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History of segregation in warsRevolutionary WarThe War of 1812The Civil WarWorld War IWorld War II
Red TailsExecutive Order 9981Korean War
Overview
African Americans have fought in every war Poorly trained and equippedReturned home to worse conditions
"Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letter, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship.“ - Frederick Douglass
Background
13 Colonies vs. the British GovernmentAfrican-Americans served
on both sides5000 black soldiers served
with whites in the Continental Army
Due to a shortage of men, General Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army
Revolutionary War 1775-1783
U.S. Declared war on Great Britain: Economic blockade of France Induction of neutral American seamen into the British Royal
Navy against their will Supported Indian tribes along the Great Lakes frontier
Many African Americans fought in the U.S. military26th infantry divisionSailors in the navy
The War of 1812 1812-1814
Fought between the North and South U.S.States' rights versus federal authorityWestward expansion Slavery
Blacks assigned to non-combat roles and led by white
180,000 African Americans comprising 163 units served in the Union Army
Only two recorded units from the Confederate Army
First black received the Medal of Honor
The Civil War 1861-1865
Sgt. Major Christian Fleetwood
Still Completely segregated – yet many African Americans volunteeredMore than 350,000
served – Most were non-combat
The Great Migration500,000 African
Americans moved NorthSocial, economic, and
political challenges
World War I 1914-1918
Fought with integrated British soldiers
Contradiction of fighting against Nazi Germany with a segregated military
Experimented with integrated troops near the end of the war as a result of the Battle of the Bulge
U.S. fought for freedomsAfrican Americans faced
segregation, violence, and could not vote
World War II 1939-1945
A. Philip Randolph fought for the African Americans to become pilots
Tuskegee Institute – Flight school for African Americans
Tuskegee Experience – Army Air Corps program to become pilots and mechanics
First African American military aviators Only fighter escort to never lose a bomber to
enemy action
Tuskegee Airmen
President Truman established the Committee on Civil Rights in 1946Documented violations and racial violence
African American soldiers served in a racist environment
Urged Truman to end racismAfrican Americans would refuse to serve
26 July 1948 – President Truman signed the orderRid the military of discrimination against race,
color, religion, or national origin
Executive Order 9981
“It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effectuate any necessary changes without impairing efficiency or morale."
Executive Order 9981
Served in all combat units100,000 on active duty at
beginningOver 600,000 served by the
endLast all-black unit was
disbandedBlacks served in command
positionsAround 5,000 died in combatMany chose to stay in the
military after the war
Korean War 1950-1953
Jesse L. Brown
Timeline
1775-1783Revolutionary War
1812-1814War of 1812
1861-1865The Civil War
1914-1918World War I
1939-1945World War II
1948Executive Order 9981
1950-1953Korean War
Civil Rights Movement
SummaryHistory of segregation in warsRevolutionary WarThe War of 1812The Civil WarWorld War IWorld War II
Red TailsExecutive Order 9981Korean War
"A Brief History." Tuskegee Airmen Inc RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://tuskegeeairmen.org/explore-tai/a-brief-history/>.
"African Americans in the Korean War." NEW JERSEY KOREAN WAR VETERANS MEMORIAL. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.nj.gov/military/korea/factsheets/afroamer.html>.
"African-American Soldiers in the Civil War." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/african-american-soldiers-in-the-civil-war>.
"American Revolution." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution>.
McGrath, Jane. "Why Was Executive Order No. 9981 so Important?" HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/executive-order-99812.htm>.
Vox, Lisa. "Executive Order 9981." About.com African-American History. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/civilrightsstruggle1/a/order9981.htm>.
Weidman, Budge. "Teaching With Documents:The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War." Black Soldiers in the Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/>.
Williams, Chad. "African Americans and World War I." African Americans and World War I. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-world-war-i.html>.
"World War I." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i>.
Works Cited