Constitutional PeriodConstitutional Period
Unit IIBUnit IIB
AP American HistoryAP American History
A New Form of Government?A New Form of Government?
► States drafted new constitutionsStates drafted new constitutions Defined citizens’ rightsDefined citizens’ rights Increased the power of the legislaturesIncreased the power of the legislatures Fear of powerful executivesFear of powerful executives
► Republicanism vs. democracyRepublicanism vs. democracy Republicanism preferred landed elites, power in Republicanism preferred landed elites, power in
the hands of a fewthe hands of a few Democracy synonymous with “mob rule” and Democracy synonymous with “mob rule” and
development of corrupt factionsdevelopment of corrupt factions Debate on who may voteDebate on who may vote
►Whites? Property owners? All males? Women? Whites? Property owners? All males? Women? Christians?Christians?
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
► Each state retains its “sovereignty, freedom, Each state retains its “sovereignty, freedom, and independence”and independence”
► Unicameral legislature and weak national Unicameral legislature and weak national governmentgovernment No executive or judicial systemNo executive or judicial system Could not regulate commerceCould not regulate commerce
► Voting and RatificationVoting and Ratification Each state received one voteEach state received one vote No new tax or amendments without unanimous No new tax or amendments without unanimous
consentconsent
Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance► Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785
Six-square-mile townshipSix-square-mile township Each township divided into 36 Each township divided into 36
sections of 640 acres eachsections of 640 acres each One section contributed as source of One section contributed as source of
income for schoolsincome for schools► Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Land north of Ohio RiverLand north of Ohio River Forbade slavery unless new state Forbade slavery unless new state
legalized itlegalized it Admitting statesAdmitting states
► Appoint territorial officialsAppoint territorial officials► Once 5,000 adult males settled Once 5,000 adult males settled
then vote on temporary then vote on temporary constitution and legislatureconstitution and legislature
► When population at 60,000, When population at 60,000, residents approve state residents approve state constitutionconstitution
Angered NativesAngered Natives► Hoped for British supportHoped for British support► Deals with the SpanishDeals with the Spanish
Problems with the ArticlesProblems with the Articles
►War debt led to increased borrowing from War debt led to increased borrowing from abroadabroad
► Lack of faith in currency led to inflationLack of faith in currency led to inflation► Failure to generate and appropriate fundsFailure to generate and appropriate funds►New England suffers from British trade New England suffers from British trade
prohibitionsprohibitions►Middle States have prosperous harvestsMiddle States have prosperous harvests► Southern States introduce new crops Southern States introduce new crops
leading to underemployment of slave laborleading to underemployment of slave labor
Shays’s Rebellion (1786-Shays’s Rebellion (1786-1787)1787)
► Tensions riseTensions rise Jay-Gardoqui TreatyJay-Gardoqui Treaty
►Spain’s rights to Spain’s rights to Mississippi RiverMississippi River
New England’s New England’s depressiondepression
Merchants and Merchants and shippers preferred a shippers preferred a stronger government stronger government to secure improved to secure improved commercecommerce
► Massachusetts farmers in Massachusetts farmers in serious debtserious debt
► Held meetings protesting Held meetings protesting “tyrannical Mass. “tyrannical Mass. government”government”
► Daniel Shays led 2,000 Daniel Shays led 2,000 men to shut down men to shut down western courts to avoid western courts to avoid foreclosuresforeclosures Failed but support for Failed but support for
Shays and farmers grewShays and farmers grew► Nationalists more Nationalists more
determined to reform the determined to reform the Articles fearing disunionArticles fearing disunion
Toward a ConstitutionToward a Constitution► Annapolis Convention (1786)Annapolis Convention (1786)
After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states meet in Maryland to discuss interstate commercemeet in Maryland to discuss interstate commerce
Decide to reform Articles with other delegatesDecide to reform Articles with other delegates► Constitutional Convention at PhiladelphiaConstitutional Convention at Philadelphia
All states but Rhode IslandAll states but Rhode Island Held in secrecyHeld in secrecy Common nationalist viewpointCommon nationalist viewpoint Reform Articles or devise new government altogether?Reform Articles or devise new government altogether?
► The DelegatesThe Delegates 55 total delegates; all white males55 total delegates; all white males Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or
politicians)politicians) 19 delegates owned slaves19 delegates owned slaves George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin
FranklinFranklin
Representation?Representation?
