee pr!vide+ i"ter a&ia+ t(at:

T(i *,ara"tee a"d a&& ri*(t+ !/&i*ati!" a"d &ia/i&itie arii"* (ere,"der (a&& /e 1!"tr,ed

a"d deter%i"ed ,"der a"d %a' /e e"-!r1ed i" a11!rda"1e #it( t(e &a# !- t(e Rep,/&i1 !-

Si"*ap!re. We (ere/' a*ree t(at t(e C!,rt !- Si"*ap!re (a&& (ave 3,ridi1ti!" !ver a&&

dip,te arii"* ,"der t(i *,ara"tee.

T(e COMPANY -ai&ed t! pa' it !/&i*ati!". T(,+ SBC de%a"ded pa'%e"t a"d i"a%,1( a

t(e private rep!"de"t ti&& -ai&ed t! pa'+ SBC -i&ed A 1!%p&ai"t -!r 1!&&e1ti!" !- a ,% !-

%!"e' a*ai"t private rep!"de"t S(er%a" a"d Re&!3 /e-!re RTC !- ,e)!" Cit'.

Private rep!"de"t -i&ed a" MTD !" t(e *r!,"d !- &a1$ !- 3,ridi1ti!" !ver t(e ,/3e1t %atter.

T(e tria& 1!,rt de"ied t(e %!ti!". T(e' t(e" -i&ed /e-!re t(e rep!"de"t IAC a petiti!" -!r

pr!(i/iti!" #it( pre&i%i"ar' i"3,"1ti!" a"dJ!r pra'er -!r a retrai"i"* !rder. T(e IAC re"dered

a de1ii!" e"3!i"i"* t(e RTC ,e)!" Cit' -r!% ta$i"* -,rt(er 1!*"i)a"1e !- t(e 1ae a"d t!

di%i t(e a%e -!r -i&i"* #it( t(e pr!per 1!,rt !- Si"*ap!re #(i1( i t(e pr!per -!r,%. MR

de"ied+ (e"1e t(i petiti!".
http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/author/vbdiaz/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/conflict-of-laws/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/hsbc-vs-sherman/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/hsbc-vs-sherman/#commentshttp://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/author/vbdiaz/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/category/conflict-of-laws/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/hsbc-vs-sherman/http://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/hsbc-vs-sherman/#comments


53/62

I!": D! P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt (ave 3,ridi1ti!" !ver t(e ,it+ vi


54/62

FACT: EDWARD C(rite"e" died tetate. T(e etate #a ditri/,ted /' E=e1,ti!"er A)"ar

a11!rdi"* t! t(e #i&&+ #(i1( pr!vide t(at: P(p +K;; /e *ive" t! ELEN C(rite"e" a (er

&e*a1'+ a"d t(e ret !- (i etate t! (i da,*(ter LUCY C(rite"e"+ a pr!"!,"1ed /' CFI

Dava!.

Opp!iti!" t! t(e appr!va& !- t(e pr!3e1t !- partiti!" #a -i&ed /' e&e"+ i"!-ar a it deprive

(er !- (er &e*iti%e a a" a1$"!#&ed*ed "at,ra& 1(i&d+ (e (avi"* /ee" de1&ared /' U a"a1$"!#&ed*ed "at,ra& 1(i&d !- t(e de1eaed Ed#ard i" a" ear&ier 1ae.

A t! (i 1iti)e"(ip+ #e -i"d t(at t(e 1iti)e"(ip t(at (e a10,ired i" Ca&i-!r"ia #(e" (e reided

i" Sa1ra%e"t! -r!% 9;H t! 99+ #a "ever &!t /' (i ta' i" t(e P(i&ippi"e+ a"d t(e

de1eaed appear t! (ave 1!"idered (i%e&- a a 1iti)e" !- Ca&i-!r"ia /' t(e -a1t t(at #(e"

(e e=e1,ted (i #i&& (e de1&ared t(at (e #a a 1iti)e" !- t(at State ! t(at (e appear "ever

t! (ave i"te"ded t! a/a"d!" (i Ca&i-!r"ia 1iti)e"(ip /' a10,iri"* a"!t(er. B,t at t(e ti%e !-

(i deat(+ (e #a d!%i1i&ed i" t(e P(i&ippi"e.

