Conserving the British Virgin Islands' Seabirds
Identification of threats, long term monitoring and guidance
on using bird data in marine spatial planning.
2015
2
Contents
Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
What is marine spatial planning .............................................................................................................................. 5
Spatial & demographic bird data ............................................................................................................................ 6
Understanding seabird abundance & population trends .................................................................................... 6
Understanding seabird distribution and movements .......................................................................................... 7
Example foraging maps ............................................................................................................................................ 8
Sensitivity of seabirds ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Threats facing seabirds and management solutions ........................................................................................... 10
Conclusions and recomendations ......................................................................................................................... 15
References ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Appendices ............................................................................................................................................................... 18
Red-billed tropicbird. Photo L. Scott
3
Summary
The British Virgin Islands is home to 15 breeding seabird species, representing two globally and eight
regionally important seabird populations. Two cays within the BVI are classified as Important Bird
Areas (IBAs) due to their globally important seabird colonies (Green Cay and Great Tobago).
Previous seabird work within BVI includes a complete island-wide census undertaken in 2004/5 and
partial surveys in 2014, with more regular monitoring occurring on Great Tobago and Green Cay.
Magnificent frigatebirds and Brown boobies have also been the subject of a tracking study (2013-2015)
with the aim of identifying important foraging areas. These data can be fed into plans for the
development and management of marine and coastal areas using marine spatial planning (MSP).
MSP is an essential tool to help ensure that species such as seabirds, waterbirds and migratory
species are accommodated and considered in deciding the most appropriate use of marine space at
different times of year.
Marine spatial planners should aim to ensure that:
Bird species in, or dependent upon, any marine areas are protected and conserved and that
declines are halted and populations are appropriately restored or recovered;
Marine protected areas (MPAs) and other sites designated for conservation meet their objectives
and that their existence helps to guide planning and management of human activities, and that;
The socio-economic benefits provided by the presence of seabirds, through activities such as
wildlife watching and ecotourism, are recognised.
This guidance highlights the main sources of information on the distribution and ecology of breeding
seabirds in BVI. We highlight the threats that face BVIs’ seabirds both at their breeding colony and at sea
(including presence of invasive species, threat of coastal development and interactions with fisheries).
We also suggest solutions/mitigation measures and discuss the incorporation of seabirds into marine
planning processes.
4
Introduction
Most seabirds spend the majority of their lives in
the marine environment, only coming ashore to
nest and rear chicks. Every year around 15
species of seabird come to BVI to breed.
Seabirds act as indicators of the health of the
ecosystems they live in, so the health of seabird
populations is fundamentally linked to the
status of the wider environment and the study of
seabirds should be built into the ongoing
monitoring of MSP.
The wider environmental policy
context for birds in MSP
The following National policy in BVI protects
seabirds and their breeding sites: - (1) Wild Birds
Protection Ordinance 1959/1980 and (2) National
Parks Act (2006) along with the associated
National Parks regulations (2008), (Other
relevant regional and global policy, acts and
treaties are detailed in appendix 2).
Brown booby and chick (photo L.Scott)
Identifying important populations
A population is classified as globally
important if it contains more than 1% of
the global population.
A population is classified as regionally
important if it contains more than 1% of a
regional population.
In BVI, Magnificent frigatebirds and
Roseate terns represent globally important
populations.
Brown pelican, Bridled tern, Least tern,
Sandwich tern, Laughing gull, Common
tern, Bridled tern and Brown booby
represent regionally important populations
Identifying important breeding sites
Two of BVI's Important Bird Areas (IBAs)
are classified due to their globally
important seabird populations.
Green Cay for its Roseate terns.
Great Tobago for its Magnificent
frigatebirds.
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Guidance on how to use seabird information in MSP
Identifying those areas at sea which are important for seabirds, such as foraging areas, and recognising
their importance in MSP is just as important as the protection of breeding colonies on land.
Furthermore, marine spatial planners need to understand the potential impacts on seabirds of human
activities in certain locations and at particular times of year.
In order to address the needs of seabirds in marine spatial planning evidence is essential to enable
marine spatial planners, through the planning cycle, to:
1. Identify the most important at-sea areas for seabirds, supporting their protection and management
as MPAs.
2. Highlight important areas for seabirds, and identify human activities within these areas which may
be incompatible spatially or temporally with birds.
