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CONSTRUCTING SEISMIC RESISTANT
MASONRY HOUSES
*)TEDDY BOEN & ASSOCIATESSenior Advisor World Seismic Safety Initiative (WSSI)
Published by:
United Nations Center for Regional Development (UNCRD)
Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office
*)
2009
2 M 2 M
M
A
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WORLD SEISMIC SAFETY INITIATIVE
TEDDY BOEN
Third Edition2009
First Published 2005
All rights reserved. No part of this publication maybereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form, or by any means, graphic, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except with
the written permission of the writer / publisher.
If copying part of this book for non-commercial purposes, thesource must be mentioned.
Published by:
United Nations Center for Regional
Development (UNCRD)
Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office
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2009 United Nations
Mission Statement of UN/DESAThe Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United NationsSecretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic,social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department
works in three main interlinked areas: (a) it compiles, generates andanalyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data andinformation on which State Members of the United Nations draw toreview common problems and to take stock of policy options; (b) itfacilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmentalbodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging globalchallenges; and (c) it advises interested Governments on the ways andmeans of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nationsconferences and summits into programmes at the country level and,through technical assistance, helps built national capacities.
Designations employed and presentation of material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat or the UnitedNations Centre for Regional Development, concerning the legal status of any country orterritory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or
boundaries.
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II
PREFACE
Jakarta, April 2005
Teddy Boen & Associates
Throughout the centuries, earthquakes have taken a high toll of human lives and causedproperty losses. Earthquakes do not kill people but the collapse of man made buildings does.
Until today, human beings cannot prevent earthquakes, however, human beings can try toreduce the impact by designing and constructing earthquake resistant buildings. Almost all ofIndonesia is earthquake pone.
Currently people all over Indonesia build half brick masonry or concrete block houses. Masonryhouses have become a new culture. Many of those masonry houses are built withoutconfinement in the form of reinforced concrete beams and columns and in almost all past
earthquakes, masonry houses without confinement generally were heavily damaged orcollapsed. Half brick thick masonry wall houses without confinement is not recommended forearthquake prone areas.
Houses recommended to be built are half brick thick masonry wall with confinement in the formof foundation beam, practical columns and ring beam. Past earthquakes showed that such typeof houses are earthquake resistant provided that they are built properly.
This guideline tries to explain in a simple way the principles of constructing half brick thickconfined masonry houses.
This guideline contains the basic and elementary principles concerning how to lay bricks, how to
prepare concrete mix, how to bend reinforcing bars, detailing of joints and other basic thingsalready forgotten by local artisans, construction workers and by most engineers all overIndonesia.
The methods and details recommended in this guideline are basic and are minimumrequirements for constructing earthquake resistant masonry houses.
Materials for this guideline are taken from ref 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 30 and 35.
It is hoped that this guideline is useful for the common people in earthquake prone areas and forstakeholders involved in reducing the impact of future earthquakes.
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1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND LAYOUT OF HOUSES
1
090
x
xx
propertyline
buildinglayout
bu
ilding
line
x : Distance from land borderfence
Road
Items to be observed:
1. Distance of house from theproperty line
Ratio of houses / propertyarea
Height of house shall beproportional
Form should be suitable forlocal climate
2. Building line
3. Layout:
- House
- Septic tank
- Leaching
- Drainage
- Water pipe
- Well
4. Ground level shall be the100 year flood level
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090
well
septic tank, length 2,7m, height 1,5m, width 1mleaching, length 3m,height 1,2m, width 1m
clean waterpipe 1 1/4
sewage pipe 6
collectionpit for
sewage
rain waterdrain 30x30cm
manhole45x45x45cm
city drainage
road
garbage collection pit 150x90x75cmcovered with galvanized iron sheet or timber
partition for organic & anorganic
>15M
2
2. CLEAN WATER AND SEWERAGE
1 M
leaching
fromsewage
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3
1. Good .
2. Good .
3. All building components (foundation, columns, beams,walls, roof trusses, roofing) be to each other,so that when , the building
will act as .
