Congratulation on the Establishment of KMI !

Wish a New Creative Era at KMI !!!

Yue-Liang Wu

Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics China （ KITPC）State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics (SKLTP)

Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

2011.10.27-28　　　　　

Insights From Three Flavors to Three Families

Based on Compositeness and Symmetry

OUTLINEShoichi Sakata & Chinese Philosophy ‘兼听则明 , 偏信则暗’

‘Compositeness and Symmetry’Insight from Three Flavors to Three Families ， Indirect

and Direct CP Violation in kaon Meson Decays.Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking with Nonet Scalar

Mesons as Composite Higgs Bosons and Predictions for Mass Spectra of Lowest Lying Mesons

Chiral Thermodynamic Model of QCD and QCD Phase Transition with Chiral Symmetry Restoration

Predictive Realistic Holographic AdS/QCD Model for the Mass Spectra of Resonance Mesons

SO(3) Gauge Family Model for Neutrino MixingConclusions and Remarks

Shoichi Sakata & Chinese Philosophy

Compositeness and Symmetry

In Tang Dynasty (683) , the emperor (Li Shi-Ming) asked prime ministry (Wei Zheng) how he can become an enlightened rather than a benighted emperor, the prime ministry answered:“Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened; heed only one side you will be benighted”

唐太宗贞观二年 (628)，上问魏征曰：‘人主何为而明，何为而暗？’对曰： ‘’

A Democratic Idea

Since then ‘兼听则明 ,偏信则暗’ has become an idiom late on, it has been as the dialectics and philosophyEg. “Contradiction Theory” by Chairman Mao Ze-Dong“Everything has two sides ： positive and negative”

“One divides into two”

“Unity of opposites”

Compositeness

Symmetry

Particle-antiparticle, left-right, forward-backward (CPT)

Shoichi Sakata

“ 唐朝人魏徵说过：‘兼听则明，偏信则暗。’也懂得片面性不对。可是我们的同志看问题，往往带片面性，这样的人就往往碰钉子”

Concept of Compositeness

Shoichi Sakata in 1955: The fundamental building blocks of all

strongly interacting particles are the composite ones from the three known particles: the proton, the neutron and the lambda baryon, p, n, Λ

Gell-Mann & Zweig in 1964: p, n, Λ three unknown flavors: u, d, s with the same isospin and flavor numbers but with fractional charges

1964 年 8 月，九三学社副主席周培源（左二）陪同毛泽东接见参加科学讨论会的日本代表团团长坂田昌一

1963 年，《自然辩证法研究通讯》(dialectics of nature) 杂志复刊，第一期就曾转载了坂田昌一的论文《基本粒子新概念》，这篇文章引起了毛泽东的很大兴趣。1964 年 8 月 19 日，毛泽东接见各国代表团，由于坂田在整个到会的科学家中间的学术地位是最高的，他成为与毛泽东第一个握手的科学家。当时毛泽东对坂田说了一句话：“你的文章写得很好，我读过了。”

In 1961, professor Shoichi Sakata published an article about “New Concept on Elementary Particles” in the Journal of the Physical Society of Japan.

That has had a big influence on study and development of Elementary Particle Physics in China , eg. :

Straton Model based on the Compsiteness

新基本粒子观对话

书籍作者：坂田昌一图书出版社：生活、读书、新知三联书店出版时间：1965-07

书籍作者：坂田昌一图书出版社：三联书店出版时间：1973-04

坂田昌一科学哲学论文集

书籍作者：坂田昌一图书出版社：知识出版社

书籍作者：坂田昌一图书出版社：商务印书馆出版时间： 1966-05

Methodology

坂田昌一物理学方法论论文集 核时代を超える

书籍作者：汤川秀树 朝永振一郎 坂田昌一图书出版社：岩波新书

Prof. Shoichi Sakata visited China twice in 1956 and 1964, invited by the Funding President of CAS Mr. Mo-Ruo Guo (who is the famous Litterateur, Poet, Dramatist, Historian, Thinker, Calligrapher etc.). He had a handwriting to Prof. Sakata with his own poem and its first calligraphy.

