THESIS ~
Consisting of ~ Course of Study in
FA.TUI ?.U.:!AGEU.EN~
to be taught in
VIRGINIA A.GRICULJ.."'URAL FIGTI SCR00LS
Submitted
for
lla.ster .Q.!. So'ience Degree
in
AGRICUL:'URA.L EDUCAT!0N
by a Ken l2.hn. !· Roller• ...
Virginia. Polyec}lnic Institute~
July 10, 1923.
IllTRODUCTIOB.
In Ma7, 1921. a request tor all available l~ol'll&tion on courses 1n rarm Kanagement for Ag:riaultural Rlgh Sobool• wae aent to each Professor of lgrioul.tural Blluoat1on. at the state Agri-cultural_ and Keohanioal Col.legea. in the United States. Eighteen letters were reoeivecl in repl.7 to the 1nqu.1r7. ·
The following maierial was obtained, studied, and ueed as a basis tor the course here offered:
i.u.s.D.A. Bulletin 592--Coureea in Secondary Agriculture · for Southern Schools.
2.Suggeatlon~ on Courses 1n ·'.gricul ture for the Sm1 th-Hughee Schools in KentucJt7, -Prof. KcNeal c. James.
3.Vooat1onal Agriculture for Teacher ?raining Clnssea ln 1Uoh1gan, Bul.Uo.19--Dept. of t.gricultural Education,
ll1ch1gan Agric~tural College.
~.course of Stu47 for Farm ltanagement. oultural Instructor, Sept., 1921.
-Virginia Agri-
5,rutllne of Course in Farm Kanagement. -Proft.D.w. Familton --t:aehington State College, Pullman, r:ash.
6.Agrioulture in Figh SohOola. -Goddard and Jamee. --Dept. Of E>ublic Instruction. ~.!adison, r·1e.
7.The 0rgani1at1on of the Course of Study in ~~rioulture. Crandall& Barnett. --Dept. of Pub. Instr •• of Columbia,~.c.
8.Hew York State .A.grioultural ~eaohers' Bulletin, . Jan •• 1920• ancl M&7 1920.
9. Course of Stud7 in Elementary A.gricul ture for ·· 1sconein Public Scboola. -F.E.Reald, Aaet •• Agri. Edu •• U.S.D.A.
10.Letters and suggeat1.·ne from other Profeaeora of Agricultural Education in State Colleges.
The course as presented. 18 for Virginia sohoola and waa prepared and used under conditions which rrevail at Apple Grove. 1n Louisa Count7. The course was taught there in 1922-23. and has been reTiaed in the light of experience thaa gained. and of euggeetiona trom the Teacher-Training Department at the V.P.I.
~e present form 1s the result of still another revision Entggeeted by the State SuperYisor of Agrioultural Education. ~o Bake the W)rk refiect the latest available suggestions ne to soureee of etud7.
!bests -2-
It ls p%9opose4 that th• • ._ 1IG$ b ~ •...-H plWUlel to ...... 1~.* 4ap. or ab1e .-... ·.·• $Jul. ot 17 wor-~-. .,_ eaoh• IJJa •AW ~ .. ·411i78 o~ ea~h •~'11 1'111 · ueully be . ..·· ::J!:« o}• of.=:t o;t~~=-=~~9::, !~!,!!;!::· :::;ar~-= the following suggeet1onet
·~e real purpose of the course is to ter•cb the etu4anta how ·to ,..thiiiiiii,,...nk ... ·•
11le sohool year logioally d1T14ea itself into three periods: ·
i •. PaU.wh•n the outdoor work 18 possible. In this period gei taota. ·
2.z;1nter.when outdoor work ls nnt possible. Digest facts.
3.Spring, when outdoor work ls possible. Appl:/ f'e.cts b7 concrete illustrntions."
~e present study deals with the subject under e1~hteen heads. or problems. i'hey ~oup as follows;
PartI. Problems 1 and 2. Farm Management from a general viewpoint.