quality materials
workmanship
MUST TIEDSHAKEN BY EARTHQUAKES
ONE INTEGRAL UNIT
r.c. beam
half-brickmasonry wall
r.c. beam
r.c beams
3. PRINCIPLES OF SEISMIC RESISTANT HOUSE
CONSTRUCTION
half-brick gable wall
r.c. column
anchor min.10mmlength > 40cm
every 6 layers of brick
rubble stone foundation
r.c. foundation beam
timber roof trusses
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4
SAND:- from rivers / quarries- clean from mud- clean from organic materials
SAND
GRAVEL
GRAVEL:-- clean from mud- clean from organic materials
-1-2cm
from rivers / quarries
NETTO50KG
CONCRETE BLOCK:-best from concrete mix- corners not damaged- no cracks
WATER :- clean- clear and does not smell- no oil, acid, alkali, salt, organic materials that can affect the r.c. bars- potable
length3-4m
TIMBER:- dry- straight- no cracks- no notch- treated against termite
RUBBLE STONE:- size as uniform as possible- rough surface, not smooth
20cm
40cm
10cm
20cm
40cm
10cm
4. BUILDING MATERIALS
10cm
20cm
5cm
BRICKS:- completely burnt- flat, not warping- does not break easily- uniform size- corners not damaged- minimum size 20x10x5cm
CEMENT: -Portland Cement - not hardened - dry - in 40/50 kg bags - not mixed with other materials - uniform color
R.C. BARS:- uniform size- conform with standard bars- not rusted- straight- diameter in accordance with
drawings
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5
try square batter board
timber stakes5/7cm
5. ERECTION OF BATTER BOARDS ERECTION OF BATTERBOARD:
1. is used asbenchmark for the levels of
the house.2. shall beerected prior toconstruction.
3.
4. Upper part of
5.
6. Corners must beperpendicular.
Batter board
Batter boards
Batter boards 2x20cm aresupported by timber stakes5/7cm and placed 2mapart.
batter boardis flat and smooth.Upper part of batter board
must be horizontal and thisleveling is done usingflexible water tube.
building axis / cord
batter board
nail 7cm
cordattached to nail
2m
1m
1m
leveled with water tube
to determine the level
wall axis
1 m
foundation excavation
brace 4x6cmto support
every 2m
batter board
Detail A
min80cm
2x20cm
upper level flat & smooth
batter board
2x20cmupper level flat & smooth
batter board
090
2 m 2 m
A
must beperpendicular
must beperpendicular
brace 4x6cm, to support every 2mbatter board
wall axis
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6
6. RUBBLE (RIVER / QUARRY) STONE FOUNDATION
level mustbe takenfor 100
year floodlevel
concrete mix
loose rubble stone
lean concrete
anchor min.10mmlength > 40cm
every 6 layers of brickstirrup8mmdistance 40 cm
rubble stone foundationanchor min.10mmevery 1m
90r.c. bar min.10mm
Note:Loose rubble stone and sand is needed if the bottom is muddy.
foundation excavation
minimum 80 cm
minimum8
0cm
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minimum 60cm
8 mm
10 mm
the groove must be in accordance with the bar diameter to be bent
7
Notes:
Prior to cutting reinforcing bars, the lengths of columns, beams reinforcing bars &stirrups and length of hooks must be determined from construction drawings.
After the reinforcing bars are cut based on the necessary length, the reinforcing barsare bent with appropriate bar bending tool and shaped into columns, beams, stirrups.
Bending bars after the reinforcing bars are assembled is not correct.
