Conservation Management Zones of AustraliaAustralian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Prepared by the Department of the Environment
Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
AcknowledgementsThis project and its associated products are the result of collaboration between the Department of the Environment’s Biodiversity Conservation Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of Environment (DotE), Department of Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the academic community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE; Nyree Stenekes and Robert Kancans (DoA), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson (ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.
Special thanks to CSIRO researchers Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns underpinned identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.
Image CreditsFront Cover: Kosciuszko National Park – Allan FoxPage 4: Southern Corroboree Frog (Pseudophryne corroboree) – Steve WilsonPage 7: Broad-toothed Mouse (Mastacomys fuscus) – Magnus KjaergaardPage 12: Three Mile Creek waterfall, Kosciuszko National Park – Copyright Stuart CohenPage 14: Guthega Skink (Liopholis guthega) – Andrew GriffithsPage 16: Snow gums (Eucalyptus pauciflora), Kosciuszko National Park – John Spencer/OEHPage 18: Flame Robin (Petroica phoenicea) – JJ HarrisonPage 20: Alpine She-oak Skink (Cyclodomorphus praealtus) – Steve K WilsonPage 21: Baw Baw Frog (Philoria frosti) – Mike SwanPage 23: Hoary Sunray (Leucochrysum albicans var. tricolor) – Murray FaggPage 24: Wildflowers, Namadgi National Park, ACT – Nicole MiddletonPage 25: Common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), Kosciuszko National Park – Ian Pulsford/OEHPage 29: Mountain Pygmy Possum (Burramys parvus) – L. Broome/OEHPage 30: Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey (Eucalyptus rubida) – G. ManleyPage 31: Eucalyptus tall open forests with ferns, herbs, sedges rushes or wet tussock grass – Murray FaggPage 32: Eucalyptus open forests with a grassy understorey, Alpine National Park – Murray FaggPage 33: Eucalyptus low open woodlands with a shrubby understorey – Kosciuszko National Park – Murray FaggPage 34: Wet tussock grassland, Ginini Flats Ramsar Wetland, Namadgi National Park – Nerida SloanePage 35: Eucalyptus woodlands with tussock grass, Mt Ginini, Namadgi National Park – Visit CanberraPage 36: Eucalyptus open forests with a shrubby understorey, Alpine National Park – Murray FaggPage 37: Eucalyptus wet sclerophyll open forest (Eucalyptus regnans) – Murray FaggBack Cover: Kosciuszko National Park – Allan Fox
© Commonwealth of Australia, 2015.
The Conservation Management Zones of Australia profile is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons By Attribution 3.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people.
For licence conditions see here.
Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Contents
Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country ����������������������������������������������2
Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2
Zone at a glance ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3
Population characteristics �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6
Employment, volunteering and incomes �������������������������������������������������������������������������8
Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9
Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas ��������������������������11
Zone vegetation characteristics����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands������������������������������������������������������������������ 15
World and National Heritage ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16
Major National Reserve System properties ���������������������������������������������������������������������17
EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities ������������������������������������������������� 18
EPBC Act (1999) threatened species ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19
EPBC Act (1999) migratory species ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 24
Threatened endemic species ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
Invasive species ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27
Vegetation profiles and management recommendations ��������������������������������������� 29
2 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
The Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities� We honour the deep spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including Australia’s waterways, land and sea country�
Introduction The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.
The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with local action.
The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge and expertise about the environment. This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.
The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.
Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socio-economic information. We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural resources more effectively.
The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices. In future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.
Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country
3 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Zone at a glance
Area of zone: 1,232,981 hectares
% of Australia:
0.16%0.16 people per square kilometre
Population density:
Zone population characteristics
0
300
600
900
1,200
1,5001,470
Tota
l
Engl
ish a
s a
seco
nd
lang
uage
Indi
geno
us
Ove
r 65
Yout
h (1
5–24
)
Num
ber o
f peo
ple
Zone employment characteristics
98.8%
UnemployedEmployed
1.2%
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
4 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Rural centres Population
Perisher Village 148
Mount Buller 242
Falls Creek 225
Mount Hotham 158
Dinner Plain 143
Natural Resource Management (NRM) regions
Murray Local Land Services NSW
Riverina Local Land Services NSW
South East Local Land Services NSWEast Gippsland Catchment Management Authority VIC
North East Catchment Management Authority VIC
West Gippsland Catchment Management Authority VIC
Climate characteristics*
Mean annual temperature 7.8 Celsius
Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month 20.7 Celsius
Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month -1.9 Celsius
Mean Annual Rainfall 1387.6 mm
Dominant rainfall season Winter
* The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) representing the period prior to the onset of rapid climatic warming. Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012) Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? International Journal of Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces version 2.1 for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package).
