Consolidation of Consolidation of Sovereign StatesSovereign States

Influences of Influences of the Enlightenmentthe Enlightenment

Essential Questions What was the impact of the Reformation

on the development of capitalism? What role did the government play in the

development of capitalism? What impact did the development of

capitalism have on political philosophies? What was the impact of the

enlightenment on economics, politics, society, & religion?

Constitutional States Constitutional States England & Netherlands

Parliament – Representative Assemblies

Prominent merchant class Commercial empires

Overseas Extraordinary prosperity

Fair distribution of wealth

Absolute Monarchies Absolute Monarchies

France – Spain – Prussia – Austria - Russia

Theoretical foundation Divine right of kings

Cardinal Richelieu Architect of Absolutism

Loius XIV [Sun King] Large standing army Luxury & circus

Parliamentary Absolutism

CardinalRichelieuLouis XIV

██ Nations with bicameral legislatures.██ Nations with unicameral legislatures.██ No legislature.

Which 2 have none?

Peace of Westphalia 1648 States regarded as sovereign &

equal Peace did not end war Balance of power alliances

were created Arms race among states

European arms out perform all others globally

English Revolution King vs. Parliament

Charles vs. Cromwell Oliver Cromwell

Military rule Dissolves Parliament

Politicization of Calvinism [Puritanism]

Influence of Absolutism Russia Czar [Caesar]

Ivan IV [Terrible] Peter the Great

Westernized Russian Monarchy

Boyars Russian aristocracy

Limited Monarchy = England

“Glorious Revolution” Wm. Of Orange & Mary “Invited” to take

the throne Protestants

Economic Impact of Reformation

Capitalism Private enterprise

Market forces Supply & demand

Networks: Transportation &

communication

Government Impact: Economics Government

role: Protect private

property Settle disputes Charter joint-

stock companies Authorized

exploration – colonization - conquer

Service institutions Banks Insurance Stock

exchanges

Proto-Industrialization

Entrepreneurs Side-step guilds

Out-source labor Rural districts

Cheap laborBritish Enclosure Act:Forced peasants off the land in orderto raise sheep for textile industry.

Which of these reasons do you buy? Why?

Profits & Ethics Medieval theologians believed

Profit-making > morally dangerous Proponents of Capitalism

Adam Smith > prosperity & self-interest

Downside of Capitalism Deep strain on social system

Bandits – Muggers - Witch-hunts

Upside of Capitalism Nuclear families: independent economically –

socially & emotionally.

Scientific Revolution Galileo Galilei

[Who invented?] Sun spots Moons of Jupiter “Law of Inertia ”

Copernicus “On the

Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”

Sun not Earth centered universe Heliocentricity

Galileo

Ptolemaic Universe

Copernicus

Scientific Revolution Isaac Newton 1642-1727

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy [1686]

Gravitational law & physics Direct observation &

mathematical reasoning

Impact of Science on Society ENLIGHTENMENT Popularized by French philosophes

Wrote histories – novels – dramas – satires pamphlets on religion, morality, politics

Voltaire ‘Attacked’ Church & French Monarchy

Deism God exists but universe operates on

rational and natural laws

Deists Franklin Washington Jefferson Thomas Paine Ethan Allen Monroe

Philosophes

JohnLocke

Jean-JacquesRousseau

Impact on Political Theory

Enlightenment Natural laws govern

society [mirror Newton]

Montesquieu Political science &

political liberty

Impact on Political Theory JOHN LOCKE

Natural Rights: Life – Liberty - Property

Social Contract: b/w people & government People obligated to obey

government only if government protects natural rights

Significance: Enlightenment Weakened influence of organized

religion Promoted secular values

[source] reason rather than revelation

Promoted rational analysis Promoted progress & prosperity

Enduring Question How can we measure the impact of

the Enlightenment on the West?

How has the Enlightenment influenced the development of democracy and capitalism in America?