7. REINFORCING BARS BENDING TOOL
timber base
clamping rods 8/15
clamp rods embeddedin base timber beam
bar bender
clamp rodsembedded inbase timber beam
bar bender
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8
8. A. BEAM REINFORCING BARS
1. OUTER BEAM REINFORCING BAR
8. LENGTH AND BENDING OF REINFORCING BARS
2
A
+G
+2(B+C+E)-2F
=7040mm
C=6D
A+G
+2B-2F=6870mm
C=6D
3
length of bend is 6D= 60mm at both endsdistance of bend is
2,5 D = 25mm
E=2,5D
D
C=6D
A+G
+B-2F=6470mm
length of bar is bent40D = 400mm
at one end
4
5
A+G
-2
F=6070mm
finally, the other endof reinforcing bar
is bent 40D = 400mm
B=40D
C=6D
B=40D
C=6D
B=40D
C=6D
B=40D
C=6D
1
B=40D
G E=2,5D
E=2,5D
F
column12x12cm
A
G
C=6D
Prior to cutting, reinforcing bar length to be measured fromconstruction drawings, including the bends & hooks.Example: beam with 6m length from axis to axis, using bar
10mm:Formula: A + G + 2 (B + C + E) - 2F
A = 6000mmB = 40D = 400mmC = 6D = 60mmE = 2,5D = 25mmD = bar diameter = 10mmF = concrete cover = 2,5cm from the main reinforcing bar axisG = column width = 120mm
Length of outer beam reinforcing bar:== 6000 + 120 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25) - 2 (25)
= 7040mm = 7,04 m
A + G + 2 (B + C + E) - 2F
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1
A
F
G
G
B=40D
E=2,5D
C=6D
C=6D
E=2,5D
B=40D
column 12x12cm
9
2. INNER BEAM REINFORCING BAR
Inner beam reinforcing bar calculation:
Formula: A - G + 2 (B + C + E + F)A = 6000mmB = 40D = 400mmC = 6D = 60mmE = 2,5D = 25mmD = bar diameter = 10mmF = concrete cover = 2,5cm from the main reinforcing baraxisG = column width = 120mm
Length of inner beam reinforcing bar:= A - G + 2 (B + C + E + F)= 6000 - 120 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25 + 25)= 6900mm = 6,90 m
A-G
+B+2F=6330mm
4
5
A-G
+2F=5930mm
B=40D
C=6D
B=40D
B=40D
finally, the other endof reinforcing bar
is bent 40D = 400mm
length of bar is bent40D = 400mm
at one end
A-G
+2(B+F)=6730mm
3
C=6D
E=2,5D
D
C=6D
C=6D
length of bend is 6D =60mm at both endsdistance of bend is
2,5 D = 25mm
2
A-G
+2(B+
C+E+F)=6900mm
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A
+2B=3800m
m
3
C
=6D
E=2,5D
D
C=6D
C=6D
length of bend is 6D =60mm at both endsdistance of bend is
2,5 D = 25mm
8. B. COLUMN REINFORCING BARS
10
2
A
+2(B
+C
+E)=3970mm
A+B=3400mm
4
5
A
B=40D
C=6D
C=6D
C=6D
B=40D
C=6D
B=40D
finally, the lowerof reinforcing bar
is bent 40D = 400mm
length of bar is bent40D = 400mm
at the upper
1
A
B=40D
E=2,5D
C=6D
C=6D
E=2,5D
B=40D
Prior to cutting, reinforcing bar length to be measured from constructiondrawings, including the bends & hooks.
Example: column with 3m height from axis to axis, using bar10mm:Formula: A + 2 (B + C + E)
A = 3000mmB = 40D = 400mmC = 6D = 60mmE = 2,5D = 25mmD = bar diameter = 10mm
Length of column reinforcing bar:== 3000 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25)
= 3970mm = 3,97mTherefore, for 12m reinforcing bar, it can be obtained 3 column reinforcingbars for 3m height from axis to axis.
A + 2 (B + C + E)
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8.C. STIRRUPS
11
2A + B - 6F = 270 mm
length of bend
90 mm from (B - 2F)
reinforcing bar
B-2F=90mm
4
C
2,5D
2,5D
C
6
finally, the stirrups arebent 90mm from (A - 2F )
C
B-2F=90mm
A- 2F=90mm
1
concretecoverthickness 1,5cmfromstirrupaxis
F= 1,5 cm
C=6D
B
A
3
C=6D2
(A+B)-8F=
360mm
45D
E=
C=6D
2,5D
both ends of thestirrups are bent6D = 60mm at an
o
angle of 45
Prior to cutting, stirrup reinforcing bar length to be measured fromconstruction drawings, including the bends & hooks. The length isdetermined based on the stirrup axis with formula:perimeter of column / beam + 2 x hook length - 8 x concretecover from stirrup axis
Example: stirrup of column 12x12 cm using bar8mm:A = column width at one side = 120mmB = column width at the other side = 120mmC = 6D = 48mmE = 2,5D = 20mmD = bar diameter = 8mmF = concrete cover from stirrup axis = 15mm
Length of stirrup bar:=== 496mm = 49,6cm
Formula: 2 (A + B) + 2 (C + E) - 8F
2 (A + B) + 2 (C + E) - 8F2 (120 + 120) + 2 (48 + 20) - 8 x 15
2(A+B)+2(C
+E)-8F=496
mm
2
C
5
A-2F=90 mm
A+B-4F=1
80mm
stirrups are bent90mm from (B - 2F)
C
B-2F=90mm
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12
40D
Example:D = 10mm40D = 400mm40D = 40cm