Part II. Problems 3. Farm Cost Acoountin~. Part III. Problems •-9. Farm Management ae it
concerns the Individual Farm.
re.rt IV. Problems 10-17. Pow would you acquire and manage a farm of your own?
Part V. Problem 11:3. Resume. ·.7ha.t have you learned tbat you can apply. or help someone else to apply?
Each problem ia snb-d1v1ded. and under the head of' Factors". An analysis of each problem is given. Under the third head."Recommendatlons"? will be found suggestions which m&J7 help in teaching this course.
:iie .references are given in order they occurred. in tbe workins:i: out of the course. References No. l and !lo. 2 to-gether wlli form the basis 'for the course. All otl1er references named should be available for study bul will.not be required so often. Reference H0. 12 has been most widely used as a text in thls etat••
Thesis 3-
PLAN OF 1:rRK: ?.!onths:Se Total :17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . •
I :l.Fa.rm Survei :10 . . . :10 . . . :!.Community . • . • . Problems . 4 2 2 2 2 2 :2 . 16 • . . . . . . . . :3.Fa.rm Cost . .
II Accounting . 'I 3 6 4 10: 4 6 4 . 4 . 48 . . . . • III:4. Marketing . I1roblems :10 2 2 2 2 2 ') 22 . t~
:f'.Lnbor . 4 4 . :.§_.BUsiness Form . . . & Ftirm J~nw . . 1 . l • 2 . . . . • . . ". Fa.rm La.y-out 3 . 3 •. . . .
• . :e. Fa.rm Rome 3 . 3 . :t': Use ot Agri, . .
Ext. Service : 2 . 2 . . . . . • . . .
LO.Capital Distribu-: ting: Credit . . . .
IV . . 2 . 3 . . 5 . . . . . . . . . . 4
:11. '.;.'n>es of Farming . :.> . 2 . .. • . :12.Chooain a Farm . . 2 2 • .
3 .11epla.nnine; and . • . . . Building Fields ; 5 . " 5 . . . . . . • . . . . . . 14.Choooing . . . . . Eguipment : n 3 . .J . . . . 15.Stocking Fa.rr:i. . . 2 1 . 3 . . . . . . . . 1§.. ;Jain t ennnc e (;f : • . Fertility . . . . . . . . .
• 3 . 4 7 • . . 17.PRo:fit as Shown . . . . . . • by Cost Accounts . 2 5 3 10 .
•· . . .. . . . . . . v :is.Resume 6 . 6 .
. •
Thesis -4-
REFERENCES.
1. Farm Kanagement. by Boss -- Stewart & Kidd, Cincinnati, Ohto.
2. {Farm llonagement, by t."arren -?laomillan Co •• 64-66 Fifth Ave., ( New York City. (In connection with La.borat'ory Exercises in Farm J.tanagement, ( by same author.
3. Farm Management, by Card --Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City,N.Y.
4. Farm Development, by Hays --Orange-Judd Co., Marquette Bldg •• Chicago, Ill.
5. The Farmstead, by Roberta -t.tacmillan Co.
6. Farm Accounting, by Scov111.e --D.App,eton & co. 7. *Farmers' Bul. #572 --~1ystem of Cost Accounting.
a. " " #6ll --Farm Book Keeping.
9. " " #661 -An Analysis of the Farm Business.
10. " " #782 --Use of' a Diary for Farm A.ccounts.
11. n " #635 --What the Farm Contributes directly .to the Farmers' Living.
12. " " #'146 -~e Farmers Income.
13. " n #299 --Diversified Farming under the Plantation System.
14. *u.s.D.A. . Year Book - 1908
16. " n n - 1915
16. n " " 1914
17. " " " 1910
18. " n " - 1911 19. Farmers' Bul. # j --normal Days' Work for Various Farm
Operations.
