Constitutional PeriodConstitutional Period

Unit IIBUnit IIB

AP American HistoryAP American History

A New Form of Government?A New Form of Government?

► States drafted new constitutionsStates drafted new constitutions Defined citizens’ rightsDefined citizens’ rights Increased the power of the legislaturesIncreased the power of the legislatures Fear of powerful executivesFear of powerful executives

► Republicanism vs. democracyRepublicanism vs. democracy Republicanism preferred landed elites, power in Republicanism preferred landed elites, power in

the hands of a fewthe hands of a few Democracy synonymous with “mob rule” and Democracy synonymous with “mob rule” and

development of corrupt factionsdevelopment of corrupt factions Debate on who may voteDebate on who may vote

► Whites? Property owners? All males? Women? Whites? Property owners? All males? Women? Christians?Christians?

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation► Each state retains its Each state retains its

“sovereignty, freedom, “sovereignty, freedom, and independence”and independence”

► Unicameral legislature Unicameral legislature and weak national and weak national governmentgovernment No executive or judicial No executive or judicial

systemsystem Could not regulate Could not regulate

interstate commerceinterstate commerce Limited taxationLimited taxation

► Voting and RatificationVoting and Ratification Each state received one Each state received one

votevote No new tax or No new tax or

amendments without amendments without unanimous consentunanimous consent

The Good: Northwest TerritoryThe Good: Northwest Territory► Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

36-square-mile township36-square-mile township Each township divided into 36 Each township divided into 36

sections of 640 acres eachsections of 640 acres each► $1 each acre$1 each acre

Sections set aside for school Sections set aside for school and churchand church

Some land set aside as source Some land set aside as source of federal revenueof federal revenue

► Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Forbade slavery north of Ohio Forbade slavery north of Ohio

RiverRiver Admitting statesAdmitting states

► Appoint territorial officialsAppoint territorial officials► Once 5,000 adult males Once 5,000 adult males

settled then vote on settled then vote on temporary constitution and temporary constitution and legislaturelegislature

► When population at 60,000, When population at 60,000, residents approve state residents approve state constitutionconstitution

Angered NativesAngered Natives► Hoped for British supportHoped for British support► Deals with the SpanishDeals with the Spanish

The Bad: Problems with the The Bad: Problems with the ArticlesArticles

The Ugly: Shays’s Rebellion (1786-The Ugly: Shays’s Rebellion (1786-1787)1787)

► Tensions riseTensions rise Jay-Gardoqui TreatyJay-Gardoqui Treaty

► Spain’s rights to Spain’s rights to Mississippi RiverMississippi River

New England’s New England’s depressiondepression

Merchants and Merchants and shippers preferred a shippers preferred a stronger government stronger government to secure improved to secure improved commercecommerce

► Massachusetts farmers in Massachusetts farmers in serious debtserious debt

► Held meetings protesting Held meetings protesting “tyrannical Mass. “tyrannical Mass. government”government”

► Daniel Shays led 2,000 Daniel Shays led 2,000 men to shut down western men to shut down western courts to avoid foreclosurescourts to avoid foreclosures Failed but support for Shays Failed but support for Shays

and farmers grewand farmers grew► Nationalists more Nationalists more

determined to reform the determined to reform the Articles fearing disunionArticles fearing disunion

Toward a ConstitutionToward a Constitution► Annapolis Convention (1786)Annapolis Convention (1786)

After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states meet in Maryland to discuss interstate commercemeet in Maryland to discuss interstate commerce

Decide to reform Articles with other delegatesDecide to reform Articles with other delegates► Constitutional Convention at PhiladelphiaConstitutional Convention at Philadelphia

All states but Rhode IslandAll states but Rhode Island Held in secrecyHeld in secrecy Common nationalist viewpointCommon nationalist viewpoint Reform Articles or devise new government altogether?Reform Articles or devise new government altogether?