Joint
Middle Joint
9. SEISMIC RESISTANT DETAILING OF JOINTS
40D 40D
15cm15cm
15cm
Side View
columnbeam
column
beam
Corner Joint
Top View
beam
40D
40D
15cm15cm
15cm
Top View
beam
Side View
IMPORTANT:- reinforcing bar diameter- bending method- joint detailing
! 6DBENDING METHOD
45
reinforcing bar
min.10 mm
stirrup min.length < 15cm
8 mm
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stirrups min.8mmdistance < 15cm
Top View
40D 40D 40D
40
D
10. FOUNDATION BEAM REINFORCING DETAILING
13
Top View
reinforcing bars
min.10mm
beam reinforcing bars
min.10mm
beam reinforcing bars
min.10mm
column reinforcing bar
min.10mm
anchor min.10mm,length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick
beam reinforcing bars
min.10mm
>40cm
10.A. MIDDLE JOINT
stirrups min.8mmdistance < 15cm
column reinforcing bar min.10mm
anchor min.10mm, length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick
beam reinforcing bars min.10mm
stirrups min.8mm distance < 15cm
>40cm
10.B. CORNER JOINT
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11. PREPARING CONCRETE MIX
14
First step, pour 3 pails of gravel & mix properly
with a hoe.1
mix properlywith a hoe
gravel & sand is mixedevenly with a hoe
Add 2 pails of sand & mix properly with a hoe.2
3 Subsequently ,add onepail of cement & mix
with a hoe.properly
gravel, sand &cement is
mixedwith a hoe
properly
4
gravel, sand &cement that arealready mixed
properly
After the threeingredients are
mixed.properly
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Concrete mix that meets standard requirement:3
Materials needed for 1 m of concrete:30,125 m water
0,250 cement0,500 sand0,750 gravel
The ratio of water : cement : sand : gravel1 : 2 : 4 : 6
or : 1 : 2 : 3
3m
3m
3m
15
5Form a depressionin the center.
6
mixwith a hoe
properly
Add pail of water & mix properly.
too much water
7
Example: good
Finally test the concrete mix consistency byplacing in your hand.
11. PREPARING CONCRETE MIX
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Concrete Mix:
1 pc (cement) 2 sand 3 gravel
Mix properly with appropriateamount of water
Expected min. compressive strength:2
= 150 kg/cm
12. PLACING CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION BEAM
16
stake 5/7 cm
brace 5/7 cmnailed to stake& stud
spreader 5/7 cm
stud 5/7 cm
form worksheathing20mm
rubble stonefoundation
surface must be horizontal
stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm
reinforcing
bar10mm
concrete mix:
1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel
20
cm
15 cm
reinforcing bar
10mm
stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm
concrete cover 2,5cm
from axis of main reinforcing bar
foundationbeam
CURING:Before & after the form work is
removed, it must be sprayed routinely.This applies to all reinforced concrete
components.
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13. PLUMBNESS OF BRICK LAYING AND COLUMNS
A: distance of plumbline to the column
17
Walls and columns must beplumb and can be done usingplumb lines and pins (cord &plumb bob).Corners of walls must beperpendicular.
Note:Columns form work must be supportedon 4 sides to warrant plumbness.
timber pole4/6 cm
verticalplumb line
brickwork
plumb bob
foundationbeam
columnreinforcing
plumbbob
A
A
form work
timber pole 4/6 cmas form work bracing
verticalplumb line
timber pole4/6 cm
foundation beam
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18
reinforcing bar min.10mm
half brick masonry wallcolumn 12x12cm
Mortar Mix:
1 pc (cement) 4 sand
mixed properly & add waterappropriately
mortar thickness 1,5 cmmortar mix 1 pc : 4 sand
surface must be
horizontal
stirrup min.8mm distance < 15 cm
anchor min.10mm, length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick
foundation beam 15x20 cm
brick wall
timber pole 5/7 cm along wall height erected to actas pilot for brick laying in the vertical direction
cord
Top Viewcolumn
Pull a cord to lay each layer of brickplus 1,5cm. The cord serve ashorizontal guidance.
5cm
cord
6,5
cm
6,5
cm
6,5
cm
+1,5cm
+1,5 cm
+1,5cm
mortar thickness 1,5 cmmortar mix 1 pc : 4 sand
half brick masonry wall
Timber pole to fix the cord is marked for every level of brick plus1,5cm. The string is removed if the brick layer is completed.