'.i1bes1e -5-
References (cont'd)
' .20. Farmers• Bal.. #.745 -Elimination of Waste and Waeted La.114
21. " " 22. n "
23. " "
24. n " 25. " !
on P'arma.
#593 --How to Use 1arm Cre41t.
#654: --How Farmers Ua7 Improve Their Personal Credit.
#792 --Pow the Federal Farm Loan Act the Farmer.
I 370 --Replanning a Farm For Profit.
Bene:tits
# 592 -courses in Secondary Agriou1ture for Southern Schools.
20. Co-operation in Agriculture. by Powell --Jlacmillan co. '
27. co-operative Kaketing of Agricultural P~oducts. by Yaoklin-?.lacmillan Co.
28. Solle and Crops. b7 Hunt & Burkett - Oro.nge-Judd Co .•
29. Co-operative Marketing; V.P.I.Extension Bul. #81, Blacksburg, Va.
30. Baileys' OJ'clopedla of Agriculture.
31. •01rcular #44 •. Bureau of Plant In4uatey -· u.s.D.A. W.nor Artl•lee of Parm Equipment.
32. Bul. # 212 - Bureau o'f Plant Industr7 -u.s.D.A.· :rarm Equipment in Ohio.
38. Circular I 112 - u.s.D.A. O:tflce Of Secretary. ~. Farm Labor Problem , by ~nale7.
34. Law for the American J'arm, b;y Green --K&Clllillaa Co.
35. Farmers' Bal.. #927 --Farm Home Conviniencee.
36. n n f771 -- Homemade Fireless Cookers and Their Use.
(*I ..l44reaa u.s. Dept. ot Agrioulture. Dept of Publication, Washington. D.c .•
'thee.la -6r-
PJ91tl& I. 0) ~arm SurTe7
l to 1nolu4e map-ping fam ln
letall.)
: Cone14erat1 .·ma . • :1. ?fee4 :2.. Uetho4e : • •
• . . • • • • . • . • • • • .. • • . • . • . • • : • • • • . . • • • • . . . . . . • • • • • • : • • : . . • • • . . . • • :
• . . • • . . . • • • • . • . • . . • . • .
:· R!Ooa!en4atlon8 :
· : · Ae(l) -General CDlllDunlt-7 :eun97. anil (J! > ettrt'•l' ot :each ~,..· home t'an • :tne~tor eh?ul.4 help enoh 2boy make aoourate·marve79 aa :1n41oate« aboTe: fll .to go :into bo7•a .Project Record :Book, and (2) to b9 re-v1ewe4 :b7 lnatrao,or and kep' tor :1"9ferenoe. Boy ~lan.sproject swork 1>1 home tam eun•~ .. :an4 1netruotor mod1f1ea :oourae acoor41n~ to 1nformat1o~ :ln eomamnit7 and. farm aurv•JS• • • : a. Daring this ttme :eao'h bO)' · elloul.4 draw a mn:p o'f :bla home tnr.a to eoale. :showing:
· : Ci) .Location of fenoee • c4ral110. ron4s. etrellld; :general lay o~ t)'ie land • : Ca) Sise amt ebape o~ f1elde . : (3) Cult1~te4 f1eld8• :~ture. woodl.Aml. waste lp.nd • : ( 4) · Crope grown on eac~ :flel4 ~or last four yeare-:rotat1on. : f6l ~.ppr0%lmate pteld ,,f :enoh pnsturage. field. orop. :•ood eto • : C6~ All fBrm buildings. : (7) Compute 1nooo.t or eno~ : 'field and pn\ this '"ti : l:lf.l.p. Use data &'r'Gll~ble • : euoh as projoctf,, reports; : anrket' quotnttone. etc • f : : • • . . . • . : • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . . • . . . •
':..'liesis -7-
.Proble"1 r J?, Community
Problems. ?ime -16 do.~·s
Ref. #15,16.26• 29
current articles in) magazines and. tr:irm. pa'Pers.
tt. (5) Farm Cost Accounting
time- 48 days
. • . .. l:.Cooperation. 2.organizatlon. 3.Roa41s. -t.Churohes. I.Development o'f : eohool1h 1.communi ty acU.:v1 ties : of a eoeie.J. n11ture. 'f .Law enforcement. a.cit1zensn1p. t.Vioe. 10.S.pecif'ic problema : affecting your : oonmmn1t7. . . .. . . .