For future climate projections please refer to: http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
5 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Native Title area
16%
84%
Other areaNative Title area
National Reserve System area
36%
64%
Other areaNRS area
Native vegetation clearance level
98.9%
Uncleared (ha)Cleared (ha)
1.1%
Number of threatened species by class
37
10
9
6
5
52
ReptilesBirds
FrogsPlants Mammals
Other
Fish
Status of EPBC Act listed threatened species, communities and migratory species
0 8 16 24 32 40
40
27
11
7
3Threatened ecologicalcommunities
Migratory species
Critically endangered species
Endangered species
Vulnerable species
Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).
6 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Population
Population by age group
14%
19%31%
27%
65 years and over40–64 years
15–24 years0–14 years 25–39 years
9%
Indigenous population by age group
46%
54%
40–64 years25–39 years
Farmer and farm managers by age group
54%
46%
65 years and over40–64 years
Gender of farmers and farm managers
23
13
FemaleMale
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Population characteristics
7 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
EducationLanguages spoken at home
English 78.67%
Other languages 7.81%
Not stated 13.52%
Non-English languages spoken at home*
Northern European (including Scandinavia, Celtic, Germanic, Dutch)Southern European
Eastern European
South-East Asian
East Asian
27.83%23.48%
25.22%
13.91%
9.57%
* Please note, these �gures are based on the proportion of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census that they spoke a language other than English at home.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Post-school quali�cation types*
15–2
4 ye
ars o
ld
25–3
9 ye
ars o
ld
40–6
4 ye
ars o
ld
65 y
ears
an
d ab
ove
Natural and Physical Sciences
Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies
Health and education
Architecture, building, society and culture and creative arts
Information Technology, Management and Commerce and service industries
* Please note, this table omits quali�cations of mixed �eld, quali�cations that are not adequately described, and information relating to census respondents who have not stated their quali�cation or are not applicable (i.e. Not of age to have post-school quali�cation).
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
8 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Employment
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Employment status of general population*
65 y
ears
and
abov
e
15–2
4 ye
ars o
ld
40–6
4 ye
ars o
ld
25–3
9 ye
ars o
ld
Employed
Unemployed
Not in labour force or not stated
* Please note the % �gures are relative to each of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are aggregates of the following Australian Bureau of Statistics categories: Employed = Employed full-time; Employed part-time; and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the population that is not of working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for this report, as the national quarterly employment �gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population.
Employment by industry
Agriculture, forestry and sheries
Mining
Manufacturing
Utilities, construction and transport
Health, Social Assistance, Education and training
Public administration and safety
Wholesale and retail trade
Services
Food, accommodation, arts and recreation
Unknown/not stated
2%
4%
12%
11%
47%
12%1%
5%
4%2%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Employment status of Indigenous population*
Indi
geno
us65
yea
rsan
d ab
ove
Indi
geno
us15
–24
year
s old
Indi
geno
us40
–64
year
s old
Indi
geno
us25
–39
year
s old
Employed
Unemployed
Not in labour force or not stated
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Employment status of general population*
65 y
ears
and
abov
e
15–2
4 ye
ars o
ld
40–6
4 ye
ars o
ld
25–3
9 ye
ars o
ld
Employed
Unemployed
Not in labour force or not stated
* Please note the % �gures are relative to each of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are aggregates of the following Australian Bureau of Statistics categories: Employed = Employed full-time; Employed part-time; and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the population that is not of working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for this report, as the national quarterly employment �gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population.
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Employment, volunteering and incomes
9 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Volunteering
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Volunteering rates
15–2
4 ye
ars o
ld
25–3
9 ye
ars o
ld
40–6
4 ye
ars o
ld
65 y
ears
an
d ab
ove
Not a volunteer
Volunteer
Not stated or not applicable
Income
Total household income (% of households)*
20.6%
58%
3.1%3.5%
14.7%
Over $104,000
Under $20,800
Not Stated/Partially Stated
$20,800–64,999 $65,000–$103,999
* Please note these �gures have been derived from the ABS Equivalised Total Household Income (HIED)Census 2011 data. ABS data categories have been aggregated for the purposes of this report. For more information see: http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/statementsdwellinghied?opendocument&navpos=430
In the 2011–12 �nancial year, persons who earned $67,500 or less were eligible for Low Income Tax O�set. Human Services applied the following de�nitions of “low income” as eligibility criteria for the Low Income Supplement in the 2012–13 �nancial year: Income below $30,000 for singles, $45,000 combined for couples, or $60,000 combined for couples or singles with a dependent child.
Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM adviceAustralian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key environmental custodians.
Number of people employed in agriculture, �shing, forestry and downstream industries
23
6 83
Fishing industry employment,including production and
downstream seafood processingand wholesaling
Agriculture industry employment (production)
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
10 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228 broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this reason, the figures presented here are indicative only.
^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents who identified they sought advice.