► The DelegatesThe Delegates 55 total delegates; all white males55 total delegates; all white males Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or

politicians)politicians) 19 delegates owned slaves19 delegates owned slaves George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin

FranklinFranklin

Representation?Representation?► Virginia PlanVirginia Plan

Strong central Strong central governmentgovernment

Virtually total legislative Virtually total legislative control over the statescontrol over the states

Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature► Proportional Proportional

representation to each representation to each states population in both states population in both houseshouses

► Lower house directly Lower house directly electedelected

► Lower house elected Lower house elected upper house with input upper house with input from state legislaturesfrom state legislatures

► Both houses chose Both houses chose executive and judicialexecutive and judicial

► New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan Unicameral Unicameral

legislaturelegislature Each state with an Each state with an

equal voteequal vote

Great CompromiseGreat Compromise

►Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature Lower house (House of Representatives) Lower house (House of Representatives)

based on proportion of each state’s based on proportion of each state’s population and directly electedpopulation and directly elected

Upper house (Senate) based on equal Upper house (Senate) based on equal representation of 2 senators each and representation of 2 senators each and elected by state legislatureselected by state legislatures

►NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans allowed for Congress to pass revenue allowed for Congress to pass revenue bills, regulate commerce, supremacy bills, regulate commerce, supremacy over statesover states

Separation of Powers/Checks Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances/Federalismand Balances/Federalism

►National government divided equally National government divided equally among three branches: legislative among three branches: legislative (make laws), executive (enforce laws), (make laws), executive (enforce laws), judicial (interpret laws)judicial (interpret laws)

►Each branch checked each otherEach branch checked each other►Federalism: division of powers Federalism: division of powers

between national government and between national government and statesstates

Three-Fifths Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise and Slaveryand Slavery

►Concerning representation, Southern Concerning representation, Southern states requested slave populations states requested slave populations counted while Northern states noted counted while Northern states noted hypocrisy and advantagehypocrisy and advantage

►Each slave counted as 3/5ths a personEach slave counted as 3/5ths a person►Fugitive Slave ClauseFugitive Slave Clause► Importation of slaves banned by 1808Importation of slaves banned by 1808

Federalists vs Anti-Federalists vs Anti-FederalistsFederalists

► Strong central Strong central governmentgovernment

► Well-funded and Well-funded and politically organizedpolitically organized

► Favored by Favored by merchants, urban merchants, urban centers, frontiersmencenters, frontiersmen

► The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers Federalist No. 10Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 51Federalist No. 51

► States rightsStates rights► Argued for a Bill of Argued for a Bill of

RightsRights► Favored by small Favored by small

farmersfarmers

Bill of RightsBill of Rights

► First Ten First Ten AmendmentsAmendments

► Guarantee of civil Guarantee of civil libertiesliberties

► First AmendmentFirst Amendment Establishment Establishment

ClauseClause Freedom of…Freedom of…

► Tenth AmendmentTenth Amendment FederalismFederalism

Washington and the Washington and the ConstitutionConstitution

► Washington unanimously electedWashington unanimously elected John Adams as VPJohn Adams as VP Status and leadershipStatus and leadership

► The CabinetThe Cabinet Secretary of State, Treasury, Secretary of State, Treasury,

War; Attorney GeneralWar; Attorney General► Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789

NOTE: Supreme Court held NOTE: Supreme Court held final decisionsfinal decisions

Established federal judicial Established federal judicial systemsystem

Federal district court in each Federal district court in each statestate

Attorney General createdAttorney General created► Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Use of federal troops exemplified Use of federal troops exemplified national powernational power

Hamilton and the National Hamilton and the National BankBank

► Reports on the Public Reports on the Public CreditCredit Develop the nation’s credit Develop the nation’s credit

especially abroadespecially abroad Fund debt by selling bondsFund debt by selling bonds Assume state debtsAssume state debts Pay off interest rather than Pay off interest rather than

pay principle: “perpetual pay principle: “perpetual debt”debt”

Opponents argued wealthy Opponents argued wealthy would benefit greatlywould benefit greatly

► Southern farmers fear Southern farmers fear growth of Northern growth of Northern businessesbusinesses

Brokers a deal with Brokers a deal with Madison and JeffersonMadison and Jefferson

► Assume debtAssume debt► Capital in the SouthCapital in the South

► Report on a National Report on a National BankBank Safe place for revenuesSafe place for revenues Develop nation’s creditDevelop nation’s credit Issue of paper notesIssue of paper notes Established as a private Established as a private

institutioninstitution Opponents - Jefferson and Opponents - Jefferson and

MadisonMadison► Another attempt to enrich Another attempt to enrich

the Northern businesses the Northern businesses and commercial interestsand commercial interests

