KEY REFERENCES

Congenital Lesions of the Lungs T. Bruce Ferguson, Jr, MD Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri

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Bartlett RH, Toomasian J, Roloff D, Gassaniga AB, Corwin AG, Rucher R. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in neonatal respiratory failure. 100 cases. Ann Surg 1986;204:23&45.

This comprehensive review provides guidelines for appropriate institution of ECMO in full-term infants with respiratory failure that is unresponsive to conventional treatment. Berlinger NT, Porto DP, Thompson TR. Infantile lobar em- physema. Ann Otol Rhino1 1987;96:106-11.

This timely article covers all aspects of the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of lobar emphysema in infants. Burke CM, Safai C, Nelson DP, Raffin TA. Pulmonary arterio-venous malformations: a critical update. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;134:334-8.

This timely update thoroughly discusses all aspects of this congenital pulmonary lesion. An objective appraisal of surgical therapy is presented, as well as current results from the embolother- apy technique. The indications for both types of therapy are presented. Campbell DN, Lilly JR. Surgery for total congenital tracheal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:934-5.

This report describes operative insertion of a cartilaginous graft extending the length of the trachea in an infant with complete cartilaginous rings extending the length of the trachea. It illustrates the more aggressive approach being taken toward this and other congenital tracheal lesions, with improving results. Canter DE, Martin TC, Spray TL, Weldon CS, Strauss AW. Scimitar syndrome in childhood. Am J Cardiol1986;58:652-4.

This brief review of 15 patients with this lesion is the largest series in the literature. The different clinical and therapeutic aspects of the lesion in infants and older children are emphasized. Coselli MP, de Ipolyi P, Bloss RS, Diaz RF, Fitzgerald JB. Bronchogenic cysts above and below the diaphragm: report of eight cases. Ann Thorac Surg 1987;44:4914.

This paper emphasizes the atypical presentation and location that can occur with bronchogenic cysts. Fraser RG, Pare JAP, Pare PD, Fraser RS, Genereux GP. Diagnosis of diseases of the chest. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1988:l-71, 144-56.

The first volume of the third edition of this outstanding textbook covers all aspects of the normal chest. The sections on development and growth of the lung and surface tension and surfactant are particularly appropriate to this discussion. Jederlinic PJ, Sicilian LS, Baigelman W, Gaensler EA. Con- genital bronchial atresia. A report of 4 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine 1987;66:73-83.

This paper presents the clinical findings in 4 cases and correlates these with data obtained from a complete review ofthe literature. The clinical, radiographic, operative, and pathological aspects of this

Address reprint requests to Dr Ferguson, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suite 3108 Queeny Tower, Box 8109,4989 Barnes Hospital Plaza, St. Louis, MO 63110.

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lesion are presented, and the diagnostic role of computed tomograph- ic scanning is emphasized. Kaufman SL. Intrathoracic interventional vascular tech- niques in congenital cardiovascular disease. J Thorac Imag 1987;2:1-10.

This excellent review discusses the catheter embolectomy tech- nique for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, including the currently accepted indications, results, and complications. Miller RK, Seiber WK, Yunis EJ. Congenital adenomatoid malformation of the lung: a report of 17 cases and review of the literature. Pathol Ann 1980;15:387-407.

This discussion of the experience with congenital cystic adenoma- toid malformation at the University of Pittsburgh provides a thorough description of the clinical and pathological aspects of this lesion, as well as the therapeutic approach utilized over the years by this institution. Savic B, Birtel FJ, Tholen W, Funke HD, Knoche R. Lung sequestration: report of seven cases and a review of 540 published cases. Thorax 1979;34:9&101.

This landmark review, by far the largest series in the literature, provides an analysis of the anatomy, histology, and clinical presen- tation of both intralobar and extralobar sequestration. Stocker JT, Drake RM, Madewell JE. Cystic and congenital lung disease in the newborn. Perspect Pediatr Radiol 1978;4: 93-154.

This outstanding clinical, radiological, and pathological review covers the five congenital andlor cystic lung lesions seen in newborn infants: congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, infantile lobar emphysema, interstitial pulmonary emphysema, extralobar seques- tration, and congenital bronchopulmonary foregut malformution.

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Alivizatos P, Cheatle T, De Leva1 M, Stark J . Pulmonary sequestration complicated by anomalies of pulmonary ve- nous return. J Pediatr Surg 1985;20:7&9. Avery ME, Fletcher BD, Williams RG. The lung and its disorders in the newborn infant. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1981:22%37. Bertolini A, Pelizza A, Panizzon G, et al. Vascular rings and slings. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1987;28:301-12. Black PR, Welch KJ. Pulmonary agenesis (aplasia), esopha- geal atresia, and tracheoesophageal fistula: a different treat- ment strategy. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:936-8. Blair GK, Cohen R, Filler RM. Treatment of tracheomalacia: eight years’ experience. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:781-5. Clements BS, Warner JO. Pulmonary sequestration and re- lated congenital bronchopulmonary-vascular malformations: nomenclature and classification based upon anatomical and embryological considerations. Thorax 1987;42:401-8. Currarino G, Williams B. Causes of unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia: a study of 33 cases. Pediatr Radiol 1985;15:1524. Dines DE, Seward JB, Bernatz PE. Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. Mayo Clin Proc 1983;58:176-81. DuMontier C, Graviss ER, Silberstein MJ, McAlister WH. Bronchogenic cysts in children. Clin Radiol 1985;36:431-6. Engle WA, Cohen MD, McAlister WH, et al. Neonatal tracheobronchomegaly. Am J Perinatol 1987;4:81-5.