For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domestic-forestry/prep-for-future/drivers-practice-change.pdf
Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Feral animal control*(% of agricultural holdings)
No
man
agem
ent
of fe
ral a
nim
als
Oth
er (u
nspe
ci�e
d)fe
ral a
nim
al c
ontr
ol
Fera
l goa
ts
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
Native vegetation protection and regeneration*(% of agricultural holdings)
Oth
er
Stop
ping
mec
hani
cal
or c
hem
ical
des
truc
tion
Redu
cing
gra
zing
pre
ssur
e
Man
agin
g w
eeds
Fenc
ing
o�/e
xclu
ding
stoc
k
Sought advice when adopting native vegetation management**
84.51%
15.49%
NoYes
Sources of advice**^
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Priv
ate
cons
ulta
nt o
rag
ribus
ines
s age
nt
CMA/
NRM
regi
onem
ploy
ed fa
cilit
ator
Rese
arch
and
Dev
elop
men
t Cor
pora
tion
Gov
ernm
ent
exte
nsio
n o�
cer
Peer
s or n
eigh
bour
s
Farm
er g
roup
Land
care
or f
arm
erpr
oduc
tion
grou
p
* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey (LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only. For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4630.0
11 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas
Land tenure
Crown Land – Private – Leased
Crown Land – Public
Freehold – (unkown if public or private)
No Data/Unknown
90.4%
8%
0.01%1.6%
Land use
Conservation and Natural Environments
Grazing Native Vegetation
Production Forestry (native vegetation)
Grazing Modi�ed Pastures
93.5%
1.4%1.6%
2%
Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program (ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to: http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/Pages/Default.aspx
Indigenous Land Councils
New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council: www.alc.org.au
Native Title and Traditional Owners
Traditional Owners Registered Native Title Body Corporate Hectares % of zone
Gunai/Kurnai People Gunaikurnai Land & Waters Aboriginal Corporation 199,253 16.16
12 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Local Government Areas
Cooma-Monaro Council NSW
Snowy River Shire Council NSW
Tumbarumba Shire Council NSW
Tumut Council NSW
Alpine Shire VIC
Baw Baw Shire VIC
East Gippsland Shire VIC
Falls Creek Alpine Resort (Unincorporated) VICLake Mountain Alpine Resort (Unincorporated) VIC
Mansfield Shire VIC
Local Government AreasMount Baw Baw Alpine Resort (Unincorporated) VIC
Mount Buller Alpine Resort (Unincorporated) VIC
Mount Hotham Alpine Resort (Unincorporated) VIC
Mount Stirling Alpine Resort (Unincorporated) VIC
Murrindindi Shire VIC
Towong Shire VIC
Wangaratta Rural City VIC
Wellington Shire VIC
Yarra Ranges Shire VIC
13 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Zone vegetation characteristics
Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVS) with >1% original distribution within zone
Wet
tuss
ock
gras
sland
with
her
bs, s
edge
sor
rush
es, h
erbl
ands
or f
erns
Euca
lypt
us lo
w o
pen
woo
dlan
dsw
ith a
shru
bby
unde
rsto
rey
Euca
lypt
us ta
ll op
en fo
rest
s and
ope
nfo
rest
s with
fern
s, he
rbs,
sedg
es,
rush
es o
r wet
tuss
ock
gras
ses
Euca
lypt
us w
oodl
ands
with
a tu
ssoc
k gr
ass u
nder
stor
ey
Euca
lypt
us w
oodl
ands
with
a sh
rubb
y un
ders
tore
y
Euca
lypt
us o
pen
fore
sts w
itha
shru
bby
unde
rsto
rey
Euca
lypt
us o
pen
fore
sts w
itha
gras
sy u
nder
stor
ey
Euca
lypt
us (+
/- ta
ll) o
pen
fore
st w
ith a
dens
e br
oad-
leav
edan
d/or
tree
fern
und
erst
orey
(wet
scle
roph
yll)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Present day percentage of CMZ areaPre 1750 percentage of CMZ area
14 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.
Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present are therefore not represented.
It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.
Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.
For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-information-system
15 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.
Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present are therefore not represented.
It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.
Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.