.. • :1.stu47 tobacco. livestock, : w-ool. peariut .- or other
selling orga.nlzat1on which : affects your commun1t7. :2.Stud;,' methods used in solv-,: 1118 pro bleme in ~ther : communitiee. :5 .. ETolve a pol1c7 lca.ret'ull;vl : and use pupils to epree.ds : propaganda. :4.r::ry to a:f't'eet visible reeult : ~J..ong at least one llne, : ~tllow1ng pupils to take over : plans and acoomplish certain : alms • :5.List cooperative organize-: tlons wh1ob would help : co;m1'luni ty.. an4 benef1 ts to : be derived from each • . .
l.Nee4 :l.Pupil sboul.d keep accurate e .. comparison with : record fr;r et least nine : accounts in otber : months--better a yee.r--on : kind of work. : term wi tb which he is most 5 .. I4eeeeeity for simple : familiar. Statf record Jan.
Ref .fl.pp. 167• : easy methoa. : let of Junior year. 198. 4. Inventory ••uutntial.. :!.All available farm ·records
• #2, Che.ps .. 16 ~.systems hi oomraon .: of ruiy kind which have been and 17. : use. kept in oommuni tr should be
• l.G,7,a.9.10. &.Liveatock reoorde. : used. rt.crop reooffa~ :3.Get some farmer who aotttal• S.Personal reoorda. : ly keeps records to explain : his methods and especially : : the benefits derived. : :4. Cost of produo1ng a unit
: of ar1y crop grmvn (especial-: ly on projects} should be .. .
• . . . . . . • . .. . . • • . • . . . . . . . . . • . ..
: 4etermined for each farm : studied: •=• for an1-.1 : product. :5.Income per unit af pro• : duotion s'h.,ul4 be det'."rmlne4 :6.Instructor can here make : pupils' projects a. part of : class work. :7.Analj~e all accounts with : idea ol sbaptng tQ.ture : plans • .. . . •
Problem III.(4) ~rketing
Problem
Time - 22 daya
Rot.# 2'7• 29. n # l.pp.204-211 " # 2,pp.416-28
nweetber,Cropa.
• Cona 1derat iona • . l.Reaaona tor • • merketing problema • . 2.stud7 ot markets • • ot local importance • • 3.Grapha and oharta.: • : .4 Cycle• ot over-: PJ'Qduot1on ~nd • • unde:r-producti ona • : 5 Law or aupplJ' . •
and Marketa", U.S.D.A •• Wesh1ngton :
and demand• 6 Advertising. 7 Grad 1ng etnd
D. c. . • packing. : 8 Standardization. : 9 How to market• :10 When to market. :11 World markets. :12 St•bilasation. . • and equ611s~t1on : ot prices. :13 Co-opei-attve
marketing organisa-. • . • • • . . . • : . • . • . • . • • • • • . • • • • • •
• •
tion• within reAeh.
a-Underlying principles.
b-Deteota. o-Benetita.
: Recommemda·t.iona : l.F:rom Ret11i¥29. loam: : Ca) Di•tinctiv.• Charao-: teriat!ca or ooopera-: t1ve corporiationa. : ( b) Why American F~rmera . . . • • • . .
coopei-ate • (c)Condition th•t
racilit•t• t}le organi.zAtton ot cooperRtiYea.