14. BRICK WALL
Curing:brick wallmust be sprayedperiodically
poorqualitybricksbreak
qualitybricks
DO NOTbreak
1/41/21/4
bricks must besoaked minimum
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15. REINFORCING BAR DETAILING AND PLACING CONCRETE
IN COLUMNS
19
concrete cover 2,5cmfrom axis of main reinforcing bar
12cm
12
cm
concrete mix:1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel
Concrete Mix:
1 pc (cement) 2 sand
Mix properly; add water appropriately.Expected min. compressive strength
2of concrete = 150 kg/cm
3 gravel
reinforcing bar
min.10mm
stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm
Reinforcing Detailing
r.c. beam
foundation beam
column reinforcing bar
410-12mm
40D40D
40D40D
foundation beam reinforcing bar
410-12mm
beam reinforcing bar
410-12mm
beam stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm
column stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm
foundation beam stirrup
min.8mm distance < 15 cm
brick wall
all form work must be tailored made &shall not use arbitrary planks stake 4/6 cm
Top View
r.c. column
10 cm
12 cm
form work2/20 cm
mortarthickness1,5 cmmortar mix1 pc : 4 sand
brick wall
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15.A. PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN SIMULTANEOUSLY WITHBRICK LAYING
20
halfwallheig
ht
form workhalf wall height
brace 4/6 cm nailedto form work
timber bracing
3
stake 4/6 cm Curing:brick wall & concrete mustbe sprayed periodically
2
column
reinforcing bar
half brick wall isprovided with
tobe filled withconcrete
toothed edges
1/4 1/4
COLUMN WITHTOOTHED
EDGES BRICKWALL
halfwallheight
rough surface brick at junctionwith column
anchor min.10mm,length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick
I. COLUMN REINFORCING BARS SUPPORTED BY TIMBER BRACING TOPREVENT BENDING/LEANING
reinforcingbars
timber brace4/6 cm
1
rough surface brick atjunction with column
1/21
COLUMN IS STRAIGHT
2
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21
II.HEIGHT BRICK WALL IS ERECTEDPHASE I PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN AFTER THE HALF
Curing:
brick wall &concrete mustbe sprayedperiodically
placingconcreteafter halfheight brickwall iserected
halfwallheight
4
club hammer
to compact theconcrete, a steel rod
12mm is used totramp & a clubhammer to tap the
sides
5
halfwallheight
III. PHASE II PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN
secondhalf
wallheight
form work is erectedfor the second halfwall height
placing concrete
after the brick wall iscompleted
secondhalf
wallheight
1 2
the form work canbe removed
minimum 3 daysafer placing
concrete
4
COLUMN IS STRAIGHT COLUMN WITH TOOTHED
EDGES BRICK WALL
3
secondhalf
wallheight
to compact theconcrete, a steel
rod12mm isused to tramp &
a club hammer totap the sides
Note:placing concrete isdone in one run &NOT IN STAGES
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the form work canbe removed
minimum 3 daysafer placing
concrete
columnh
eight
22
15.B. PLACING CONCRETE INCOLUMNS IN STAGES PRIORTO THE BRICK LAYING
timber bracing4/6 cm
to supportform work
form work erected fullheight on 3 sides
anchor min.10mm,length > 40cm
every 6 layers of brick
column reinforcing bar
min.10mm
form work is erectedhalf column height
brace 4/6 cm nailedto form work stud
stud4/6 cm
halfcolumnheight
to compact theconcrete, a steel
rod12mm isused to tramp &a club hammer totap the sides
I.HALF OF THE COLUMN
PLACING CONCRETE LOWER
II.HALF OF THE COLUMNPLACING CONCRETE UPPER
Curing:
concrete must be sprayed periodically
club hammer
Note:columns are supported on 4 sides
to warrant plumbness duringplacing of concrete.
placing concrete is done in one runand NOT IN STAGES
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15.C. PLACING CONCRETE IN FULL HEIGHT COLUMNS PRIOR TOBRICK LAYING
columnheight
to compact the concrete, a steel
rod12mm is used to tramp & aclub hammer to tap the sides
the form work can beremoved minimum 3 days
afer placing concrete
23
brace 4/6 cm to tie form work(when needed, number of bracing can be added)
Curing:concrete must be sprayed periodically
club hammer
Note:columns are supported on 4 sides
to warrant plumbness duringplacing of concrete.