For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-information-system
For more information on Ramsar please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/water/water-our-environment/wetlands/ramsar-convention-wetlands
Ramsar wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares
Ginini Flats Wetland Complex ACT 367.50
Blue Lake NSW 338.10
Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands
Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria:1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia.2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major wetland system/complex.3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or provides a refuge when
adverse conditions such as drought prevail.4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa.5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or vulnerable at the national level.6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance.Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more information on Nationally Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directory-important-wetlands-australia-third-edition
Nationally Important Wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Criteria
Upper Buchan River VIC 1,125.39 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Yaouk Swamp NSW 332.92 1
Suggan Buggan and Berrima Rivers VIC 181.17 2, 3, 4
Tomneys Plain NSW 107.47 1
Davies Plain VIC 57.04 3, 5
Blue Lake (Kosciuszko) NSW 41.30 1, 4, 5
Central Highlands Peatlands VIC 35.82 1
Mt Buffalo Peatlands VIC 22.69 1
Nuniong Plateau Peatlands VIC 11.83 1
Caledonia Fen VIC 9.45 1
Howqua River VIC 0.28 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Nursery Swamp ACT 0.12 1, 6
Rock Flats ACT 0.12 1
Rennex Gap NSW 0.12 1, 3
Snowgum Flat NSW 0.12 1,
Rotten Swamp ACT 0.12 1, 6
Scabby Range Lake ACT 0.12 2
Snowy Flats ACT 0.12 5,
Ginini and Cheyenne Flats ACT 0.12 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
Cotter Source Bog ACT 0.10 1, 6, 2
Big River VIC 0.04 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
16 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
World and National Heritage
Heritage values World or National Heritage Heritage type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone
Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves National Heritage Natural NSW 748,286 60.69
Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these heritage values: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database
For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage
17 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Major National Reserve System properties
Major National Reserve System properties
Name Property type IUCN category Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone
Kosciuszko National Park II NSW 363,269 29.5Alpine National Park II VIC 298,156 24.2Namadgi National Park II ACT 30,879 2.5Namadgi Wilderness Zone IB ACT 22,249 1.8Yarra Ranges National Park II VIC 19,271 1.6Mount Buffalo National Park II VIC 9,701 0.8Baw Baw National Park II VIC 7,637 0.6Bimberi Nature Reserve II NSW 5,973 0.5Scabby Range Nature Reserve IA NSW 4,873 0.4Avon Wilderness Park IB VIC 4,235 0.3Yaouk Nature Reserve IA NSW 2,719 0.2Nunniong Plain N.F.S.R. Natural Features Reserve III VIC 2,318 0.2Burrowa – Pine Mountain National Park II VIC 2,225 0.2
Mount Skene N.F.S.R. Natural Features Reserve III VIC 1,944 0.2Mount Gibbo N.F.S.R. Natural Features Reserve III VIC 1,329 0.1Nunnett Plain N.F.S.R. Natural Features Reserve III VIC 1,179 0.1Wabba Wilderness Park IB VIC 1,172 0.1Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve II ACT 984 0.1
Yarrarabulla R.N.A Remote and Natural Area – not scheduled under NPA VI VIC 761 0.1
Mount Sarah N.F.S.R. Natural Features Reserve III VIC 690 0.1Spring Creek Reference Area IA VIC 683 0.1
The IUCN categories are as follows:
Ia Strict Nature Reserve IUCN protected area management categories classify protected areas according to their management objectives. The categories are recognised by international bodies such as the United Nations and are utilised by many national governments, including the Australian Government, as the global standard for defining and recording protected areas.
Ib Wilderness Area
II National Park
III Natural Monument or Feature
IV Habitat/Species Management Area
V Protected Landscape/ Seascape
VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources
Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation: http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/
For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system
Source: Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database 2012.
18 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communitiesThreatened ecological communities
Name Listing status % of total distribution* % of zone**
Alpine Sphagnum Bogs and Associated Fens Endangered 24.3 98.9Natural Temperate Grassland of the Southern Tablelands of NSW and the Australian Capital Territory
Endangered 2.8 7.1
White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland
Critically Endangered 2.5 49.0
* % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community is likely or known to occur in.
It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may be to find within the zone.
The threatened ecological communities above are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. For more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities
19 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
EPBC Act (1999) threatened species
Threatened mammals
Common name Scientific name Status % of total distribution*
% of zone**
Mountain Pygmy-possum Burramys parvus Endangered 98.94 6.7Leadbeater’s Possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri Endangered 27.81 3.3Konoom, Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus Endangered 25.06 13.0Spot-tailed Quoll, Spotted-tail Quoll, Tiger Quoll (southeastern mainland population)
Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (SE mainland population) Endangered 4.32 61.4
Long-footed Potoroo Potorous longipes Endangered 2.32 1.7Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata Vulnerable 0.94 3.1Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus Vulnerable 0.18 2.5Koala (combined populations of Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory)
Phascolarctos cinereus Vulnerable 0.09 3.0
Long-nosed Potoroo (SE mainland) Potorous tridactylus tridactylus Vulnerable May be present
May be present
Threatened birds
Common name Scientific name Status % of total distribution*
% of zone**
Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus Endangered 1.04 31.3
Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor Endangered 0.02 0.24
Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis Endangered 0.01 0.10
Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia Endangered 0.01 0.21
Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii Vulnerable 0.01 0.10
* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone.
** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in.
The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.
