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CONSERVATION HISTORY OF NEPAL
SEPT 19, 2012ART
TIME LINE OF NEPAL CONSERVATION HISTORY
1. Pre-Modern Era:
Before 1950’s Conservation during the Rana Regime; Visit Hanuman Dhoka Museum of Hunting Trophies; Visit Central Zoo, established in Rana time.
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Location: Hanuman Dhoka Palace,Basantapur , Kathmandu
Established: Around 2034-35 B.SDedicated to: highlights of life of King Tribhuvan
Tasks:Biodiversity watch through the various hunting trophy photographs Management aspect of the museumHunting Recreation
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Tusks of Subarna Prasad and Krishna Prasad first observedMany elephants used for parade (about 5)
Hunting Room:“To kill wildlife is a lesser crime and so than to kill your own character and morality.” – His Late Majesty King Mahendra
Biodiversity watch through the various hunting trophy photographs
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TIME LINE OF NEPAL CONSERVATION HISTORY
2. Start of Modern Era:
Early 1950s on: How much biodiversity in Nepal? Answering continuing.
Visit Natural History Museum for records of Animal biodiversity specimens;
Visit Godavari Herbarium for dead plant specimens and
Godavari Botanical Garden for live plant specimens.
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Natural History Museum, Swoyambhu, Kathmandu
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National Herbarium, Godavari
Presented by Group DGroup D Puspa Raj BartaulaPuspa Raj Bartaula Bhim Bahadur KalikoteBhim Bahadur Kalikote Udim Prasad RaiUdim Prasad Rai
Nepal Engineering CollegeCentre of Post Graduate Studies
Prepared byGroup F
FIELD EXCURSION REPORT ON BOTANICAL GARDEN, GODAVARIPrepared byBed Kumar DhakalManoj Kumar SahGanesh Prasad Yadav
What is it?Located in the base of Mount Phulchoki (2715
m.) at Godavari (1515 m.) at the south east corner of Kathmandu valley
Area : 82 hectare.Surrounded by evergreen natural forests. Temperature ranges between 20°C and 30°C
during summer and -5°C to 20°C during winter.Inaugurated by the then His Majesty the King
Late Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev on the 20th October 1962.
Fern Tree
Tropical House
Cactus House
Prepared by :Group-C
Narendra Pd. Guragain Netra Pd. Bohara Nirmala Bhandari Om Sagar BhandariPadam Raj NepalPravin Bindari
Presentation On
Status of Biodiversity in
Nepal
0.1 %of the world's land area
8.5% of birds
2.2%of freshwater fishes
2.2%of flowering plants
4.2%of butterflies
1.4%of reptiles and amphibians
4.2%of mammals
Nepal's Share of Global Diversity
Global Comparison of Faunal Species (Nepal)
• 3.96% of the total number of mammal species worldwide are found in Nepal. (Earlier records showed 4.2%.) (NBRB records)
• A similar calculation for bird species indicates that Nepal has 8.9% of the global total of bird species. (BPN)
• In terms of fish species, records report that Nepal accounts for just 1.87% of the global total freshwater fish species, a decrease from the BPN calculation of 2.2%.
• NBRB records 3.72% species of butterflies from Nepal, a decline from 4.2% (BPN calculation )
• In the case of hereto fauna, the number of amphibians reported accounts for 2.47% of the total global amphibian species. (BPN calculated 1.1%)
• Nepali reptiles constitute 0.99% of the global scale (NYRB records); this is a decrease from the 1.5%( BPN calculation)
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Significance of biodiversity in Nepal cond….
Nepal has among the largest numbers of some plant and animal species on a global scale despite having small land area: 465 species of lichens (2.3 % of global) 853 species of bryophytes (5.1 % of world
total) 28 species of gymnosperms (5.1 % of global) 380 species of pteridophytes (3.4 % of global) 199 species of fishes (approx. 1 % of global) 852 species of birds (9.3 % of global total) 181 species of mammals (4.5 % of world total) 640+2252 of moth and butterfly species (2.6
% of the world)
TIME LINE OF NEPAL CONSERVATION HISTORY
3. First systematic effort:
1973 National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, subsequent amendments, National parks and protected areas systems, Buffer zones, and Ramsar sites.
PROFESSOR AMULYA RATNA TULADHAR, 2012
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National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973
And other CONSERVATION LAWS OF
NEPAL
PROFESSOR AMULYA RATNA TULADHAR, 2012
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National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973
• Preamble: Whereas it is expedient to make arrangement for the management of nationalparks, conservation of wildlife and their habitat, regulate hunting and to conserve, promote,develop, and make appropriate arrangements for and the use of places which are of specialimportance from the point of view of natural beauty and to maintain good manners andwelfare of the general public, His Majesty King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev enacted this Act
PROFESSOR AMULYA RATNA TULADHAR, 2012
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The National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1993, Oli,2002
The National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1993, has defined wildlife and ascertained the list of protected wildlife.