3. Assess the sensitivity of bird species to selected human activities in the marine environment and to
encourage activities or developments considered to have a potential negative impact on these species
to take place away from important areas, or to minimise and mitigate their impacts.
4. Monitor the effectiveness of marine plans against their objectives, especially in relation to marine
biodiversity, and review plans as appropriate.
What is Marine Spatial Planning (MSP)?
MSP is a process that brings together multiple users of the ocean – including energy, industry,
government, conservation and recreation – to make informed and coordinated decisions about how
to use marine resources sustainably. This is usually done by creating a plan to guide both sea users
and decision-makers.
By considering all aspects as part of a bigger picture, on both a spatial and temporal scale, decision-
making can use MSP to ensure that the underlying needs of marine ecosystems are considered and
safeguarded, while also ensuring that sustainable human activity can take place.
In order for MSP to succeed, it is generally agreed that it should be based on the fundamental
principles of ensuring both the long-term sustainable health of marine ecosystems and the
sustainable development of local marine economies and societies. In addition, it should:
1. Be based on the accurate information on the marine environment and human uses.
2. Possess a long-term vision and clear objectives.
3. Be adaptive, in order to deal with changing circumstances and deal with the impacts of climate
change.
4. Involve and educate sea users and the general public from the beginning to build ownership and
support.
5. Be backed by effective monitoring and enforcement.
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Spatial and demographic bird data
Spatial bird data in the marine environment includes information on:
Population numbers (e.g. the numbers of breeding seabirds at terrestrial nest sites)
Distribution (e.g. where seabirds aggregate at different times of year)
Movements (e.g. foraging movements from terrestrial nest sites)
The most comprehensive picture of seabirds in the marine environment can be developed by using the
data above in combination.
Available datasets in the BVIs
The most complete island wide census for BVI was completed during 2004-2005 (McGowan et al. 2006).
Partial seabird surveys focusing on Roseate terns were conducted during the summer of 2014 by the Jost
Van Dykes Preservation Society and Magnificent frigatebirds on Great Tobago were surveyed in 2013,
2014 and 2015 by the Jost Van Dykes Preservation Society (JVDPS) and National Parks Trust of the
Virgin Islands (NPTVI). The US Fisheries & Wildlife Service also undertook counts of Roseate terns as
part of cross territory surveys (USVI & BVI) between 1993 – 2003 (Zaluski et al. 2015 in review).
Understanding seabird abundance and population trends
It is important to understand how populations (abundance) change over time. This allows us to
highlight which species or areas may be suffering from human or natural pressures and threats. To
achieve this a long-term monitoring programme should be implemented.
Establishing a long-term monitoring programme
This is achieved by regular, systematic and repeatable surveys. Given the large numbers of cays within
BVI this is best achieved by boat surveys:
Circumnavigate each island slowly ideally between 06:00-10:00 or 15:30-18:00 to coincide with
peak seabird activity.
Record number of adults associated with the colony (e.g. landing on, territorial behaviour
displays, carrying fish).
Do not record those that appear to be feeding close to or flying past the island
For Audubon’s shearwater surveys use tape-play of calls at potential nesting sites
Refer to the Seabird Monitoring Guide for the British Virgin Islands (Soanes et al. 2014) for more detailed
information on monitoring methods.
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How long will surveys take to complete?
Many tropical seabird species do not breed at the same time each year, for example Brown boobies and
Red-billed tropicbirds may breed in any month, whereas species of Tern (Roseate, Sandwich, Common)
and Laughing gulls have more asynchronous (predictable) breeding habits, breeding only in the summer
months (April-July). As such to accurately survey seabirds breeding in BVI complete island surveys
should be conducted twice a year to include both winter and summer breeding birds.
We estimate that it will take a team of 2-3 people approximately 10-15 days to survey all of the BVIs cays
by boat, including ground-truthing and surveying for Audubon’s shearwaters on the more accessible
cays (e.g. Sandy Cay, Green Cay, Anegada) and landing on Great Tobago and Peter Island to count
Magnificent frigatebirds and Brown pelicans, respectively. This equates to approximately 20-30 survey
days per year.
How often should complete surveys be undertaken?
This will depend upon resources available, but we recommend a maximum survey interval of four to
five years.