20 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Threatened reptiles
Common Name Scientific name Status % of total distribution*
% of zone**
Alpine She-oak Skink Cyclodomorphus praealtus Endangered 99.97 3.64
Guthega Skink Liopholis guthega Endangered 99.82 4.36Pink-tailed Worm-lizard, Pink-tailed Legless Lizard Aprasia parapulchella Vulnerable 0.08 0.25
Grassland Earless Dragon Tympanocryptis pinguicolla Endangered May be present
May be present
Striped Legless Lizard Delma impar Vulnerable May be present
May be present
21 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Other threatened fauna
Common name Scientific name Status % of total distribution*
% of zone**
Southern Corroboree Frog Pseudophryne corroboree Critically Endangered 100 0.36
Baw Baw Frog Philoria frosti Endangered 99.78 0.52
Alpine Tree Frog, Verreaux’s Alpine Tree Frog Litoria verreauxii alpina Vulnerable 98.39 18.73
Alpine Stonefly Thaumatoperla alpina Endangered 50.33 6.31
Barred Galaxias Galaxias fuscus Endangered 41.82 1.07
Northern Corroboree Frog Pseudophryne pengilleyi Critically Endangered 39.58 1.18
Spotted Tree Frog Litoria spenceri Endangered 29.43 19.58
Giant Burrowing Frog Heleioporus australiacus Vulnerable 2.91 14.49
Booroolong Frog Litoria booroolongensis Endangered 2.34 2.79Growling Grass Frog, Southern Bell Frog, Green and Golden Frog, Warty Swamp Frog
Litoria raniformis Vulnerable 1.28 22.53
Yellow-spotted Tree Frog, Yellow-spotted Bell Frog Litoria castanea Endangered 0.72 1.28
Eastern Dwarf Galaxias, Dwarf Galaxias Galaxiella pusilla Vulnerable 0.18 0.13
Australian Grayling Prototroctes maraena Vulnerable 0.06 0.05
Golden Sun Moth Synemon plana Critically Endangered
May be present
May be present
Trout Cod Maccullochella macquariensis Endangered May be present
May be present
Macquarie Perch Macquaria australasica Endangered May be present
May be present
Littlejohn’s Tree Frog, Heath Frog Litoria littlejohni Vulnerable May be present
May be present
Murray Cod Maccullochella peelii Vulnerable May be present
May be present
22 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Threatened flora
Common Name Scientific name Status % of total distribution*
% of zone**
Anemone Buttercup Ranunculus anemoneus Vulnerable 100 2.31
Bog Willow-herb Epilobium brunnescens subsp. beaugleholei Vulnerable 100 0.03
Bogong Eyebright Euphrasia eichleri Vulnerable 100 0.78
Feldmark Grass Rytidosperma pumilum Vulnerable 100 0.22
Kelleria Kelleria laxa Vulnerable 100 0.05
Thick Eyebright Euphrasia crassiuscula subsp. glandulifera Vulnerable 100 0.15
None Carex paupera Vulnerable 99.93 1.35
Shining Cudweed Argyrotegium nitidulum Vulnerable 94.11 8.38
None Lobelia gelida Vulnerable 90.62 0.70
Alpine Leafy Liverwort Pseudocephalozia paludicola Vulnerable 82.59 0.15
Maidenhair Spleenwort Asplenium hookerianum Vulnerable 58.22 0.44
Blue-tongued Orchid, Kiandra Greenhood Pterostylis oreophila Critically Endangered 57.78 48.12
Monaro Golden Daisy Rutidosis leiolepis Vulnerable 54.64 3.33
Bago Leek-orchid Prasophyllum bagoense Critically Endangered 51.38 2.71
Harsh Nematolepis Nematolepis squamea subsp. coriacea Vulnerable 30.05 0.05
Fern-leaf Baeckea Sannantha crenulata Vulnerable 22.8 0.16
Purple Eyebright, Mueller’s Eyebright Euphrasia collina subsp. muelleri Endangered 13.98 0.31
Brindabella Midge-orchid, Ectopic Midge-orchid Corunastylis ectopa Critically
Endangered 13.92 0.02
Mauve Burr-daisy Calotis glandulosa Vulnerable 10.34 7.34
None Gentiana baeuerlenii Endangered 8.84 0.04
Wingless Raspwort, Square Raspwort Haloragis exalata subsp. exalata Vulnerable 5.62 1.77
Lemon-scented Zieria Zieria citriodora Vulnerable 5.59 0.03
Pale Golden Moths Diuris ochroma Vulnerable 5.45 0.14
Austral Toadflax, Toadflax Thesium australe Vulnerable 4.9 63.10Small Snake Orchid, Two-leaved Golden Moths, Golden Moths, Cowslip Orchid, Snake Orchid Diuris pedunculata Endangered 3.07 1.01
East Lynne Midge-orchid Genoplesium vernale Vulnerable 1.75 0.17
Hoary Sunray, Grassland Paper-daisy Leucochrysum albicans var. tricolor Endangered 1.4 4.41
Clover Glycine, Purple Clover Glycine latrobeana Vulnerable 0.85 7.80Maroon Leek-orchid, Slaty Leek-orchid, Stout Leek-orchid, French’s Leek-orchid, Swamp Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum frenchii Endangered 0.22 0.70
Swamp Everlasting Xerochrysum palustre Vulnerable 0.21 0.22
23 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Threatened flora
Common Name Scientific name Status % of total distribution*
% of zone**
Don’s Spider Orchid Caladenia cremna Critically Endangered 0.19 0.003
Leafy Greenhood Pterostylis cucullata Vulnerable 0.04 0.04
* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone.
** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.
The above species are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation.
Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl
24 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
EPBC Act (1999) migratory species
Migratory birds
Common name Scientific name
Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis
Cattle Egret Ardea ibis
Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificusGreat Egret, White Egret Ardea alba
Latham’s Snipe, Japanese Snipe Gallinago hardwickii
Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis (sensu lato)
Migratory birds
Common name Scientific name
Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus
Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons
Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleucaWhite-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster
White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus
25 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
EPBC Act (1999) migratory species
Migratory birds
Common name Scientific name
Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis
Cattle Egret Ardea ibis
Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificusGreat Egret, White Egret Ardea alba
Latham’s Snipe, Japanese Snipe Gallinago hardwickii
Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis (sensu lato)
Migratory birds
Common name Scientific name
Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus
Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons
Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleucaWhite-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster
White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus
Threatened endemic species
Threatened endemic species
Taxonomic group Scientific name Reservation status EPBC Act status IUCN status
Plants Carex paupera Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a
Plants Prasophyllum bagoense Recorded in reserves Critically Endangered
n/a
Plants Deyeuxia pungens Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a
Plants Rytidosperma pumilum Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a
Plants Euphrasia eichleri Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a
Plants Kelleria laxa Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a
26 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
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27 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Invasive species
Invasive mammals
Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone**
Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat Felis catus 0.16 100.0
Domestic Dog Canis lupus familiaris 0.49 100.0
Rabbit, European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 0.23 100.0
Red Fox, Fox Vulpes vulpes 0.2 100.0
Brown Hare Lepus capensis 1.24 100.0
Black Rat, Ship Rat Rattus rattus 1.06 95.4
Feral deer species in Australia Various 2.91 90.5
House Mouse Mus musculus 0.28 81.9
Pig Sus scrofa 0.28 79.0
Domestic Cattle Bos taurus 0.53 72.9
Goat Capra hircus 0.41 71.9
Horse Equus caballus 0.57 68.6
Brown Rat, Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus 0.06 0.9
Other invasive fauna
Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone**
Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula 1.35 100.0
Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris 0.57 100.0
European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 1.38 100.0
House Sparrow Passer domesticus 0.42 100.0
Skylark Alauda arvensis 1.91 100.0
Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon Columba livia 0.41 84.8
Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 2.04 45.9
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 0.68 39.1
Spotted Turtle-Dove Streptopelia chinensis 0.56 38.1
Common Myna, Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis 0.86 36.2
European Greenfinch Carduelis chloris 0.89 14.3
Song Thrush Turdus philomelos 2.94 9.5
* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.
28 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Invasive flora
Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone**
Blackberry, European Blackberry Rubus fruticosus aggregate 1.48 100.0
Willows except Weeping Willow, Pussy Willow and Sterile Pussy Willow
Salix spp. except S.babylonica, S.x calodendron & S.x reichardtii
1.87 100.0
Broom, English Broom, Scotch Broom, Common Broom, Scottish Broom, Spanish Broom
Cytisus scoparius 3.6 69.5
Gorse, Furze Ulex europaeus 1.87 60.3Serrated Tussock, Yass River Tussock, Yass Tussock, Nassella Tussock (NZ) Nassella trichotoma 2.11 49.6
Radiata Pine Monterey Pine, Insignis Pine, Wilding Pine Pinus radiata 1.15 42.6
Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper, Smilax, Florist’s Smilax, Smilax Asparagus Asparagus asparagoides 0.56 37.4
Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera 0.68 17.6
African Boxthorn, Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum 0.39 16.5
Bitou Bush, Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera 0.35 15.8
Chilean Needle grass Nassella neesiana 0.68 14.5Montpellier Broom, Cape Broom, Canary Broom, Common Broom, French Broom, Soft Broom
Genista monspessulana 0.93 11.3
Broom Genista sp. X Genista monspessulana 0.5 10.6
Prickly Pears Opuntia spp. 0.06 1.9Fireweed, Madagascar Ragwort, Madagascar Groundsel Senecio madagascariensis 0.09 1.1
Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Aquarium Watermoss, Kariba Weed Salvinia molesta 0.04 1.0
Prickly Pears Cylindropuntia spp. 0.09 0.5Flax-leaved Broom, Mediterranean Broom, Flax Broom Genista linifolia 0.08 0.3
* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.
It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**) indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone.
For more information on invasive species please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species
29 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Vegetation profiles and management recommendations
Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.
The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.
30 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile
99.86%Remaining
Change in extent
Pres
ent d
ay
Pre-
1750
25.83% 25.79%
Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus pauciflora; Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus rubida; Eucalyptus croajingolensis; Eucalyptus viminalis; Coprosma hirtella; Polyscias sambucifolia; Daviesia ulicifolia; Dianella tasmanica/tussock grass; Lomandra longifolia; Derwentia derwentiana.