Washington signs into law Washington signs into law in 1791in 1791

► Chartered for 20 yearsChartered for 20 years► Hamilton argued based on Hamilton argued based on

“necessary and proper “necessary and proper clause” (SEE MCCULLOGH clause” (SEE MCCULLOGH V. MARYLAND - 1819)V. MARYLAND - 1819)

Opposition and Whiskey Opposition and Whiskey RebellionRebellion

► Hamilton’s economic Hamilton’s economic policies tended to policies tended to benefit urban and benefit urban and commercial interestscommercial interests

► Southern and Western Southern and Western farmers had little benefitfarmers had little benefit

► Excise tax on domestic Excise tax on domestic whiskeywhiskey Western Pennsylvanian Western Pennsylvanian

farmers attacked federal farmers attacked federal tax collectorstax collectors

Washington and Hmilton Washington and Hmilton led federal troops and led federal troops and quashed the rebelsquashed the rebels

► Asserted federal authority Asserted federal authority over lawlessnessover lawlessness

► Public could denounce Public could denounce and protest lawsand protest laws

Washington’s Foreign PolicyWashington’s Foreign Policy► EuropeEurope

French Revolution alienates U.S. and French Revolution alienates U.S. and FranceFrance

► Citizen Genet (1793)Citizen Genet (1793)► Washington proclaims neutralityWashington proclaims neutrality

Jay’s Treaty (1796)Jay’s Treaty (1796)► Removed British from Northwest fortsRemoved British from Northwest forts► Most-favored trade status to BritainMost-favored trade status to Britain► No compensation for lost slavesNo compensation for lost slaves► Heavily favored Britain, but averted war for Heavily favored Britain, but averted war for

U.S.U.S.

Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty (1796)Treaty (1796)

► Established boundaries with SpainEstablished boundaries with Spain► Unrestricted trade access on the Mississippi Unrestricted trade access on the Mississippi

RiverRiver

► NativesNatives Treaty of Greenville (1795)Treaty of Greenville (1795)

► After routing Shawnees at Battle of Fallen After routing Shawnees at Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)Timbers (1794)

► Formal recognition/cession of Northwest Formal recognition/cession of Northwest TerritoryTerritory

Washington’s Precedents

►Two terms►“Mr. President”►Cabinet►Neutrality►Special Relationship with Great Britain►Farewell Address

Washington’s FarewellWashington’s Farewell► Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address

Retired after two termsRetired after two terms Preserve treaties and avoid alliances**Preserve treaties and avoid alliances** Condemned political parties and partisan conflicts*Condemned political parties and partisan conflicts* Warned of sectionalism and to preserve unityWarned of sectionalism and to preserve unity Religion and morality and diffusion of knowledge (education)Religion and morality and diffusion of knowledge (education)

First Political Party System

► FederalistsFederalists National policiesNational policies Commerce and Commerce and

manufacturingmanufacturing UrbanUrban Pro-BritishPro-British Anti-French Anti-French

revolutionrevolution Elitist and Elitist and

republicanismrepublicanism NortheastNortheast

► Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans Egalitarian and Egalitarian and

liberalismliberalism AgriculturalAgricultural RuralRural Included small Included small

farmers, merchants, farmers, merchants, artisansartisans

Pro-FrancePro-France West and SouthWest and South

Election of 1796

John Adams1797-1801

Adams and the XYZ AffairAdams and the XYZ Affair

►French seizure of French seizure of American shipsAmerican ships

►American American delegation to delegation to FranceFrance John MarshallJohn Marshall Elbridge GerryElbridge Gerry Charles PinckneyCharles Pinckney

►TalleyrandTalleyrand►Quasi War (1797-Quasi War (1797-

1798)1798)

“The Paris Monster”, 1797

Adams and the Alien and Sedition Acts

► ParametersParameters Deport or jail foreign Deport or jail foreign

citizens believed as threatscitizens believed as threats Expel foreign residents if Expel foreign residents if

considered dangerousconsidered dangerous Increase residency Increase residency

requirementrequirement Criticism of government Criticism of government

prohibitedprohibited► Ulterior motiveUlterior motive► Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican

ReactionReaction Kentucky and Virginia Kentucky and Virginia

ResolutionsResolutions► Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Jefferson and

James MadisonJames Madison► Theory of nullificationTheory of nullification

Matthew Lyon (D-R) and Roger Griswold (F)