Understanding seabird distribution and movements
During the breeding season, seabirds are strongly tied to the land where they nest and rear their chicks.
Consequently, in addition to being influenced by marine habitats and food availability, the foraging
movements of seabirds during the breeding season are influenced by the needs of their young. Therefore
it is during the breeding season that seabirds are most restrained and therefore most at risk from
changes in the marine environment.
When considering bird movements or migrations, Marine Spatial Planning should consider particularly:
The distances and likely routes of bird movements.
The timings of bird movements particularly in relation to coastal and marine developments and
other human activities, such as fishing areas.
Available datasets in the BVIs:
Between 2013-2015 seabird GPS tracking work of Magnificent frigatebirds and Brown boobies was
coordinated by the University of Liverpool in partnership with the Jost Van Dykes Preservation Society,
NPTVI and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), with the support of the BVIs
Conservation and Fisheries Department (Ministry of Natural Resources) see figure 2 a & b.
In addition to GPS tracking, a further project in partnership with the USGS South Carolina Cooperative
Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, and the Avian Research and Conservation Institute (ARCI).
Attached satellite tags to three Magnificent frigatebirds to monitor movements during both the breeding
and non-breeding season (see figure 2c).
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These tracking projects were conducted with the aim of identifying important foraging areas and
identifying potential threats to seabird populations. GIS shapefiles of the foraging trips are held by all
project partners.
Figure 2. Example maps of the foraging trips of Magnificent Frigatebirds and Brown booby breeding on
Great Tobago. (a) represents the GPS tracks of a Magnificent frigatebird during the breeding season (b)
represents the GPS tracks of a Brown booby during the breeding season and (c) represents the breeding
and non- breeding season movements of three Magnificent frigatebirds tracked using satellite data
loggers from April 2014-February 2015.
(a)
(c)
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Sensitivity of seabirds
The sensitivity, of seabirds to particular activities (such as fisheries) will be dependent on aspects such
as:
Life history and survival rates (e.g. reproductive rates and longevity) (Figure 1)
Feeding, diet and habitat preferences and flexibility and their influence on foraging ranges.
Population and conservation status.
Figure 1. Describes some of the ecology of seabirds breeding in BVI
An understanding of the ecology and life-history characteristics of a species will aid in assessing
population change and in predicting the effects that different activities in the marine
environment may have on seabird populations.
Brown booby Magnificent
frigatebird Roseate Tern Bridled tern
Red billed
tropicbird
Plunge diver
Generalist feeder
Surface feeder Surface feeder Plunge diver
Nests on ground Nests on bushes Nests in open on
the ground
Nests under
shrub/bushes
Nests under
rocks/boulders
One chick One chick Two – three chicks One chick One chick
Large foraging range
Large foraging
range
Likely small
localised foraging
range
Likely small
localised foraging
range
Large foraging
range
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Threats facing BVIs’ seabirds and management solutions
Threat Potential effect Solutions/Mitigation
Threats facing seabirds at their breeding colony
Presence of/or introduction of
invasive alien species
Rats and/or mice
-Eat eggs and chicks.
-Ground nesting seabirds are particularly
susceptible.
For example, in 2014 rats trapped on Great Tobago
around the Magnificent frigatebird colony were
significantly larger than those trapped in the
forest area indicating a better food source (eggs
and small chicks) around the seabird colony
BVI has already achieved its first successful eradication of black rats (Rattus rattus) on
Sandy Cay. Continued monitoring and surveillance is essential to prevent reinvasion.
Feasibility studies are currently being completed for the eradication of black rats
(Rattus rattus) from Great Tobago, Little Tobago and Green Cay. Feasibility of the
removal of rodents from a further six cays will be evaluated under a Darwin Plus
funded project during 2015-2018 (led by University of Roehampton, JVDPS, NPTVI &
CFD).
Work with local, regional and international partners to source funding for rodent
eradication.
Appropriate bio-security measures should be adhered to at all times to prevent re-
invasion or the introduction of any new alien invasive species to BVIs’ offshore cays.
Feral goats
-Change vegetation structure of the island.
-Cause erosion of nesting sites.
-Can trample nests of ground nesting birds.
Feral goat removal is already on-going on Great Tobago and Little Tobago and
scheduled for Green Cay.
