CONGRESS AT WORK
Chapter 7, Section 1, 2, 3
Chapter 7, Section 1
HOW A BILL BECOMES A LAW
During each 2-year term of Congress, thousands of bills are introduced, but onlya few hundred ever become law
TYPES OF BILLS & RESOLUTIONSPrivate Bills: dealing with individual
people or placesPublic Bills: bills dealing with general
matters and applying to the entire nation
Simple Resolution: dealing with unusual or temporary matters, and passed by one house of Congress
Joint Resolution: both houses; president’s signature gives it force of law
TYPES OF BILLS & RESOLUTIONSConcurrent Resolution: covers a
matter requiring the action of the House and Senate, but on which a law is not needed – does not require President’s signature; does not have the force of law
Riders: a provision on a subject other than the one covered in a bill; attached to a bill
WHY SO FEW BILLS BECOME LAWSLess than 10 percent of all bills
introduced in Congress become law – Why?
1. The lawmaking process is long and complicated
2. The lawmaking process has so many steps – sponsors must be willing to make compromises
3. Lawmakers sometimes introduce bills they know have no chance of becoming law
INTRODUCING A BILL
Step 1: propose and introduce a new bill (anyone can write a bill, but only a member of Congress can introduce it
The bill is given a number (HR or S number)
The bill is printed and distributed to lawmakers(this process called “first reading” of the bill)
INTRODUCING A BILL
Step 2: A new bill is sent to the committee dealing with the subject matter – Committee…-chairpersons may send the bill to a subcommittee-members can ignore a bill, letting it die (“pigeonholing”), or kill it by a majority vote-can make changes, completely rewrite, or recommend adoption
INTRODUCING A BILL
Step 3: If a committee decides to act on a bill, the committee holds hearings about it(to gather information, influence public opinion for or against, focus public attention)
After the hearings, the committee meets in markup session to decide what changes, if any, are needed (a majority vote of the committee is required for all changes)
INTRODUCING A BILL
REPORTING A BILLAfter all changes have been made, the
committee votes to either kill the bill or report it (“report” means to send it to the House or Senate for action)
Along with the bill, a written report is sent
INTRODUCING A BILL…
FLOOR ACTIONA bill is sent to the floor of the House
or Senate for debateDuring this debate, amendments can
be added to the billAfter floor debate, the bill is ready for
a VOTE(a quorum, or majority, must be present)
VOTING: voice – standing – roll-call
FINAL STEPS IN PASSING BILLSTo become a law, a bill must pass
BOTH HOUSES of Congress in identical form
If one house will not accept the version of a bill the other house passed, a CONFERENCE COMMITTEE must work out differences (through compromises)
HOUSE and SENATE vote on compromise bill
APPROVED BILL SENT TO PRESIDENTThe President may…
-SIGN the bill, and it will become law-KEEP the bill without signing it, and if Congress is in session, after ten days it becomes law without the President’s signature-VETO the bill by refusing to sign it and returning it to Congress
CONGRESSIONAL OVERRIDE
Congress can override a president’s veto with a two-thirds vote in both houses
Overrides usually difficult to get“Line-item Veto”
After a bill becomes a law, it is registered with the National Archives and Records Service
Section 2: TAXING AND SPENDING BILLRunning the national government costs
about $2 trillion a year – passing laws to raise and spend money for the national government is one of the most important jobs of Congress
TAXES: money that people and businesses pay to support the government
The Constitution gives the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the exclusive power to start all revenue measures
TAXING AND SPENDING BILLS
WAYS AND MEANS COMMITTEE – almost all important work on tax laws occurs in this committee
Senate’s role: often tries to change tax bills the House has passed –
“Senate Committee on Finance”
APPROPRIATING MONEYAPPROPRIATION: approval of
government spending is a congressional responsibility – Congress must pass laws to appropriate money for the federal government
Ste 1: AUTHORIZATION BILL – sets up a federal program, and specifies how much money may be appropriated for it
Step 2: APPROPRIATIONS BILL – program requests the money and it is provided
Section 3: INFLUENCING CONGRESSThe influence of voters
The influence of parties
The influence of the President
The influence of interest groups
Who Influences Congress?
The right to petition our government for redress of grievances is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This basic human right has been a hallmark of the American representative form of government. It is so pervasive and well-practiced that it has been given its own name: Lobbying.
Who Influences Congress? VOTERSMembers of Congress are interested in your
opinion – they want your vote!Most of us have an idea of how we think our
government should work, and what it should do – We have a voice: SPEAK UP!
Right – Responsibility – Polls – Ballot Box
Each of us not only has the right, but the responsibility, to let our elected officials know how we feel about issues that are important to us. Because you can offer personal experiences as well as a unique perspective on important issues affecting you, your community, or your business, you are an invaluable source of information for Members of Congress. What's more, you are a voice at the ballot box, and that’s a quality that all elected officials value highly. If elected officials don’t listen to their constituents, they are defeated on Election Day.
Who Influences Congress?THE PRESIDENTA President can “set an agenda” and
push to get it enacted
The President’s greatest influence: Persuasion!
Other: threat of VETO – having a majority in Congress – appointments to Supreme Court
Who Influences Congress?
POLITICAL PARTIESMembers of Congress are interested in
how their political party votes – most do not “buck” their party leadership
Party leadership advocates an agenda – Committee assignments are made on the basis of cooperation – Party whips persuade members to vote “the party line” – etc!
Who Influences Congress?
INTEREST GROUPS: groups that have a “single interest” agenda or issue they are interested in advancing
The issues: The Issues: Abortion Health CareAffirmative Action ImmigrationCampaign / Political ReformLaborDrugs Military / VeteransEducation Senior Citizens IssuesEnvironment Social SecurityEuthanasia (Right-to-Die) Taxes / TaxationGay RightsWomen’s IssuesGun Control World Trade
Who Influences Congress?
POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEES (PAC’s)A committee formed by business, labor, or other
special-interest groups to raise money and make contributions to the campaigns of political candidates whom they support.
In the 2008 elections, the top nine PACs by money spent by themselves, their affiliates and subsidiaries were as follows:
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers PAC $3,344,650AT&T Federal PAC $3,108,200American Bankers Association (BANK PAC) $2,918,140National Beer Wholesalers Association PAC $2,869,000Dealers Election Action Committee of the National Automobile Dealers Association $2,860,000International Association of Fire Fighters $2,734,900International Union of Operating Engineers PAC $2,704,067American Association for Justice PAC $2,700,500Laborers' International Union of North America PAC $2,555,350
Section 4: HELPING CONSTITUENTSHandling problems: many different
requests
Helping the district or statePublic works billsPork-barrel legislation