Congratulation to all aspirant novel public service bearers

Congratulation to all aspirant novel public service bearers!STATE Building Processes from Grassroots Prof. Prem Sharma PhD, CDRD, TU

Eyesre differentWel-come/NamasteAtithi Dewobhawa:

A state is created for needs of life and for the good life of 'man'.To Socrates and Plato 'man' included all human beings, even women, even foreigners, even perhaps slaves (Doren, 1991, p. 44).

Bee house/hiveLokanthali

State Buildings ???London

Is this not estate?Yes, it is, but not a state

Empire State BuildingPart I: An overarching of state building process

Theory and concept- different perspectives and assumptions. State building describes the construction of functioning state. Authoritarian or Democratic regime. The approaches attributed to- Good governance, New Public Management and Decentralization.Traces (origin of state) - family (primary social unit), society, community, state, empire building or supra-state, beyond national boundary, as par UN or global governance. It is difference from empire building.

Theories:

The Divine origin theoryThe theory of Force (strong vs weak relationship)Patriarchal and matriarchal theories (family as nucleus of state) The social contract theory (state of nature, i.e., pre-social or pre-political) good logic in franchiseHistorical and evolutionary theoryThe latter two theories bear better logic and accepted universally. The rest just speculative or less convincing.

The oriental Empire: nomads settle down in fertile valleys and pasture lands, e.g., Ganges, Nile, Tigris, Yellow and Yang Tse Rivers. And began to pasture, cultivate and commerceBabylonians and Egyptians, Sumerians (who exercised election by secret ballot)Aryans practiced constitutional monarchy, bicameralism with speaker and representative form of government Confucian doctrine- aims all eminence should be based entirely on merit which based on learning. ShihHung-ti talks about the principle of moral excellence. Entry into new bureaucracy was supposed to be based on merit alone, except for the highest posts

The Western Greek City-State: the Greek City is a true State in the modern sense because it integrated political, economic, intellectual and moral life of people States (oriental or western) provided law to their people, a measure of peace and security against the violence of other peopleGrass roots democracy means downward accountability for the delivery of goods and services to the service seekers. 'all politics is local' means overcoming the poverty and hunger. politically popular institutions at rural areas are self-government by villagers. Even in China, democratic election, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision are the major contents of village selfgovernment Part II- State Building in Nepal

Some considerations on state buildings:Patriotic feeling and its penetrationUnity and harmony among diversitySocio-cultural harmony- 4 jats 36 barnaAccess to equality and equityRule of lawAccountable governanceMeaningful and effective peoples participationNational identities, e.g., language, religion, culture, ethnicity/casts, etc.State Building in Nepal contd.Evolution of Nepali State building- pre-nation state (nomad)- Panchali/ Mannyajan Kachari/Panchayat. Lichhabi dynasty exercised more autonomous and self governance All local problems (disputes and development activities) were settled down by local Panchas."Panchayat" literally means "assembly" (ayat) of five (panch) wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. "Raj" means rule Panchayat is a south Asian political system mainly in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepaloldest system of local government in the Indian sub-continent. Contd.Malla loosed the powerful central authority and the Mahasamants designed as local governor turned as feudal lord and created 22 se and 24 bise principalities. Malla centre regimes weak. Prithivi Narayan Shaha unified them; then 35/36 local government units functioned till 1962 as Gaunda Gosshara.It was ever first state restructure in state building in Nepal. Badahakims were assigned to monitor and collect the revenue from these local institutions. Mukhiyas and Jimmals were entrusted as grass root governor with the right of malpot/tiro uthaune (land revenue collection) and authorized to settle the local disputes as well as perform development worksPost the abortion of ever first parliamentary government in Nepal (1961), king Mahendra restructured the 35 states into 14 zones, 75 districts, 13 Nagar panchayats and 3347 gaon panchayats (1 Baishak 2018) and introduced partiless panchayat system which lasted 30 years (1990)Series of dev. packages experimented/launched oneself and in the cooperation (Block 1953), guidance and assistance of donors and international development institutions. No new indigenous system tried and institutionalized yet, except the legacy of the panchayat paradigm and multiparty political system, concept of five development region for regional balance, now federalism is in test.Popular referendum 1980 as political reform, etc. Nepali people could not convince and eventually overthrew the 2 hundred 38 years old monarchial institutions in 2006.