Assess impact of feral goats on other cays, and conduct eradication feasibility studies.
Vegetation
Introduced species such as those from the
morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) can
reduce available breeding habitat and make
islands unsuitable for breeding seabirds.
Liaise with local organisations and landowners to assess scale of problem.
Development
Has the potential to displace whole populations
through habitat destruction and disturbance.
Any future development plans should be considered carefully by the Government to
ensure that any development will consider the importance of globally and regionally
important seabird populations.
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Increased human usage increases the chance of
the introduction of invasive species
Sensitive development of ecotourism could raise awareness of the BVIs important
seabird populations, whilst controlling visitor numbers. Sustainable seabird
ecotourism sites operate successfully around the world, including the Caribbean. For
example the Frigatebird sanctuary on Barbuda attracts visitors and is advertised by
several local boat operators as an eco-friendly excursion (Environmental Awareness
Group http://www.eagantigua.org).
Human disturbance
Can negatively affect seabird behaviour directly
(by trampling nests) or indirectly through
‘disturbance displacement’ by altering behaviour.
For example, Magnificent frigatebirds and Brown
pelicans will predate neighbours eggs and chicks
if the nest is left unattended.
For example, the flamingo colony on Anegada has
been negatively impacted by helicopter tours as
people are trying to get close to see them, They
have not bred in the last few years. Other nesting
birds are likely also to have been impacted but
the flamingos are most visible
This is linked to cay development, with infrastructure developments likely attracting
more visitors to each island.
Through the development of ecotourism, visitor numbers could be kept in check and
the importance of the site conveyed to them. Liaison with landowners and local boat
operators can encourage this.
Harvesting of eggs
Harvesting of seabird eggs is common in some
areas of the Caribbean, but does not seem to be a
major threat facing birds breeding on BVIs’
offshore cays
At the present time in BVI, the harvesting of eggs no longer appears to be a threat. The
However, the extent of the problem should continue to be monitored.
Extreme weather events Hurricanes or periods of heavy rain can cause
desertion of nests
For example, Flamingo nests have been flooded by
a rise in salt pond levels, with eggs literally
washed away. Heavy rains at times of year that
are not usual could impact other bird species that
nest on the dry salt ponds
Investigate installation of artificial nest sites to encourage nesting in areas less likely to
flood
Ensure any planned developments along coasts and wetlands consider the potential
impact of flooding in other areas.
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Threats facing seabirds at sea
Interactions with fisheries
-
For diving species (e.g. Brown boobies) or
generalist feeders (e.g. Magnificent frigatebirds
and Laughing gulls), birds may be attracted to
bait, putting them at risk of getting caught on the
fishing hook or entangled in the line.
Seabirds may become entangled in gill nets
during setting and drown.
Ghost nets (nets discarded in the ocean) also pose
a threat.
Depletion of prey caused by over-fishing can
cause seabird breeding failure. Seabirds respond
to collapse in fish stocks before fishermen as
seabirds often specialise in the capture of a small
number of prey species and are limited in the
distance that they can travel to search for their
prey.
Continue education programmes for fishers (both local and visitors) on what to do if
they catch a bird on hook and line.
Encourage the use of weighted lines, sinkers and bird scarers on board fishing vessels
to reduce by-catch.
Consider exclusion/limit of fishing activity in areas where high numbers of globally
important seabird populations forage.
Cross territorial collaboration to protect seabird foraging areas.
Interaction with recreational
boats/ watersports
-
The activity of recreational boats and watersports
(e.g. jet skis) has the potential to cause
disturbance to foraging seabirds and may cause
their avoidance of these areas.
Government and NPTVI continue to regulate watersports activity and to provide
appropriate mooring buoys for yachts to ensure boat activity is managed at important
sites.
Pollution
-
Cruise ships and tankers transporting cargo and
oil enter BVI on a weekly basis. Oil spills from
such vessels pose a potential threat to seabirds
foraging in the area.
Compile an oil spill recovery plan for seabirds in the event that a large tanker/cruise
ship runs aground/becomes wrecked within or close to BVI’s seabird breeding
colonies.
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The BVIs’ tourism industry is based upon the
charter yacht sector. Flushing of engines and
toilet waste from yachts can cause marine
pollution and refuse and litter discarded by these
vessels can attract seabirds. In particular, plastic
bags ingestion can cause fatality and there is a
chance of entanglement.