Management recommendations
Protection Sustainable Agricultural Practice
Rehabilitation Fire Management
Wildlife Management
Weed Management
Feral Animal Management
Disease Management
Ban firewood and bush rock removal.
Maintain a 30–50 metre native vegetation buffer around remnants to protect against incursion by feral predators, weeds and spray drift.
Retain standing dead trees and fallen timber.
Protect travelling stock reserves from over-grazing.
Protect paddock trees.
Manage grazing practices including avoiding high-intensity set stocking. Limit or exclude grazing during drought periods and during Spring and Summer when native ground cover is in flower or seed.
Avoid herbicide and pesticide application in or near remnants.
Avoid soil compaction from vehicles/machinery or stock camps.
Natural regeneration and retention of existing remnants should be prioritised over restoration planting.
Do not plant trees/shrubs into good condition sites.
Replant native, indigenous species if the site shows no signs of natural regeneration. Plant trees and shrubs at the same density evident in local, good quality sites.
Use high quality seed, of local provenance if possible.
Please seek advice from your local NRM organisation prior to undertaking any fire management actions.
A minimum fire interval of five years, maximum of 40 years is recommended.
Apply mosaic burning in small areas at staggered intervals. Retain unburnt areas.
Ensure that appropriate weed control measures follow any burning activity.
If few, or no hollow bearing trees are present then place nest boxes for mammals and birds on larger trees within remnants. Monitor boxes regularly (once every three months) to check for invasive species, such as Indian Myna.
Hand pulling, spot spraying and weed wiping are appropriate weed control measures.
Prevent weed introduction through maintaining hygiene protocols and minimising soil disturbance.
Control feral grazers (deer, rabbits, goats) and erect fences where appropriate (e.g. of stock dams, individual guards for highly palatable young plants).
Control feral predators including foxes, dogs, cats and pigs.
31 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Eucalyptus tall open forests and open forests with ferns, herbs, sedges, rushes or wet tussock grasses vegetation profile
100%Remaining
Change in extent
Pres
ent d
ay
Pre-
1750
22.20% 22.24%
Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus radiata; Eucalyptus obliqua; Eucalyptus delegatensis; Eucalyptus regnans; Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus viminalis; Dicksonia antarctica; Cassinia longifolia; Cassinia aculeata; Coprosma hirtella; Coprosma quadrifida; Olearia phlogopappa; Polyscias sambucifolia; Tetrarrhena juncea; Poa sieberiana; Dianella tasmanica; Lomandra longifolia.
Protection Sustainable Agricultural Practice
Rehabilitation Fire Management
Wildlife Management
Weed Management
Feral Animal Management
Disease Management
Protect hollow-bearing trees.
Create buffer zones around remnants.
Maintain standing dead trees and fallen timber.
Management recommendations
32 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Eucalyptus open forests with a grassy understorey vegetation profile
96.28%Remaining
Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus macrorhyncha; Eucalyptus dalrympleana; Eucalyptus pauciflora; Eucalyptus globulus; Eucalyptus goniocalyx; Cassinia longifolia; Cassinia aculeata; Hardenbergia violacea; Poa sieberiana; Epilobium billardierianum; Joycea pallida; Lomatia myricoides; Dianella revoluta.
Change in extent
Pres
ent d
ay
Pre-
1750
12.66%12.19%
Protection Sustainable Agricultural Practice
Rehabilitation Fire Management
Wildlife Management
Weed Management
Feral Animal Management
Disease Management
Protect remnants from clearing.
Protect hollow-bearing trees.
Protect standing dead trees and fallen timber.
Management recommendations
33 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Eucalyptus low open woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile
99.97%Remaining
Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus pauciflora; Olearia phlogopappa; Pultenaea forsythiana; Daviesia ulicifolia;Tasmannia xerophila; Senecio gunnii; Brachyscome aculeata; Oreomyrrhis eriopoda; Stylidium graminifolium; Coprosma hirtella; Lomatia myricoides; Polyscias sambucifolia; forbs; tussock grass; rush.
Change in extent
Pres
ent d
ay
Pre-
1750
9.06% 9.06%
Protection Sustainable Agricultural Practice
Rehabilitation Fire Management
Wildlife Management
Weed Management
Feral Animal Management
Disease Management
Ban firewood and bush rock removal.
Retain standing dead trees and fallen timber.
Protect travelling stock reserves from over-grazing.
Protect paddock trees.
Manage grazing regimes and avoid high-intensity set stocking.
Avoid fertiliser drift from adjacent crops and pastures.
Natural regeneration and retention of existing remnants should be prioritised over restoration planting.
Management recommendations
34 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Wet tussock grassland with herbs, sedges or rushes, herblands or ferns vegetation profile
97.03%Remaining
Commonly found species within this communityEpacris brevifolia; Hakea micrantha; Callistemon pityoides; Poa spp; Rytidosperma nudiflora; Agrostis meionectes; tussock grasses.