: (d) Some taoto:Pa arrect. • • • . • •
ing succeaa or failure ot ooQpere~ tive organ1·aa1S1on •
: A atudy of the pai-tt•-: uler mArketing ortan1-: z&tion most 1.aportant : to the locality h8s : been Dl8de. Prob.# 2.· : 2.Make a graph showing . . • . . • • . . • • • . • • •
the tluc·tuat1on 1n prices or important local producta dur 1ng a term or yeara • Shaw how a Carmer oan take advantage of the 1ntormat1on gained.
: 3.Study actua 1 end PJ-0• . • . • . • . • . • . • :• . • •
I
poaed legislation to b:r1ng about equel1za tion or pricea. H01r much can • termer buy " 1th a berril ot corn? Whyt Show i}upil t.ha t much or Ott!" t~uble '91tm'g marketing linea 1• due to ov own loose• urn~yatemAt1c bnal.nesa method.11 ..
'l'heaia ·•-
Pt-oblem
(5) Leb0r.
Time- 4 days.
Ret.#1.chap.8 " #2.pp.330-54 IJ #18.pp.269-384 d. #1'7 .10 .. 23
. (f5) Bua1neea l'oPma & Farm Law
Time -S days.
Ret.#26,chflp.3. " iu.
. .
: Constc:te.-.ttona
:l.L8 bor needed. : · a.Rttt"i1on plA!1fled . f'or seaaonf'l . . distribution of . . men end ho~e . . lsbora. · . . b.Cha!'t hoUPa ot • • 1Ab01'·tor each . : · month. :2.Eftioient use ot
la bop . A.Work must be . . prot1table • • . b.Plann1n.g work tor . bad we•ther. . c •Extra Wf>'rk • • . d.S.t 1af'ied labor • . . .
:1. E'en•••• :2. Tr&spRaa. :3. Leases. :4. Right of •Y• :5. M.ol"'tgages. :6. Contra eta :~. Wot••• :e. Cbectk•. :t. DNtta. :10.Letter-bead : paper • • . .. .. • : . • • • : : :
: Reoommendat1ona
:I.study labor ea a limiting : .tac t:w 1n .muo.h ot om-. . . ..
fArming today.
:a.Study expenae to ahow need : tor oaPef'ul planning • :3.Keep memorendum pad end : ptlt down during buay
season al 1 work to be : done 1n alack time ·and . • :
reinJ weather.
:4.Study good living eond1• : t1or,.a amuaementa.extN : pay oi- bonu.a • prizes fop : beat work., protj.t sharing. : 5.Study methoda o.t 1'f'ctorJ'· : operator.a 1n hflndling labor
: l.The pupil should und&l"'-. . . ·• . ..
stand enough to pi-otee't himself and his tam.117.
: . 2.He should be able to . . . • draw up R legal contraet.
: 3.Be ebould unaeratanc:t.aa : :
. •
.few tarmei-a do, the· ver1oua papers with which a tarmeP haa t O deal.
: .f.No attempt should be made to study l•w• •xoep\; to . •
. . .. . . • : :
1'111 act Wt l needa.
.S.t.12.pp.365-401 • ,. .• pP.. "~l~ .. #2o~
llet. 1!51 36.
Boon on Na4J' out house• fttc:.
Seara,.Roebuokco. Mmtco:ne1"1 Ward, & Gordon Van TJne
I Copa1deNti.Ql'!f.
. l •. sen1tat1~n • • ,. a.Water •"-'PPlll '
• and .... ge • • . b.Loeation ot iJU.t-• : hou·aea. • 2.emven,l~•· • . •~Sise & Shape • . of 1'ielda. . • b • .f saturea and • . tenoea. • • e.Looat1Cll and • . arranpent ot • 1 bu1141nga. : 3.Appeannoe . • • .uame. grOWl4 • : beaulf'ieat1on. :
:l.N..o4eantar11.bouaea . : a.Planning. : b.Bu1141ng. : e.coat. :a.CODYenienoea. '. : a.Eleo,rio deYioee : b.Kitob•~ equlp.. : 'ment. : · o •. Heat,:ii.l.bt,wate:r. :3.Replanniag and • • : bc:aea,. • • : • • : . • : : :
zl.J>up11 aboul.4 outline 1, 1"••~ 0-. • peraonal : Y1ewpolnt.