Education campaign to reduce marine pollution, including beach clean-ups.
Climate change
The wider impacts of climate change on
seabirds, especially of rising sea temperatures,
associated impacts on plankton and fish species
and the implications of sea level rise for nesting
seabirds in low-lying areas, should also be
considered.
Continued long-term monitoring to assess the scale of the problem.
Red tide/algal blooms Blooms of toxic algae can cause mortality in
seabirds
Continued long-term monitoring to assess the scale of the problem.
Offshore energy developments
Offshore energy developments such as offshore
drilling platforms for oil and gas and renewable
energy installations (e.g. wind turbines, tidal
energy) have the potential to displace seabirds.
For example, wind turbines are due to be installed
in Necker Island during 2015
Government to consider the proximity of seabird breeding populations and foraging
areas when planning or designating further marine developments.
Appropriate Environmental Impact Assessments conducted before site developments.
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Conclusions and recommendations
Safeguarding seabirds and other parts of the marine ecosystem through MSP can help deliver significant
long-term social and economic benefits, as well as delivering on legal requirements for nature conservation.
Seabirds face a range of pressures both at their breeding colonies and while at sea, many of which can be
directly or indirectly reduced through sensible MSP.
The full range of available information on seabirds, from colony surveys to the latest seabird tracking data,
should be used in combination to build up an understanding of how seabirds use the marine and coastal
environment. This knowledge should then be used, along with other information, when allocating space
for human activity and development, and addressing the range of pressures seabirds face.
Recommendations for marine spatial planning
Establish a long-term monitoring programme for seabirds (following on from the BVI Birds of
Paradise workshop 2013).
Establish a National Database for storage of seabird monitoring data. (The BVI's Conservation &
Fisheries Department are currently working towards this goal).
Regularly update National, Regional and Global databases (e.g. Birds Caribbean Seabird database,
Birdlife International IBA database) with seabird population data
Ensure that Government refers to seabird data when considering site development proposals.
Ensure that Government refers to seabird data when evaluating effectiveness of existing Marine
Protected Areas or for informing new Marine Protected Area designation.
Establish a seabird steering group with members from the BVI Conservation & Fisheries
Department, the National Parks Trust of the Virgin Islands, the Jost Van Dykes Preservation Society
Dead Brown booby chick in nest filled with plastic.
Photo Susan Zaluski Juvenile Magnificent frigatebird entangled in
monofilament fishing line. Photo Susan Zaluski
15
and local landowners. To discuss and prioritise seabird conservation work and management with
the islands.
Recommendations for avoiding and mitigating threats to seabirds:
Promote/discuss the sustainable development of, and promotion of ecotourism of sites with
landowners and local boat operators with the aim of safeguarding sites from more destructive
development activities.
Source funding for further eradication of rats and goat from offshore cays.
Research measures that can be taken by fishers to reduce seabird by-catch.
Continue education campaign highlighting what to do if a seabird is hooked on a fishing line.
Roseate tern
Recommended Citation: Conserving the British Virgin Islands Seabirds: Identification of threats and
guidance on the use of bird data in marine spatial planning (2015). Report compiled for Jost Van Dykes
Preservation Society.
This guidance was adapted from the RSPB’s document “Guidance on using bird data in marine spatial
planning” and compiled with the help and expertise of a range of University of Liverpool, RSPB, JVDPS
and NPTVI staff funded by the UK’s Darwin plus initiative under the project “Using Seabirds to inform
Caribbean Marine Planning”. For further information on any aspects of this report, please contact Louise
Soanes, University of Liverpool [email protected] or Susan Zaluski, Jost Van Dykes Preservation
Society [email protected].
16
References
BirdLife International. 2015. Country profile: British Virgin Islands (to UK). Available from:
http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/bvi. Checked: 2015-01-05
Croxall, J. P., Butchart, S. H. M., Lascelles, B., Stattersfield, A. J., Sullivan, B., Symes, A. and Taylor, P. 2012.
Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment. -Bird Conservation
International, 22: 1-34.
Lowrie, K., Lowrie, D. and Collier, N. 2012. The Seabird Breeding Atlas of the Lesser Antilles.
Environmental Protection in the Caribbean.