► Virginia PlanVirginia Plan Strong central governmentStrong central government Virtually total legislative Virtually total legislative
control over the statescontrol over the states Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature
► Proportional Proportional representation to each representation to each states population in both states population in both houseshouses
► Lower house directly Lower house directly electedelected
► Lower house elected Lower house elected upper house with input upper house with input from state legislaturesfrom state legislatures
► Both houses chose Both houses chose executive and judicialexecutive and judicial
►New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan Unicameral Unicameral
legislaturelegislature Each state with an Each state with an
equal voteequal vote
Great CompromiseGreat Compromise
►Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature Lower house (House of Representatives) Lower house (House of Representatives)
based on proportion of each state’s based on proportion of each state’s population and directly electedpopulation and directly elected
Upper house (Senate) based on equal Upper house (Senate) based on equal representation of 2 senators each and representation of 2 senators each and elected by state legislatureselected by state legislatures
►NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans allowed for Congress to pass revenue allowed for Congress to pass revenue bills, regulate commerce, supremacy bills, regulate commerce, supremacy over statesover states
Separation of Powers/Checks Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances/Federalismand Balances/Federalism
►National government divided equally National government divided equally among three branches: legislative among three branches: legislative (make laws), executive (enforce laws), (make laws), executive (enforce laws), judicial (interpret laws)judicial (interpret laws)
►Each branch checked each otherEach branch checked each other►Federalism: division of powers Federalism: division of powers
between national government and between national government and statesstates
Three-Fifths Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise and SlaverySlavery
►Concerning representation, Southern Concerning representation, Southern states requested slave populations states requested slave populations counted while Northern states noted counted while Northern states noted hypocrisy and advantagehypocrisy and advantage
►Each slave counted as 3/5ths a personEach slave counted as 3/5ths a person►Prohibited citizens from preventing Prohibited citizens from preventing
return of escaped slavesreturn of escaped slaves► Importation of slaves banned by 1808Importation of slaves banned by 1808
Federalists vs Anti-Federalists vs Anti-FederalistsFederalists
► Strong central Strong central governmentgovernment
►Well-funded and Well-funded and politically organizedpolitically organized
► Favored by Favored by merchants, urban merchants, urban centers, frontiersmencenters, frontiersmen
► The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers Federalist No. 10Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 51Federalist No. 51
► States rightsStates rights► Argued for a Bill of Argued for a Bill of
RightsRights► Favored by small Favored by small
farmersfarmers
Bill of RightsBill of Rights
► First Ten First Ten AmendmentsAmendments
►Guarantee of civil Guarantee of civil libertiesliberties
► First AmendmentFirst Amendment Establishment Establishment
ClauseClause Freedom of…Freedom of…
► Tenth AmendmentTenth Amendment FederalismFederalism
Washington and the Washington and the ConstitutionConstitution
► Washington unanimously electedWashington unanimously elected John Adams as VPJohn Adams as VP Status and leadershipStatus and leadership
► The CabinetThe Cabinet Secretary of State, Treasury, Secretary of State, Treasury,
War; Attorney GeneralWar; Attorney General► Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789
NOTE: Supreme Court held NOTE: Supreme Court held final decisionsfinal decisions
Established federal judicial Established federal judicial systemsystem
Federal district court in each Federal district court in each statestate
Attorney General createdAttorney General created► Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Use of federal troops exemplified Use of federal troops exemplified national powernational power
Hamilton and the National Hamilton and the National BankBank► Reports on the Public Reports on the Public
CreditCredit Develop the nation’s credit Develop the nation’s credit
especially abroadespecially abroad Fund debt by selling bondsFund debt by selling bonds Assume state debtsAssume state debts Pay off interest rather than Pay off interest rather than
pay principle: “perpetual pay principle: “perpetual debt”debt”
Opponents argued wealthy Opponents argued wealthy would benefit greatlywould benefit greatly► Southern farmers fear growth Southern farmers fear growth
of Northern businessesof Northern businesses Brokers a deal with Madison Brokers a deal with Madison
and Jeffersonand Jefferson► Assume debtAssume debt► Capital in the SouthCapital in the South