' :2.Sbow pup1&-ho• to~· : 1ntormt1on gl1ne4 b7 : atai-t1ng aome improYementa : at home • • • • • :3.Sohool ground• uauall7
• I
: otter splendid project : 1n beauttt1oat1on. Uae : pupil•• Civic League. : ~1t7 hellf, Soho91.· : B.oard. :
• • : :
Koonom1•• Teaeber or-IQ.118 Uemonet:ration A~ent.
:2.Teaoh oaaent~•~• o£ a : eomto?-table, aodem,ta1w : home. : :3.Show impoi-tR~• ot moclern
a;
: equipment for the homamker.
' : Empbaaise eeae llJ1d oompai'-' atiye econolllJ of. home o~ : veniencea. au.oh aa.l1gh~ i and nter •
' : • • • ..
(t) U.-. ot Agricultuti'al Eztenaidn Set-trice.
Re.t.I 15.
IY.(10) Ottf>iiMl · !1m -o aa.,..
Re.t.#2.0bapa•! ena lo
" 121,22.23.
(11> 'fne• or P9Pm1ng .•
Ret.#1,ctaap.a II ft.CbaP••-a, ••
:l..U.s.Dept. ot Agi-1. · :l;.Shew pupil plan 1'ollowe4 a 1n lU Yait1oua · 1 ··liy··ea•h agency. r. bul"eaua •• i2.state Agri.College :a.state Expe~iaent : · Sta t!.cma ,ant! ·sub-1 · station.a. :4.Va.Comm1as1ane~
: ot Agricultu~e. :&.County Demonatra-: t1on Agent. :6.!lome Demonat~tion :· Agent.
il.Diati-lbut1cm or : eapitel :2~Ci-ed1ta : 3. Influence on : ffll~ming.
: ··a.Renting and : · share cropping. :4.Et.tect ot ~armers' : business methods f on credit. :5~?ede~al Farm Loftn • • • •
a.Organisation b.Put'po••·
: e.Loeal aaao. : c\.-'Amort1zat1on •
.r : e.SateguaN!a. 1 t.A4Yantagea. :1.Clim*t•.• :a.Soil. :S. Topography. :4.'f?tanaportation. ;6.MaPket 4alll8n4. ........... :t.l.aDI nl .... :'r • .Lebor 1-l.Rnemlea & pe•tt -it.SJ:•1•11f:4 and 11of:t:::1S. fid
......in.
: :2.Shew uae.l\llnea• and •••11-• • I
ability of ael"W'i••·
:3.Aotually praotiee uaing • . : : : . •
•• many ot these aourcea or help 88 peaa1ble in doing thinga wh1oh Ocme9Pft the pupil.
11.Consider upon what bllaia • . and tor what r.aaona F .. : 1r<11l4 lend mone7. :2.Cons1dei- sdY1sab111t7 ~ : · lend 1ng to 11 ta~11er who : doea not keep r-eoord.a. • .. :3.0onalder beginning t•Plllng : with em•ll oapital. • • ~•.stUdy how to org•i• • : loeal Fal"m toan A•ao • : ·At!vantages an4 dia•ttnauget :
• •
·11.Stud.7 th1a •ubJeo~ to : 4eterm1n• wbat tne d: : - taPDd.ng PNY• ila • nd 11h)'J : what type 1• beat au1'84 1 to the looa11 t7 J what ,- tne laee"t1ta the~·· I farm. •
(U) Cboa91JIC a Per-.
Tim - s .. , ••
Rer.#1.0hap.6 • ls.Chapa. 18
and 19.
(11) Jteplanniq
Time-5 days.