However, popular participation in decision making, especially in governance, has been witnessed significant changes. Post 2006 has on set the federal republic dialogue of new state restructure. A new constitution is in operation with mass participation (601 members/approved by 90% legislatures) of CA-II election. This is the time and demand of the global change/environment. Till date, as if, we are in the state of state building. Let us see.

State and Social Relationship in Post 1990: Democratic Regime A state is by the society and for the societyRestarted multi party democracy in 1990 unleashed pluralism each stakeholder began to assert their sovereignty then professional, occupational citizen formed their associations and began to bargain to job security, guarantee of incentives and working facilitiesthe trade unions and public service bureaucrats indulged in partisan lobby and have tried to keep their partisan identify. Now it has been trouble shooting in each establishment to govern the non-gazette staffs to streamline the daily service delivery. Unfortunate rather discrepancy. Internal management or organization and management (O& M)poor and ineffective machinery. .

CSOs have been proved inevitable development partners/instrument to carryout development activities across the country.donors are convinced that better outcomes can be expected from NGOs/CSOs rather than from the Private sectors have new mission and responsibility.International investment is anticipated. They have lessened the state burden or downsized the state role They just need peace security and political stability in the countryabsence of elected local body created burden some to public service providers.They have dual responsibility, bureaucrats and peoples representative and up-down accountability, i.e., This void situation will not last long. over the two decades, the degree of awareness has been gone up.The roles of media, CSOs and tools adopted by local bodies, especially the LGCDP, LGAF (fading out) and their local facilitator, i.e., social mobilizer have left tremendous effect. Provision of info cell and officer in DDC and Municipality offices, practices of RTI by various NGOs and public hearings, public and social audits have further awarded the locals. Still paradoxes as elite capture, unnecessary interferences of political parties and pork barrel distribution of development budget are acute anomalies and fiduciary risk. Besides, public finance management (PFM) and public expenditure management (PEM) need effective tracking.The role of CIAA/NACThe high turn up (above 70% in CA II) and the frequent shift of voting pattern (in urban areas) indicate that there are quite growing awareness in the general public and supply side is being strengthening. The provision of participatory planning system (8 plus 6 system= 14 steps) and budgeting system have extra mobilized the beneficiaries at the local level

Formation (CAC) and (WCF) have mobilized the general public in the local state affairs.Direct and indirect interventions and involvement of development partners (DPs) in the local development activities have intensely helped to strengthen the capacity of the local government institutions. So, the general public have capacity to claim and bargain with the service providers.Each ward citizen forum consists of 25 members beside a citizen awareness centre; so altogether there can be no less than 225 individuals.

State and People Interface

The State falls in supply side and the people in demand side. an opportunity to have discourse face to face. In the past no existence of interface between these institutions.top-down development approach and paradigm, imposed and more guided.Now there is bottom up participatory approach as stipulated in LSGA 1999.Now it is almost vice-versa, though tendency of centralization has not been over.Media, NGOs, CSOs, CBOs and private sector have gradually tracking the roles and responsibilities of governments. At the center constitutional bodies, e.g., CIAA, Human Rights Commissions and Women and Dalit Commission are active. Their active and efficient role is highly desirous. LGCDP and social mobilization, local governance accountability mechanism (LGAF) adapted by MOFALD and DPs financed institutions such as PRAN, CARTA, have created forums for public interface between service providers and receivers.If beneficiaries are alert and aware, no development (budget) goes to waste.People's participation in project planning and budgeting, compliance hearing and grievances redress and community monitoring system has become effective tools. less chance of fiduciary risk, political interventions or any misuse or abuse of development budget.

The claims of ethnic identity based federalism, one Madesh one Pradesh and right to self determinations lofty byproducts of untamed demands. These voices are surfaced in the absence of poor and ineffective decentralization practices in the past, more than four decades Popular demand of mixed electoral system cannot be overlooked at the aspirant expectation of award citizens. But impractical in Nepal for the time being Huge number (122) participation of political parties in CA II is challenge for authority.Beside the state there are lots of challenges posed by the citizen. Still the process of state building is going on.

Nepalese Constitution (2015) with FederalismRepublic setting with secularismFederal system sans good home work7 states; 217 Municipalities 3,157 gaonpalikas The new constitution (Nepalko Sambidhan) comprises: 35 parts, 308 clauses/articles and 9 annexes.Queries, comments, questions, AOB Welcome; otherwise Thanks

Bhansabho?