I!": #(at &a# !" ,11ei!" (!,&d app&'+ t(e P(i&ippi"e &a# !r t(e Ca&i-!r"ia &a#

H"LD: WEREFORE+ t(e de1ii!" appea&ed -r!% i (ere/' revered a"d t(e 1ae ret,r"ed t!

t(e &!#er 1!,rt #it( i"tr,1ti!" t(at t(e partiti!" /e %ade a t(e P(i&ippi"e &a# !" ,11ei!"pr!vide.

T(e &a# t(at *!ver" t(e va&idit' !- (i teta%e"tar' dip!iti!" i de-i"ed i" Arti1&e 9K !- t(e

Civi& C!de !- t(e P(i&ippi"e+ #(i1( i a -!&&!#:

ART. 9K. Rea& pr!pert' a #e&& a per!"a& pr!pert' i ,/3e1t t! t(e &a# !- t(e 1!,"tr' #(ere

it i it,ated.

!#ever+ i"tetate a"d teta%e"tar' ,11ei!"+ /!t( #it( repe1t t! t(e !rder !- ,11ei!"

a"d t! t(e a%!,"t !- ,11ei!"a& ri*(t a"d t! t(e i"tri"i1 va&idit' !- teta%e"tar'

pr!vii!"+ (a&& /e re*,&ated /' t(e "ati!"a& &a# !- t(e per!" #(!e ,11ei!" i ,"der

1!"iderati!"+ #(atever %a' /e t(e "at,re !- t(e pr!pert' a"d re*ard&e !- t(e 1!,"tr'

#(ere aid pr!pert' %a' /e -!,"d.

T(e app&i1ati!" !- t(i arti1&e i" t(e 1ae at /ar re0,ire t(e deter%i"ati!" !- t(e %ea"i"* !-

t(e ter% 6"ati!"a& &a#7 i ,ed t(erei".

T(e "e=t 0,eti!" i: W(at i t(e &a# i" Ca&i-!r"ia *!ver"i"* t(e dip!iti!" !- per!"a&

pr!pert'

T(e de1ii!" !- CFI Dava!+ ,tai" t(e 1!"te"ti!" !- t(e e=e1,t!r


55/62

i" 0,eti!" (!,&d /e re-erred /a1$ t! t(e &a# !- t(e de1ede"t4 d!%i1i&e+ #(i1( i t(e

P(i&ippi"e.

We "!te t(at Arti1&e HK !- t(e Ca&i-!r"ia Civi& C!de i it 1!"-&i1t !- &a# r,&e+ #(i&e t(e r,&e

app&ied i" I" re >a,-%a"+ it i"ter"a& &a#. I- t(e &a# !" ,11 ei!" a"d t(e 1!"-&i1t !- &a#

r,&e !- Ca&i-!r"ia are t! /e e"-!r1ed 3!i"t&'+ ea1( i" it !#" i"te"ded a"d appr!priate p(ere+

t(e pri"1ip&e 1ited I" re >a,-%a" (!,&d app&' t! 1iti)e" &ivi"* i" t(e State+ /,t Arti1&e HK

(!,&d app&' t! ,1( !- it 1iti)e" a are "!t d!%i1i&ed i" Ca&i-!r"ia /,t i" !t(er 3,ridi1ti!".

T(e r,&e &aid d!#" !- re!rti"* t! t(e &a# !- t(e d!%i1i&e i" t(e deter%i"ati!" !- %atter #it(

-!rei*" e&e%e"t i"v!&ved i i" a11!rd #it( t(e *e"era& pri"1ip&e !- A%eri1a" &a# t(at t(e

d!%i1i&iar' &a# (!,&d *!ver" i" %!t %atter !r ri*(t #(i1( -!&&!# t(e per!" !- t(e !#"er.

Appe&&ee ar*,e t(at #(at Arti1&e 9K !- t(e Civi& C!de !- t(e P(i&ippi"e p!i"ted !,t a t(e

"ati!"a& &a# i t(e i"ter"a& &a# !- Ca&i-!r"ia. B,t a a/!ve e=p&ai"ed t(e &a# !- Ca&i-!r"ia (ave

pre1ri/ed t#! et !- &a# -!r it 1iti)e"+ !"e -!r reide"t t(erei" a"d a"!t(er -!r t(!e

d!%i1i&ed i" !t(er 3,ridi1ti!".