When Prof. S. Sakata passed away in 1970, the CAS President Mr. Guo wrote a poem as a monumental writing with his calligraphy.

科学与和平， 创造日日新。

微观小宇宙， 力转大车轮。 坂田昌一先生 千古

郭沫若

Fumihiko Sakata大愧多诗笔，扁舟一酒杯。

坐观天入峡，深幸雨中来。

玉女方淋浴，慵妆傍镜台。

虹桥横水断，云幔逐波开。

Looks like a jade woman taking a shower

Science and peace

New creation everyday

Micro-universe of particles

Turn round historical big wheelsTo Mr. Shoichi Sakata through the ages

武夷山 mountain

Insight From

Three Flavors to Three Families

Indirect and Direct CP violation

in kaon Meson Decays 道生一、一生二、二生三、三生万物 老子《道德经》， (B.C. 571)

CP Violation From 3 Flavors to 3 Families

Indirect CP violation was discovered in 1964 from kaon decays: K π π, π π π, which only involves three flavors

The Question: CP violation is via weak-type interaction or superweak-type interaction (Wolfenstein 1964)

CP violation can occur in the weak interaction with three families of SM (Kobayashi-Maskawa 1973)

which has to be tested via the direct CP violation ε’/ε = 0 (superweak hypothesis)

ε’/ε ≠ 0 (weak interaction)

CP violation may also happen via spontaneous symmetry breaking (SCPV) of scalar interaction (T.D. Lee, 1973)

Two Higgs Doublet Model (2HDM) with SCPV (Weinberg, Liu & Wolfenstein, Hall & Weinberg, ……

Wolfenstein & YLW, 1994 PRL)

(i) Induced Kobayashi-Maskawa CP-violating phase (ii) New sources of CP violation through the charged Higgs (iii) Induced superweak CP via FCNC through neutral Higgs (iV) CP violation via scalar-pseudoscalar Higgs mixing

CP ViolationFrom 3 Flavors to 3 Families

Direct CP Violation & ΔI = ½ Rule in Kaon Decays Based on ChPT

Direct CP violation arises from both nonzero relative weak and strong phases via the KM mechanism

Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Measurements

Theoretical Prediction ε′/ε ＝（ 20±4±5 ） ×10-4 (Y.L. Wu Phys. Rev. D64: 016001,2001)Experimental Results: ε′/ε ＝（ 20.7±2.8 ） ×10-4 (KTeV Collab. Phys. Rev. D67: 012005,2003) ε′/ε ＝（ 14.7±2.2 ） ×10-4 (NA48 Collab. Phys. Lett. B544: 97,2002)

S. Bertolini, Theory Status of ’/ FrascatiPhys.Ser.28 275-290 (2002)

Direct CP violation ’/ in kaon decays can be well explained by the KM CP-violating mechanism in SM

Consistency of Prediction The consistency of our theoretical prediction is strongly supported from a simultaneous prediction for the ΔI = ½ isospin selection rule of decay amplitudes (|A0/A2|= 22.5 (exp.) |A0/A2 |≈ 1.4 (naïve fac.), differs by a factor 16 )

Theoretical Prediction

494.061.00 1010.3Re

A 42 1002.012.0Re A

40 1033.3Re A 4

2 1015.0Re A

Experimental Results

The chiral loop contribution of nonperturbative effects was found to be significant. It is important to keep quadratic terms proposed firstly by Bardeen,Buras & Gerard (1986)

Importance for matching ChPT with QCD Scale

Some Algebraic Relations of Chiral Operators

124 QQQ

1252

2

6 QQr

Q

2

1152

2

r

Inputs and Theoretical Uncertainties

Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking

Scalar Mesons as Composite Higgs Bosons

Mass Spectra of Lowest Lying Mesons

Symmetry & Quantum Field Theory

Symmetry has played an important role in elementary particle physics

All known basic forces of nature: electromagnetic, weak, strong & gravitational forces, are governed by

U(1)_Y x SU(2)_L x SU(3)_c x SO(1,3)

Which has been found to be successfully described by quantum field theories (QFTs)

Why Quantum Field Theory So Successful

Folk’s theorem by Weinberg:

Any quantum theory that at sufficiently low energy and large distances looks Lorentz invariant and satisfies the cluster decomposition principle will also at sufficiently low energy look like a quantum field theory.