The fourteen national parks and protected areas of Nepal are complementing for the protection and conservation of waterfowls and their habitats. Punitive measures have been arranged through the Act for the illegal acts performed within the area.
National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973
Protected areas (PAs) were initially established in Nepal for the protection of wildlife, especially endangered wildlife. However, the objectives have since been broadened to include the preservation of natural, historic, scenic, and cultural values.
According to the latest estimates, 26,695 km2, 18.32% (~23.23% in 2012) of the total area of Nepal, is now declared protected.
PROFESSOR AMULYA RATNA TULADHAR, 2012
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Protected Areas of NepalWith Number of Forest Types and Endemic Flowering Plants
FT = Forest Types (with endemic species)
Rangeland – 12 %Cultivated land – 21 %Protected Areas - 18 %
Distribution of Protected Areas in Nepal
High Himal =10
Mountain=3
Terai=7
Protected Area Coverage in NepalAr
ea (k
m²)
Area
(km
²)
23.23%
10 3 1 6 12
PROFESSOR AMULYA RATNA TULADHAR, 2012
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Buffer Zone Management Regulation, 1996
Demarcation of Buffer Zone
(a) areas likely to be affected from national park and reserve,(b) geographical situation of national park and reserve,(c) status of the villages and settlements located within national park and reserve,(d) area that could be practicable and appropriate from the point of management of the buffer zone.
Himalayan National Park Regulations, 1979
These Regulations have made special provisions for people living within national parks to collect natural resources for their daily requirements, such as firewood, leaf litter, small pieces of timber and fodder.
PROFESSOR AMULYA RATNA TULADHAR, 2012
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Himalayan National Park Regulations, 1979
The Regulations also allow people to continue to graze their domestic animals on park rangeland. However, no provision has been made for handing over parcels of parkland to be managed by the community (Sharma 1999).
PROFESSOR AMULYA RATNA TULADHAR, 2012
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National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973
The National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (NPWC) Act of 1973 provides the legal basis for the management of PAs.
The Act, subsequently amended four times, in 1974, 1982, 1989 and 1994, recognises the following six categories of PAs in Nepal:
PROFESSOR AMULYA RATNA TULADHAR, 2012
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LESSONS LEARNEDRevision of the list of protected animals:
The protected fauna list of the NPWC Act, 1973, which includes 27 species of mammals, nine species of birds, and three species of reptiles, has not been revised since 1973 in terms of population status, distribution, etc.
The list also needs to be updated for inclusion of other species.
PROFESSOR AMULYA RATNA TULADHAR, 2012
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Some of the Endangered species of Nepal
TIME LINE OF NEPAL CONSERVATION HISTORY
4. First World Level conservation work:
World Conservation Strategy 1980, its influence in Nepal National Conservation Strategy 1988, and other international conservation policy adaptations in Nepal like Convention on Biodiversity Conservation, 1992 viz Nepal Strategy on Biodiversity Conservation 2002 and updated to 4rth Report 2012.
NRM 621.3 Professor Amulya Tuladhar, 2012
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National Conservation Strategy of Nepal
Professor Amulya R TuladharNRM 621.3 Natural Resources
Policy, Legislation, and Institutions
NRM 621.3 Professor Amulya Tuladhar, 2012
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National Conservation Strategy of Nepal
• Outline• Context: World Conservation Strategy• Syllabus: National Conservation
Strategy of Nepal Core Themes NCS Implementation Project
Critiques of WCS / NNCS
2012 Professor Amulya R Tuladhar 42
The convention on biological diversityOli, 2002
As regards the legal instruments, Aquatic Animals Protection Act 1961, National Parks andWildlife Conservation Act 1973, Water Resources Act 1992 and Forest Act 1993 are promulgated and enforced.
There is sufficient legal ground for the conservation of aquatic and other forms of biological diversity both in ex-situ and in-situ.
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World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002: Nepal Report
Extracts
ART/2012
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World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002: Nepal Report
The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy has been prepared and was recently endorsed by the government.
This will provide a broader framework for biodiversity conservation including agro- biodiversity in the country.
National Biodiversity Strategy, 2002
1. Objectives- Protection and Wise use of Biological Resources- Promote Equitable Sharing of Benefits- Conservation in partnership appraoch
2. Identified the state of Biodiversity in Nepal - Ecosystem Diversity- Species Diversity- Genetic Diversity
3. Identified the sources of threats to the Biodiversity– Low levels of public awareness and participation;– High population pressures and prevailing poverty;– Weak institutional, administrative, planning and management capacity;– Lack of integrated land and water use planning;– Inadequate data and information management; and– Inadequate policies and strategies for biodiversity conservation
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World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002: Nepal Report
The National Conservation Strategy (NCS), prepared in 1988, represents perhaps the first acknowledgment of the importance of addressing environmental issues alongside development challenges.