It i ar*,ed !" appe&&ee4 5A)"ar a"d LUCY8 /e(a&- t(at t(e 1&a,e 6i- t(ere i "! &a# t! t(e1!"trar' i" t(e p&a1e #(ere t(e pr!pert' i it,ated7 i" Se1. HK !- t(e Ca&i-!r"ia Civi& C!de

re-er t! Arti1&e 9K !- t(e Civi& C!de !- t(e P(i&ippi"e a"d t(at t(e &a# t! t(e 1!"trar' i" t(e

P(i&ippi"e i t(e pr!vii!" i" aid Arti1&e 9K t(at t(e "ati!"a& &a# !- t(e de1eaed (!,&d

*!ver". T(i 1!"te"ti!" 1a" "!t /e ,tai"ed.

A e=p&ai"ed i" t(e vari!, a,t(!ritie 1ited a/!ve+ t(e "ati!"a& &a# %e"ti!"ed i" Arti1&e 9K !-

!,r Civi& C!de i t(e &a# !" 1!"-&i1t !- &a# i" t(e Ca&i-!r"ia Civi& C!de+ i.e.+ Arti1&e HK+ #(i1(

a,t(!ri)e t(e re-ere"1e !r ret,r" !- t(e 0,eti!" t! t(e &a# !- t(e tetat!r4 d!%i1i&e. T(e

1!"-&i1t !- &a# r,&e i" Ca&i-!r"ia+ Arti1&e HK+ Civi& C!de+ pre1ie&' re-er /a1$ t(e 1ae+ #(e" a

de1ede"t i "!t d!%i1i&ed i" Ca&i-!r"ia+ t! t(e &a# !- (i d!%i1i&e+ t(e P(i&ippi"e i" t(e 1ae at

/ar. T(e 1!,rt !- t(e d!%i1i&e 1a" "!t a"d (!,&d "!t re-er t(e 1ae /a1$ t! Ca&i-!r"ia ,1(

a1ti!" #!,&d &eave t(e i,e i"1apa/&e !- deter%i"ati!" /e1a,e t(e 1ae #i&& t(e" /e &i$e a

-!!t/a&&+ t!ed /a1$ a"d -!rt( /et#ee" t(e t#! tate+ /et#ee" t(e 1!,"tr' !- #(i1( t(e

de1ede"t #a a 1iti)e" a"d t(e 1!,"tr' !- (i d!%i1i&e. T(e P(i&ippi"e 1!,rt %,t app&' it !#"

&a# a dire1ted i" t(e 1!"-&i1t !- &a# r,&e !- t(e tate !- t(e de1ede"t+ i- t(e 0,eti!" (a t!

/e de1ided+ epe1ia&&' a t(e app&i1ati!" !- t(e i"ter"a& &a# !- Ca&i-!r"ia pr!vide "! &e*iti%e

-!r 1(i&dre" #(i&e t(e P(i&ippi"e &a#+ Art. 5H8 a"d H+ Civi& C!de !- t(e P(i&ippi"e+ %a$e

"at,ra& 1(i&dre" &e*a&&' a1$"!#&ed*ed -!r1ed (eir !- t(e pare"t re1!*"i)i"* t(e%.

We t(ere-!re -i"d t(at a t(e d!%i1i&e !- t(e de1eaed Ed#ard+ a 1iti)e" !- Ca&i-!r"ia+ i t(e

P(i&ippi"e+ t(e va&idit' !- t(e pr!vii!" !- (i #i&& deprivi"* (i a1$"!#&ed*ed "at,ra& 1(i&d+

t(e appe&&a"t ELEN+ (!,&d /e *!ver"ed /' t(e P(i&ippi"e La#+ t(e d!%i1i&e+ p,r,a"t t! Art.

HK !- t(e Civi& C!de !- Ca&i-!r"ia+ "!t /' t(e i"ter"a& &a# !- Ca&i-!r"ia..

NOT": T(ere i "! i"*&e A%eri1a" &a# *!ver"i"* t(e va&idit' !- teta%e"tar' pr!vii!" i"

t(e U"ited State+ ea1( tate !- t(e U"i!"

Date post:	03-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	sychia-adams
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

Conflict+of+Laws+Digests

Documents