McGowan, A., Broderick, A.C., Gore, S., Hilton, G., Woodfield, N.K., and B.J. Godley. 2006. Breeding
seabirds in the British Virgin Islands. Endangered Species Research 3, 1-6.
Soanes, L.M., Zaluski, S., Bright, J.A. & Green, J.A. 2014. Seabird Monitoring Field Guide: A field guide to
monitoring seabirds in the British Virgin Islands. Jost Van Dykes Preservation Society. BVI , West
Indies.
RSPB. 2014. Guide to using bird data in marine spatial planning. Report compiled by the Royal Society for
the Protection of Birds, Sandy, Bedfordhsire, UK.
Zaluski, S., George, A., Petrivic, C., Pierce, J., Woodfield-Pascoe, N & Soanes, L.M. 2015 . Seabird surveys
of the British Virgin Islands- focusing on globally important populations. Journal of Caribbean
Ornithology, in review.
17
Appendix 1. Table of breeding seabirds recorded in the British Virgin Islands
Mag
nif
icen
t
frig
ateb
ird
Bro
wn
bo
ob
y
Bro
wn
pel
ican
Bro
wn
no
dd
y
Ro
seat
e te
rn
San
dw
ich
ter
n
Bri
dle
d t
ern
Lea
st t
ern
Cay
enn
e te
rn
Gu
ll-b
ille
d t
ern
Co
mm
on
ter
n
Red
-bil
led
tro
pic
bir
d
Wh
ite-
tail
ed
tro
pic
bir
d
Lau
gh
ing
gu
ll
Au
du
bo
n's
shea
rwat
er
Anegada
Beef Island
Broken Jerusalem
Carrot Rock
Carval Rock
Cistern Rock
Cockroach Island
Cooper Island
Deadmans Chest
East Seal Dog
Eustatia
Fallen Jerusalem
George Dog
Ginger Island
Great Camanoe
Great Dog
Great Thatch
Great Tobago
Green Cay
Guana Island
Little Camanoe
Little Jost Van Dyke
Little Thatch
Little Tobago
Marina Cay
Mosquito Island
Necker Island
Norman Island
Pelican Island
Peter Island
Prickly Pear
Round Rock
Salt Island
Sandy Cay
Sandy Spit
Scrub Island
The Indians
Tortola
Virgin Gorda
18
Watsons Rock
West Dog
West Seal Dog
Jost Van Dyke
19
Appendix 2. List of relevant Global, Regional and National legislation and policies relevant to BVI
seabird conservation
Global
Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), extended to
BVI in 1994
Contains obligations related to the conservation
of biological diversity and the sustainable use
thereof, including land and marine resources,
plant and animal species.
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International
Importance (1971),
extended to the BVI in 1999
Promotes wise use of all wetlands (inc. marine
habitats) within the Territory.
Convention on Migratory Species (1983), extended to the
BVI in 1985
Parties to the Convention acknowledge the
importance of migratory species being
conserved and the need to take action to avoid
any migratory species becoming endangered.
UN Convention on Law of the Sea (1982)
Defines the rights and responsibilities of nations
with respect to their use of the world's oceans,
establishing guidelines for businesses, the
environment, and the management of marine
natural resources
Regional
Cartagena Convention (1986)
also known as the Caribbean Regional Seas Agreement ,
extended to the BVI in 1987
Two protocols under the Convention define
obligations of the Contracting Parties: (i)
Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas
and Wildlife (SPAW) with a general obligation
to protect, preserve, and manage threatened or
endangered species and (ii) Protocol Concerning
Pollution from Land-Based Sources and
Activities (LBS).
National
Physical Planning Act (2004) Includes provisions for protecting
environmental, historic, and cultural elements
within a development site.
National Parks Act (2006)
and National Parks Regulations (2008)
Includes provisions for identifying critical
habitats, classifying parks and protecting areas,
and entering into conservation agreements with
private landowners.
Fisheries Act (1997) and Regulations (2003), Includes provisions for the management and
conservation of fisheries and fisheries resources.
Wild Birds Protection Ordinance (1959/1980),
Protects listed birds from being hunted.
Protection of Trees and Conservation of Soil and
Water Ordinance (1954/1965),
Provides for the designation of protected
forested areas, water areas, and trees.