: Cona1deret1ona :l.T1me to o"1a1dor I !'el"BI. ie. Thing• to o ona1der z a.'r•••nt oond1-: ti-ona ot attain.
. . . • . •
1,,.Soil,and whflt it R'N>WBe
e.Drein•~•· d.Pleelthtulneas • e.Preaent lay-out
: & improvements :3.Limiting taetore. : a.Road•
b.Tilleble area. : e. Marketa. :4.Ne1ghbora. :5.Social gatherings. :6.Sahoola. :l.Loo•t1cm or build-: inga. : e.~earnes8 to road. :2.Topegraphy.
Ret.#2,p.3?7& sge :3.Drainage. n 124. : 4. C anvenience.
: a.Acceaaibility : of tielda. : b.l"'enoea.
o.Lanea. : d.Gatea. :~.Pl"W 1a tans tor . • 11veatook : e .t>aature · : b.W11ter. :6.Hep;ard tor : appearance. : . . • • . • • •
: Reoommend•tion• :l.At le••t one day be apent : in apolying pointa t•ken : up to home t•:rm. bait pupil : do the thinking and •k• : application. . . • . . . . • : . . . • . . . . . • • .
Visit and score one or mo:re farms liated tor aale.
:l.4 ere,as in ~11 auggeationa t
' . •
tor chsngea.oAre muat be tak-en to endorse only prect1e•l• bua1neas-11ke plans •
:2.Teach pupils to weigh eare-: tullJ ell recoamendat1ona : end determine aa acoui-at&l7 : aa pos ~1ble the expanae in• : valved. Some hrma. aa ·~ : house a, are not wo:rtb the : expense required to re-ar-. . : • • I
ranp;e them •
:3.~upil should ~ctuellJ re-: plan some lttrrn with whim : he 1a t•m111Rr • • • I
l
Problem ·: Considei-at1ona :
(14) Choosing :1. Needs. Equipment. :2. C~pital to be
: titYeillted. Time· 3 deya. :3. Economy in buying.
:•. Economy in use and Ret.tl,pp.112-122:
n #2.ChAp.12 : • ~,pp.•0-4~ :
ceY"e.
( 11) Stocking Farm.
. . . . . . :1.-Hork stock needed. : a .Amo\Dl t.
b.Kind. ti. -3 days. :2.V'Jriat other live-
Ret.l.chap.7. • #2.pp.203-23A
atook will pay? : a.C9 ttle.
b.lioga. o.Sheep. d.Poultl'y.
:S.Capacity of t'arm. :,.u •• or all • • l'O\lghage • :&.Purebred.a oi-
gradea. :&.Labor. I
: . •
: Recommende tiona : :l.List JMch1ney tound z on aveNge fRrm a 1m1lfitt : to one beinp, studied :2.Amount aYeil~ble to inYeat. . . :3Cons1der w.:st mAch1nel"'f : will sctu~lly pay in dol- · : lara and oenta.
:4.'."!e need muoh mAohinery : we do not buy; Rrul buy
some we do not need • . . F.Ju1mple11 •
:l • .L:he obJect 11~0 heve the : pupil select~in keeping : with;
: • . : . . • . : : • • : : : . • : • • . .
A .~1ze of ff' rm. b.Type of farming. c .Plana tol" management. d.Good business pr1no1~
ples ( ~s Bhown by ne1ghbol"s)
3.~ersonel 11kea And dislikes.
Problem : Cona14e"'t1ona (16) llaintenence :1.Rotationa.
or Pertilitv.: ~.Reflsona ror. .. Time .. ,., days.
Ret .f!l .chAp.10. n #2.ChAps. 5
and 14.
. • . •
b.Requ1rements of' a good l"OtAtion.
:2.Mtmure. : e.Produet1on.
b.Prevention of : WAl!lte. ·:~.lime and oounnercial
fel"t111zer.