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World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002: Nepal Report
The NCS has four objectives: Satisfy the basic material, spiritual and cultural needs of the people, both present and future generations; Ensure the sustainable use of land and renewable resources; Preserve the biological diversity in order to maintain and improve the variety of yields and the quality of crops and livestock, and to maintain the variety of wild species, both plant and animal; and Maintain essential ecological and life-support systems, such as soil regeneration, nutrient recycling and the protection and cleansing of water and air.
Environment and Sustainable Development in Nepal
Surendra Bhandari, Ph. D.Postdoctoral Fellow, UNU-IASPresented at Meiji Gakuin UniversityTokyo, JapanMay 18, 2006
Mechanisms / Initiatives
• On farm Conservation • Traditional Knowledge• Community Forestry• Protected Areas• Buffer Zone• Documentation of Biological Resources and
Traditional Knowledge• Access to Genetic Resources and Equitable
Benefit Sharing
Strategies
• Landscape Planning Approach• Integration of Local Partnership• Institutional Strengthening • In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation • Strengthening National Biodiversity Unit• Support for Biodiversity Research and
Conservation• Promotion of Traditional Knowledge • Cross-sectoral Coordination and Implementation
of Laws and Policies
International treaties, conventions, agreements and commitments
Nepal signed convention on Biodiversity in 1992and ratified in 1994. Other treaties:
Convention on Wild Flora and Fauna 1973Conventions on Wetlands 1988Convention on World Trade Organiz 2004
(CITES)This provided a regulatory mechanism to conserve endangered species and their habitats indirectly restraining the trade of such species.
Hunting of such animals are circumscribed. The Forest Act 1993 further emphasized the control and management mechanism of forest species and endangered fauna and flora.
PROFESSOR AMULYA RATNA TULADHAR, 2012
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TIME LINE OF NEPAL CONSERVATION HISTORY
5. Emerging New Concepts:
Expanding conservation beyond Protected Areas by reducing park people conflict:
Buffer zone Management Concept, Conservation Area project; Community Management of conservation.
BUFFER ZONES VERSUS MILITARY PROTECTION
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KCAMC team and mother group meeting
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Management system of KCA
• GoN handed over this area in 2064 to the KCAMC (There was tragic accident where we lost 24 conservation heroes
• KCAMC has been managing this area with the support from its community based network
• Legal and technical support by the DNPWC and; Financial and technical support by the WWF Nepal
• KCAMC: Permanent Staffs
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Difference of KCA with ACA
• Managed by different regulation• ACP managed by NGO and KCA managed by
community• ACA 100 % revenue to NGO and KCA 50 %
revenue to community• ACA only formed UC and KCA formed apex body
council• Revenue ACP more than sufficient but KCA just
starting• KCA participatory planning and other local
community based practices
TIME LINE OF NEPAL CONSERVATION HISTORY
6. Emerging new concepts: Conservation beyond Protected Areas:
Landscape Approach viz Terai Arc Landscape Project (WWF); Western Terai Arc Landscape Project (UNDP); Sacred Himalayan Landscape Project, Kailash Himalayan Landscape Project, Transboundary Conservation in Eastern Himalayas (ICIMOD).
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WTLCP, Ajaya, Govinda and Nabin 60
The Terai Arc Landscape project (TAL) covers the area indicated with green in the
area map
WTLCP Area Map
WTLCP, Ajaya, Govinda and Nabin 61
WTLCP, Ajaya, Govinda and Nabin 62
Western Terai Arc Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP)
Prepared by: Group E Ajaya Vikram Manandhar, CRN 09-
919Govinda Prasad Dahal, CRN 09-920
Nabin Bhattarai, CRN 09-918
WTLCP, Ajaya, Govinda and Nabin 63
WTLCP• Project Title:
Terai Arc Landscape Program (TAL) • Project duration: 01/08/2005 - 30/07/2012• Implementing agency: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation • Major Funding Source:
The Government of the Netherlands• Fund Amount : US$13.1 million• Partners : MoFSC, UNDP, GEF, SNV, WWF,
Biodiversity International, NARC and Li-Bird
TIME LINE OF NEPAL CONSERVATION HISTORY
7. Emerging New Concepts:
Making Conservation nation wide and sustainable: Payment for Environmental Services from Biodiversity Conservation (ICIMOD).
TIME LINE OF NEPAL CONSERVATION HISTORY
8. Emerging New Concepts:
Climate Change Effects on Biodiversity
Conservation in coming century: Biodiversity and REDD project (ICIMOD, Forest Ministry, NAPA)