Change in extent
Pres
ent d
ay
Pre-
1750
7.22%7.01%
Protection Sustainable Agricultural Practice
Rehabilitation Fire Management
Wildlife Management
Weed Management
Feral Animal Management
Disease Management
Maintain fencing to control domestic stock and prevent access to national parks from private lands and State Forests.
Prevent grazing pressure by exclusion fencing or other barriers.
Protect from changes to water flow that may impact adversely on sites.
Exclude stock. Develop and implement suitable fire management strategies to protect Alpine Sphagnum Bogs and Associated Fens ecological community.
Eradicate/control weeds including Salix spp. Willows.
Undertake early detection and eradication of founder populations of new invasive weeds.
Manage public access to prevent spread of weeds and plant disease.
Remove and exclude exotic hooved animals from remnant patches
Management recommendations
35 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Eucalyptus woodlands with a tussock grass understorey vegetation profile
97.99%Remaining
Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus rubida; Eucalyptus radiata; Eucalyptus pauciflora; Eucalyptus blakelyi; Eucalyptus macrorhyncha; Cassinia aculeata; Pimelea linifolia; Callitris endlicheri; Brachyloma daphnoides; Calytrix tetragona; Stypandra glauca; Wahlenbergia stricta; Senecio tenuiflorus; Dianella tasmanica; Themeda triandra.
Change in extent
Pres
ent d
ay
Pre-
1750
6.65% 6.52%
Protection Sustainable Agricultural Practice
Rehabilitation Fire Management
Wildlife Management
Weed Management
Feral Animal Management
Disease Management
Purchase into reserve where possible.
Encourage conservation agreements and covenants on private land.
Ban firewood and bush rock collection.
Protect from disturbance due to road widening, maintenance and other development activities.
Protect standing dead trees, hollow-bearing trees, fallen dead timber and leaf litter.
Avoid fertiliser drift or run-off from adjacent crops and pastures.
Limit grazing during drought periods and rest from grazing during native ground cover flowering and seeding.
Do not graze above historic levels – do not graze if has never previously been grazed.
Maintain 80% groundcover minimum at all times.
Natural regeneration and retention of existing remnants should be prioritised over restoration planting.
Do not plant trees/shrubs into good condition sites.
Replant native, indigenous species if the site shows no signs of natural regeneration. Plant trees and shrubs at the same density evident in local, good quality sites.
Use high quality seed, of local provenance if possible.
Apply mosaic burning in small areas at staggered intervals.
Retain unburnt areas.
Be aware that some weed species increase with burning.
Use minimum fire interval of five years, maximum of 40 years.
Burn after natives have seeded but before weeds flower and seed.
Don’t stockpile topsoil within remnant areas.
Use machinery hygiene protocols to prevent weed spread, including if ripping to control rabbits.
Control feral grazers (deer, rabbits, goats) and erect fences where appropriate.
Control feral predators: foxes, dogs, cats and pigs.
Do not push fallen timber into stacks or windrows as these form harbours for foxes, rabbits and cats.
Do not permit commercial apiarists to place bee hives within the area.
Management recommendations
36 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Eucalyptus open forests with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile
95.87%Remaining
Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus obliqua; Eucalyptus mannifera; Eucalyptus cypellocarpa; Cassinia longifolia; Daviesia latifolia; Daviesia ulicifolia; Monotoca scoparia; Coprosma quadrifida; Stypandra glauca; Hibbertia obtusifolia; Poa australis; Dianella tasmanica.
Change in extent
Pres
ent d
ay
Pre-
1750
6.32%6.06%
Protection Sustainable Agricultural Practice
Rehabilitation Fire Management
Wildlife Management
Weed Management
Feral Animal Management
Disease Management
Protect remnants from clearing.
Protect hollow-bearing trees.
Protect standing dead trees and fallen timber.
Management recommendations
37 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands
Eucalyptus (+/- tall) open forest with a dense broad-leaved and/or tree-fern understorey (wet sclerophyll) vegetation profile
99.4%Remaining
Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus delegatensis; Eucalyptus regnans; Eucalyptus nitens; Eucalyptus obliqua; Dicksonia antarctica; Cyathea australis; Tetrarrhena juncea; Polystichum proliferum; Blechnum wattsii; Histiopteris incisa; Coprosma hirtella; Daviesia ulicifolia; Stylidium graminifolium; Sambucus gaudichaudiana; Dianella tasmanica; Deyeuxia monticolafern; fern; rush; forb; tussock grass.
Change in extent
Pres
ent d
ay
Pre-
1750
6.20% 6.16%
Protection Sustainable Agricultural Practice
Rehabilitation Fire Management
Wildlife Management
Weed Management
Feral Animal Management
Disease Management
Protect hollow-bearing trees.
Maintain standing dead trees and fallen timber.
Prescribed burning is not supported by ecological studies.
Manage exotic pests including foxes, goats, rabbits and feral pigs.
Manage foxes and rabbits simultaneously to avoid foxes switching to predation on native species, or increases in rabbit populations.
Management recommendations
ALC
100.
0915