► Report on a National BankReport on a National Bank Safe place for revenuesSafe place for revenues Develop nation’s creditDevelop nation’s credit Issue of paper notesIssue of paper notes Established as a private Established as a private
institutioninstitution Opponents - Jefferson and Opponents - Jefferson and
MadisonMadison► Another attempt to enrich the Another attempt to enrich the
Northern businesses and Northern businesses and commercial interestscommercial interests
Washington signs into law in Washington signs into law in 17911791► Chartered for 20 yearsChartered for 20 years► Hamilton argued based on Hamilton argued based on
“necessary and proper clause” “necessary and proper clause” (SEE MCULLOGH V. MARYLAND (SEE MCULLOGH V. MARYLAND - 1819)- 1819)
Opposition and Whiskey Opposition and Whiskey RebellionRebellion
► Hamilton’s economic policies tended to Hamilton’s economic policies tended to benefit urban and commercial interestsbenefit urban and commercial interests
► Southern and Western farmers had little Southern and Western farmers had little benefitbenefit
► Excise tax on domestic whiskeyExcise tax on domestic whiskey Western Pennsylvanian farmers attacked federal Western Pennsylvanian farmers attacked federal
tax collectorstax collectors Washington and Hamilton led federal troops and Washington and Hamilton led federal troops and
quashed the rebelsquashed the rebels►Asserted federal authority over lawlessnessAsserted federal authority over lawlessness►Public could denounce and protest lawsPublic could denounce and protest laws
Washington’s Foreign PolicyWashington’s Foreign Policy►Growing fear of Spain and Natives in the WestGrowing fear of Spain and Natives in the West► French Revolution alienates U.S. and FranceFrench Revolution alienates U.S. and France
Citizen Genet (1793)Citizen Genet (1793)► Treaty of Greenville (1795)Treaty of Greenville (1795)
After routing Shawnees at Battle of Fallen Timbers After routing Shawnees at Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)(1794)
Formal recognition/cession of Northwest TerritoryFormal recognition/cession of Northwest Territory► Jay’s Treaty (1796)Jay’s Treaty (1796)
Removed British from Northwest fortsRemoved British from Northwest forts Most-favored trade status to BritainMost-favored trade status to Britain No compensation for lost slavesNo compensation for lost slaves
► Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty (1796)Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty (1796) Established boundaries with SpainEstablished boundaries with Spain Unrestricted trade access on the Mississippi RiverUnrestricted trade access on the Mississippi River
Political Parties & Political Parties & Washington’s FarewellWashington’s Farewell
► FederalistsFederalists Pro-BritishPro-British Anti-French revolutionAnti-French revolution Vote for elites, not Vote for elites, not
policiespolicies
► Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans Diffuse power among Diffuse power among
peoplepeople Included small farmers, Included small farmers,
merchants, artisansmerchants, artisans Pro-FrancePro-France
►Washington’s Washington’s Farewell AddressFarewell Address Retired after two Retired after two
termsterms Condemned political Condemned political
parties and partisan parties and partisan conflictsconflicts
Preserve treaties Preserve treaties and avoid alliancesand avoid alliances
John Adams’s PresidencyJohn Adams’s Presidency► Election of 1796Election of 1796
Federalists had New England, New Jersey, South CarolinaFederalists had New England, New Jersey, South Carolina Dem-Reps had SouthDem-Reps had South Pennsylvania (D-R) and New York (Fed)Pennsylvania (D-R) and New York (Fed)
► XYZ AffairXYZ Affair French seized American shipsFrench seized American ships French ambassador demanded bribe to meet delegationFrench ambassador demanded bribe to meet delegation Reaction led to Quasi-War (1798-1800)Reaction led to Quasi-War (1798-1800)
► Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Deport or jail foreign citizens believed as threatsDeport or jail foreign citizens believed as threats Expel foreign residents if considered dangerousExpel foreign residents if considered dangerous Increase residency requirementIncrease residency requirement Criticism of government prohibitedCriticism of government prohibited
► Kentucky and Virginia ResolutionsKentucky and Virginia Resolutions Madison’s Virginia ResolutionMadison’s Virginia Resolution
► State legislatures, through interposition, never surrendered State legislatures, through interposition, never surrendered right to determine constitutionality of federal actionsright to determine constitutionality of federal actions
Jefferson’s Kentucky ResolutionJefferson’s Kentucky Resolution► Ultimate sovereignty reserved for the statesUltimate sovereignty reserved for the states► Could nullify federal lawsCould nullify federal laws
Election of 1800Election of 1800► Political efficacy more than Political efficacy more than
doubled given the increased doubled given the increased partisan politicspartisan politics
► Dem-Reps gathered Dem-Reps gathered increased support as increased support as Federalists weakenedFederalists weakened
► Adams lost, but Thomas Adams lost, but Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Jefferson and Aaron Burr tiedtied Hamilton secured Federalist Hamilton secured Federalist