0 1989 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Ann Thorac Surg 1989;47:481-2 0003-4975/891$3.50

482 FERGUSON CONGENITAL LESIONS OF THE LUNG

23. Frey EE, Smith WL, Grandgeorge S, et al. Chronic airway obstruction in children: evaluation with cine-CT. AJR 1987;148:347-52.

24. Glenski JA, Thibeault DW, Hall FK, Hall RT, Germann DR. Selective bronchial intubation in infants with lobar emphy- sema: indications, complications, and long-term outcome. Am J Perinatol 1986;3:199-204.

25. Greenholz SK, Karrer FM, Lilly JR. Contemporary surgery of tracheomalacia. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:511-4.

26. Haller JA, Golladay ES, Pichard LR, Tepas JJ, Shorter MA, Shermeta DW. Surgical management of lung bud anomalies: lobar emphysema, bronchogenic cyst, cystic adenomatoid malformation, and intralobar pulmonary sequestration. Ann Thorac Surg 1979;28:3343.

27. Haller JA, Golladay ES, Pickard LR, et al. The natural history of bronchial atresia: serial observations of a case from birth to operative correction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;79:86b 72.

28. Hosker HSR, Clague HW, Morritt GN. Ectopic right upper lobe bronchus as a cause of breathlessness. Thorax 1987;42: 473-4.

29. Idriss FS, DeLeon SY, Ilbawi MN, et al. Tracheoplasty with pericardial patch for extensive tracheal stenosis in infants and children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984;88:527-36.

30. Janick JS, Nagaraj HS, Yacoub U, Groff DB. Congenital funnel-shaped tracheal stenosis. An asymptomatic lethal anomaly of early infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982;83: 7614.

31. Juettner FM, Pinter HH, Lammer G, Popper H, Friehs GB. Bilateral intralobar pulmonary sequestration: therapeutic im- plications. Ann Thorac Surg 1987;43:66&2.

32. Leithiser RE, Capitanio MA, Macpherson RI, Wood BP. "Communicating" bronchopulmonary foregut malforma- tions. AJR 1986;146:227-31.

33. Lillington GA. Unilateral hyperlucency. In: Lillington GA. A diagnostic approach to chest diseases. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1986:242-73.

34. Mardini MK, Nyhan WL. Agenesis of the lung. Report of four patients with unusual anomalies. Chest 1985;87:522-7.

35. Marks C, Marks P. The embryologic basis of tracheobroncho- pulmonary maldevelopment. Intern Surg 1987;72:109-14.

36. McLaughlin FJ, Streider DJ, Harris GBC, et al. Tracheal

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bronchus: association with respiratory morbidity in child- hood. J Pediatr 1985;106:751-5.

37. Mehta AC, Ahnad M, Golish JA, Buonocore E. Congenital anomalies of thme lung in the adult. Cleve Clin Q 1983;50:401- 46.

38. Miller RW, Woo P, Kellman RK, et al. Tracheobronchial abnormalities in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 1987;111:779-82.

39. Oliphant L, McFadden RG, Carr TJ, Mackenzie DA. Mag- netic resonance imaging to diagnose intralobar pulmonary sequestration. Chest 1987;91:500-2.

40. Pardes JG, Augh YH, Blomquist K, et al. CT diagnosis of congenital lobar emphysema. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1983;7:1095-7.

41. Pokorny WJ, Goldstein IR. Enteric thoracoabdominal dupli- cations in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984;878214.

42. Rodgers BM, Harnam PK, Johnson AM. Bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. Ann Surg 1986;203:517-24.

43. Schneider JR, St Cyr JA, Thompson TR, Johnson DE, Burke BA, Foker JE. The changing spectrum of cystic pulmonary lesions requiring surgical resection in infants. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg 1985;89:332-9.

44. Sirivella S, Ford WB, Zikria EA, Miller WH, Samandani SR, Sullivan ME. Fcregut cysts of the mediastinum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985;90:776-82.

45. Stocker JT, Madewell JE, Drake RM. Congenital cystic ade- nomatoid malformation of the lung: classification and mor- phologic spectrum. Hum Pathol 1977;8:15571.

46. Stocker JT, Madewell JE. Persistent interstitial pulmonary emphysema: another complication of the respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1977;59:847-57.

47. Stocker JT, Malczak HT. A study of pulmonary ligament arteries. Chest 1984;86:611-5.

48. Vinograd I, Filler RM, Bahoric A. Long-term functional results of prosthetic airway splinting in tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia. ]' Pediatr Surg 1987;22:38-41.

49. Weber TR, Connors RH, Pennington G, et al. Neonatal diaphragmatic hernia. An improving outlook with extracor- poreal membrane oxygenation. Arch Surg 1987;122:615-8.

50. Wesley JR, Heidelberger KP, DiPietro MA, Cho KJ, Corna AG. Diagnosis and management of congenital cystic disease of the lung in children. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:202-7.