. . A.Their plAoe in
~ooa r~rm
: man A ~ernen t. :4.Prevention ot
erosion. a.Drainage. . . . . b.Mangum terrace. c.cover crops •
:5.Legumee.
. .
• . : . • . . . • . . ' : I
: .:
i Reoommendat1ona :l.Conaider rotations moat : aatlsfsctor1ly uaed 1n : . •
your coamiwiity.
:2.Rotations suited to your : conditions. : :3.Manure easent1Al in per-: rr~nent ~griculture.
: 4 .Pl11ce in any p; 1Yen rota--· : tion where manur-e will . . count most. Why?
:5.Lime essential in many ao1la. Do you need itf
• • :6.Com~~rc1~1 tert111sera : to be used onlJ where uae : can be justitied. TheJ • •
. .
eannot take the place ot ro\:lghage and other f'eeda sold from t"arrna •
:7.Erosion washes top ao11 : down hill.~nd deatroya : pi-oduot1Ye :U.nd. Work . . . • • • • .
out some practioal me-thod• for pre•ent1ng it cm fara pupil ia interested 1n •
:8.'l'he "Three L'a"--L1me, : Legum.ea and Livestock-: work together. LegU11ea ' ror seed.forage and len4 . • J
J
I
1.mproYement.
Problem (1'7) Protit ••
Shown by Cost Aacounta.
ft.me .. 10 d11ya.
Ret.Hl,rp,16'7 .. ige.
" 12.chttpa. 16 & 1'7
" •
(1~) Reawni
: Cona14e~ioll• -il.a.C.t ot · 1 procluo t1 on ot · : e~oh t1eld c?-Op. a b.Selllng pri••· :2.a.Coat Of' unit . •
. •
production trOID stock.
b.s .. 1e price • ::5.~ecelved for ~100 : WO'rth fe~d fed to : a.CAttle.
b. !iop::s.
: s:;sa~€~y :4.qeceived ~er 10 hr. : dAY Anent on 99Ch 1 (a.b.c.d.) Above. :5. ~oat pal" uan and
horie hour (of lAh-: or). :e.1''ermel"s' lshor in-: OOMe : 7. ~ll-}at line of work : PRid best? . . . •
:l.Summin~ up. :2.Ap~l1cati on. :3.Pupil'• 'reactiona. :4.Complete redrawinR : ot 11111p ehowlnR : suggested ch•nR•• : and coi-rectiona.
: • • • • . • . • • • : . •
1 Recammen41it12n• . I
11.Itell!J •bould be oomput•4• .I WheD po•111-i •• t"Pcs papila' : own cut •ClCO.uri~ !'e•OJll4e. : :2.Fa.-..r:'• i....- Inoome• : net pJt,ooee4• (inolwUng in-: r.~eese in inYentor7) . • . . . •
. . . • . . : . .
minu• 1ntere•trtep'rn111ttnn and nll othe~ expen•ea.
.- c r. oun t • 11 houlf,,\ be •'de t o show their value .-n4 te11oh pupil ,o an•lJln coat aoco~ · and lnterpT"et results.
:4 • ..>ur 1ng, thia ti'me tbe pupil : should' do some ··ork on re-: d'raw ing the map ot hia tsl"ll : inc lUd in~ recommended ohang••. : "'onsiderable tS.• •7 be : spent pri th1• •a a pe'rt ot $9
Rnalyitia ot CQB"t l!COO\Ult ••. : All date on mip ahould be Oct_. : rected _tn t be l i.gbt ot new : 1n.t'<r1D8J;tlon p1J!d. ..
:l.'.'ibat hsye you le,.me4 1n : thia o°*"• th~t you een eppl7 : or help someone eilae to appl7T . • :2.~hat haye you ectaally : flpolied,T
' :3.Clee'r un all m!tte1'99 or : doubt. :•.cover ma't.tera ot impo'rtanoe : not tcuclled on '1P to thia : time • : : s.•·iniab. n4N111D1; •P· I
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