support for Jeffersonsupport for Jefferson House elected JeffersonHouse elected Jefferson
► Smooth transition of Smooth transition of leadership signaled the leadership signaled the success of the New Republicsuccess of the New Republic
Election of 1800
An American SocietyAn American Society
► In the past, most families produced for In the past, most families produced for personal consumptionpersonal consumption
► In the new nation, families attempted to In the new nation, families attempted to meet new demands and focused on meet new demands and focused on production with old and new marketsproduction with old and new markets
►New class of entrepreneurs and New class of entrepreneurs and investorsinvestors
►Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) and farmers (Jefferson)and farmers (Jefferson)
Women in the New RepublicWomen in the New Republic
► Little gain for women regarding civic rights Little gain for women regarding civic rights and status as wivesand status as wives
► Could choose who to marry; less emphasis Could choose who to marry; less emphasis on obedience and subordinationon obedience and subordination
►Having less babies due to urbanization, Having less babies due to urbanization, smaller farm lands, burdens of pregnanciessmaller farm lands, burdens of pregnancies
► ““Republican motherhood”Republican motherhood” Civic duty to teach children on nation’s idealsCivic duty to teach children on nation’s ideals Increased educational opportunitiesIncreased educational opportunities Outside opportunities still limitedOutside opportunities still limited
Blacks and Slaves in the New Blacks and Slaves in the New RepublicRepublic
► Increase in hypocrisy of liberty/equality and existence of slaveryIncrease in hypocrisy of liberty/equality and existence of slavery► Improved slave conditionsImproved slave conditions► More protections on free blacks regarding movement and propertyMore protections on free blacks regarding movement and property► Civic rights still limited, even by federal lawCivic rights still limited, even by federal law► Opportunities as artisans and landownersOpportunities as artisans and landowners
Benjamin BannekerBenjamin Banneker► Free African Society of PhiladelphiaFree African Society of Philadelphia
Richard Allen & Absalom JonesRichard Allen & Absalom Jones► Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law
Escaped slaves returned with no trial by jury or evidenceEscaped slaves returned with no trial by jury or evidence Free blacks not afforded Bill of RightsFree blacks not afforded Bill of Rights
► Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800)Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800) Inspired by Haitian Revolution and took advantage of partisan politicsInspired by Haitian Revolution and took advantage of partisan politics Plot uncovered and increased fears among slave ownersPlot uncovered and increased fears among slave owners
► The introduction of the cotton ginThe introduction of the cotton gin Eli Whitney (1793) invented machine to separate cotton seeds from fibersEli Whitney (1793) invented machine to separate cotton seeds from fibers With increased production, demand for slaves increased and “King Cotton”With increased production, demand for slaves increased and “King Cotton”
Percentage of Free Blacks of Percentage of Free Blacks of Total Black Population (1800)Total Black Population (1800)► Massachusetts - 100%Massachusetts - 100%
7,378 Free Blacks7,378 Free Blacks► Vermont - 100%Vermont - 100%
557 Free Blacks557 Free Blacks► New Hampshire - 99%New Hampshire - 99%
855 Free Blacks855 Free Blacks► Rhode Island - 90%Rhode Island - 90%
3,304 Free Blacks3,304 Free Blacks► Pennsylvania - 89%Pennsylvania - 89%
14,564 Free Blacks14,564 Free Blacks► Connecticut - 85%Connecticut - 85%
5,300 Free Blacks5,300 Free Blacks► Delaware - 57%Delaware - 57%
8,268 Free Blacks8,268 Free Blacks
► New York - 33%New York - 33% 10,374 Free Blacks10,374 Free Blacks
► New Jersey - 26%New Jersey - 26% 4,402 Free Blacks4,402 Free Blacks
► Maryland - 16%Maryland - 16% 19,587 Free Blacks19,587 Free Blacks
► Virginia - 6%Virginia - 6% 20,124 Free Blacks20,124 Free Blacks
► North Carolina - 5%North Carolina - 5% 7,043 Free Blacks7,043 Free Blacks
► South Carolina - 2%South Carolina - 2% 3,185 Free Blacks3,185 Free Blacks
► Georgia - 2%Georgia - 2% 1,019 Free Blacks1,019 Free Blacks
► Kentucky - 2%Kentucky - 2% 741 Free Blacks741 Free Blacks
► Tennessee - 2%Tennessee - 2% 309 Free Blacks309 Free Blacks
► United States - 11%United States - 11% 108,395 Free Blacks108,395 Free Blacks
Total U.S. Population:5.3 million
Total Black Population:1 million
Natives in New RepublicNatives in New Republic
►Populations and lands severely depleted Populations and lands severely depleted due to famine, disease, and encroachment due to famine, disease, and encroachment by white settlersby white settlers
►Taken advantage by white traders due to Taken advantage by white traders due to unfamiliarity to American economic systemunfamiliarity to American economic system
► Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-1796)1796) Protect against illegal land seizures and abusesProtect against illegal land seizures and abuses ““civilization” programscivilization” programs