Election of 1800Election of 1800

► Political efficacy more than Political efficacy more than doubled given the increased doubled given the increased partisan politicspartisan politics

► Dem-Reps gathered increased Dem-Reps gathered increased support as Federalists support as Federalists weakenedweakened

► Adams lost, but Thomas Adams lost, but Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tiedJefferson and Aaron Burr tied Hamilton secured Federalist Hamilton secured Federalist

support for Jeffersonsupport for Jefferson House elected JeffersonHouse elected Jefferson

► Smooth transition of Smooth transition of leadership signaled the leadership signaled the success of the New Republicsuccess of the New Republic

Election of 1800

An American SocietyAn American Society

► In the past, most families produced for In the past, most families produced for personal consumptionpersonal consumption

► In the new nation, families attempted to In the new nation, families attempted to meet new demands and focused on meet new demands and focused on production with old and new marketsproduction with old and new markets

►New class of entrepreneurs and New class of entrepreneurs and investorsinvestors

►Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) and farmers (Jefferson)and farmers (Jefferson)

Women in the New RepublicWomen in the New Republic

► Limited political Limited political and property rightsand property rights

► Increased marital Increased marital rightsrights

► ““Republican Republican motherhood”motherhood” Raise virtuous Raise virtuous

citizenscitizens Increased Increased

educational educational opportunitiesopportunities

Blacks and Slaves in the New Republic

► Excerpt from Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson (1776)

► We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

► Excerpt from Benjamin Banneker’s address to Thomas Jefferson (1792)

► …Sir, how pitiable is it to reflect, that although you were so fully convinced of the benevolence of the Father of Mankind, and of his equal and impartial distribution of these rights and privileges, which he hath conferred upon them, that you should at the same time counteract his mercies, in detaining by fraud and violence so numerous a part of my brethren, under groaning captivity and cruel oppression, that you should at the same time be found guilty of that most criminal act, which you professedly detested in others, with respect to yourselves.

Percentage of Free Blacks of Percentage of Free Blacks of Total Black Population (1800)Total Black Population (1800)

► Massachusetts - 100%Massachusetts - 100% 7,378 Free Blacks7,378 Free Blacks

► Vermont - 100%Vermont - 100% 557 Free Blacks557 Free Blacks

► New Hampshire - 99%New Hampshire - 99% 855 Free Blacks855 Free Blacks

► Rhode Island - 90%Rhode Island - 90% 3,304 Free Blacks3,304 Free Blacks

► Pennsylvania - 89%Pennsylvania - 89% 14,564 Free Blacks14,564 Free Blacks

► Connecticut - 85%Connecticut - 85% 5,300 Free Blacks5,300 Free Blacks

► Delaware - 57%Delaware - 57% 8,268 Free Blacks8,268 Free Blacks

► New York - 33%New York - 33% 10,374 Free Blacks10,374 Free Blacks

► New Jersey - 26%New Jersey - 26% 4,402 Free Blacks4,402 Free Blacks

► Maryland - 16%Maryland - 16% 19,587 Free Blacks19,587 Free Blacks

► Virginia - 6%Virginia - 6% 20,124 Free Blacks20,124 Free Blacks

► North Carolina - 5%North Carolina - 5% 7,043 Free Blacks7,043 Free Blacks

► South Carolina - 2%South Carolina - 2% 3,185 Free Blacks3,185 Free Blacks

► Georgia - 2%Georgia - 2% 1,019 Free Blacks1,019 Free Blacks

► Kentucky - 2%Kentucky - 2% 741 Free Blacks741 Free Blacks

► Tennessee - 2%Tennessee - 2% 309 Free Blacks309 Free Blacks

► United States - 11%United States - 11% 108,395 Free Blacks108,395 Free Blacks

Total U.S. Population:5.3 million

Total Black Population:1 million

Natives in New RepublicNatives in New Republic

►Populations and lands severely depleted Populations and lands severely depleted due to famine, disease, and encroachment due to famine, disease, and encroachment by white settlersby white settlers

►Taken advantage by white traders due to Taken advantage by white traders due to unfamiliarity to American economic systemunfamiliarity to American economic system

► Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-1796)1796) Protect against illegal land seizures and abusesProtect against illegal land seizures and abuses ““civilization” programscivilization” programs