Indication: existence in any case a characterizing energy scale (CES) Mc

So that at sufficiently low energy gets meaning:

E << Mc QFTs

Why Quantum Field Theory So Successful

Renormalization group by Wilson/Gell-Mann & Low

Allow to deal with physical phenomena at any interesting energy scale by integrating out the physics at higher energy scales.

Allow to define the renormalized theory at any interesting renormalization scale .

Implication: Existence of sliding energy scale(SES) μs which is not related to masses of particles.

Physical effects above the SES μs are integrated in the renormalized couplings and fields.

How to Avoid Divergence

QFTs cannot be defined by a straightforward perturbative expansion due to the presence of ultraviolet divergences.

Regularization: Modifying the behavior of field theory at very large momentum so Feynman diagrams become well-defined quantities

String/superstring: Underlying theory might not be a quantum theory of fields, it could be something else.

Regularization Schemes

Cut-off regularization Keeping divergent behavior, spoiling gauge symmetry &

translational/rotational symmetries

Pauli-Villars regularization Modifying propagators, destroying non-abelian gauge

symmetry

Dimensional regularization: analytic continuation in dimension Gauge invariance, widely used for practical calculations

Gamma_5 problem: questionable to chiral theoryDimension problem: unsuitable for super-symmetric theoryDivergent behavior: losing quadratic behavior (incorrect gap eq.)

All the regularizations have their advantages and shortcomings

Criteria of Consistent Regularization

(i) The regularization is rigorous: It can maintain the basic symmetry principles

in the original theory, such as: gauge invariance, Lorentz invariance and translational invariance

(ii) The regularization is general: It can be applied to both underlying

renormalizable QFTs (such as QCD) and effective QFTs (like the gauged Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model and chiral perturbation theory).

Criteria of Consistent Regularization

(iii) The regularization is also essential: It can lead to the well-defined Feynman

diagrams with maintaining the initial divergent behavior of integrals, so that the regularized theory only needs to make an infinity-free renormalization.

(iv) The regularization must be simple: It can provide practical calculations.

Symmetry-Preserving Loop Regularization (LORE) with String Mode Regulators

Yue-Liang Wu, SYMMETRY PRINCIPLE PRESERVING AND INFINITY FREE REGULARIZATION AND RENORMALIZATION OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORIES AND THE MASS GAP. Int.J.Mod.Phys.A18:2003, 5363-5420.

Yue-Liang Wu, SYMMETRY PRESERVING LOOP REGULARIZATION AND RENORMALIZATION OF QFTS. Mod.Phys.Lett.A19:2004, 2191-2204.

J.~W.~Cui and Y.~L.~Wu, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 23, 2861 (2008) J.~W.~Cui, Y.~Tang and Y.~L.~Wu, Phys. Rev. D 79, 125008 (2009) Y.~L.~Ma and Y.~L.~Wu, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A21, 6383 (2006) Y.~L.~Ma and Y.~L.~Wu, Phys. Lett. B 647, 427 (2007) J.W. Cui, Y.L. Ma and Y.L. Wu, Phys.Rev. D 84, 025020 (2011) Y.~B.~Dai and Y.~L.~Wu, Eur. Phys. J. C 39 (2004) S1 Y.~Tang and Y.~L.~Wu, Commun. Theor. Phys. 54, 1040 (2010) Y.~Tang and Y.~L.~Wu, arXiv:1012.0626 [hep-ph]. D. Huang and Y.L. Wu, arXiv:1108.3603

Irreducible Loop Integrals (ILIs)

Loop Regularization (LORE) MethodSimple Prescription: in ILIs, make the following replacement

With the conditions

So that

Gauge Invariant Consistency Conditions