placing concrete is done in one runand NOT IN STAGES
timber bracing 4/6 cm to support form work
columnheight
anchor min.10mm, length > 40cm
every 6 layers of brick
form work is erected full columnheight & ready for placing concrete
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sheathing 2cm
tie wire
nail 7cm
brace 5/7 cm
brick work
reinforced concrete column
concrete surface must be leveled
reinforcing bar
min.10mm
stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm
cleat 5/7 cm every 50cm(if deemed necessary)
brace 5/7 cm
spreader 2/3 cm every 1m
stud 5/7 cm every 1m
16. JOINT DETAILS AND PLACING CONCRETE IN BEAMS
20cm
12cm
Concrete Mix:
1 pc (cement) 2 sand
Mix properly; add water appropriately.Expected min. compressive strength
2of concrete = 150 kg/cm
3 gravel
concrete mix:
1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel
concrete cover 2,5cmfrom axis of main reinforcing bar
reinforcing bar
min.10mm
stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm
40D 40D
stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cmreinforcing bar
min.10mm
reinforcing bar min.10mm
r.c.beam
stud 5/7 cm every 1m
spreader 2/3 cm every 1m
tie wire
brace 5/7 cm
nail 7cm
brace 5/7 cm
brick worksheathing 2cm
cleat 5/7 cm every50cm (if deemednecessary)
24
Curing:
brick wall & concrete must be sprayed periodically
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17. TIMBER ROOF TRUSSES
8/12cm
8/12cm
8/12
cm
8/12cm
iron sheet 4.40 mm /
plank 20.100 mm
bolt min.10 mm
purlin6/12 cm
8/12
cm
8/12cm
6/12cm
cleat
bolt min.10 mm
25
tool to twist anchor barsmade
of galvanized iron pipe >3
with 2 holes
anchor min.10mm,length >40cm
bolt min.
10 mm
8/12cm
8/12cm
purlin 6/12 cm
r.c. beam12/20 cm
column12/12 cm
timber bracing to tie trusses 6/12 cm
purlin 6/12 cm wooden pin
min.10mm
iron sheet4.40 mm /
plank 20.100 mm
bolt min.
10 mm
8/12
cm
8/1
2cm
steel clams4.40 mm
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18. GABLE WALL
40d
40d40d
stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm
reinforcing bar min.10mm
26
40d 40d
reinforcing bar min.10mm
stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm40d
40d
40d 40d
stirrup min.8mmdistance < 15 cm
reinforcing bar min.10mm
I
I
II
II
III
III
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ready to fixroof cover
screw
+lead washer
Advantage of galvanized iron sheet roofing:- Light in weight- Easy to install
19. ROOF COVERING
fascia 2/25 cm
cleat
purlin 6/12 cm
galvanized ironsheet roofroof truss
8/12 cm
fascia beam2/25 cm
roof truss8/12 cm
20cm
20cm
purlin 6/12 cm
galvanized ironsheet roof
screw
cleat
27
ridgecover ridge 6/12 cm
cleat
screwgalvanized ironsheet roof
purlin 6/12 cm
ridgecover
roof truss8/12 cm
fascia beam6/12 cm
screwgalvanized iron
sheet roof
roof truss 8/12 cm
fascia2/25 cm
purlin 6/12 cm
cleat
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28
REFERENCES
[1] Boen, T., Reconstruction of Houses in Aceh, Seven Months after the Earthquake danTsunami, Dec 26, 2004.ICUS Conference, Singapore, 2005.
[2] Boen, T., Nias / Simeulue Earthquake March 28, 2005.EERI Journal, Vol.39, 2005.[3] Boen, T. and Jigyasu, R., Cultural Considerations for Post Disaster Reconstruction Post-
Tsunami Challenges. UNDP Conference, 2005.[4] Boen, T., Membangun Rumah Tembokan Tahan Gempa, 2005.[5] Boen, T., Sumatra Earthquake, 26 December 2004. Special Report ICUS, 2005.[6] Boen, T., Earthquake Resistant Design of Non-Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.
EASEC Conference, Bali, Indonesia, 2003.[7] American Concrete Institute,ACI 318-02, 2002.[8] Boen, T., Earthquake Resistant Design of Non Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.
EQTAP Conference, Kamakura, 2001.
[9] Boen, T., Earthquake Resistant Design of Non Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.EQTAP Conference, Bali, 2001.
[10] Boen, T., et. al., Post Earthquake Disaster Relocation: Indonesia's Experience.APECConference, Taiwan, 2001.
[11] Boen, T., Impact of Earthquake on School Buildings in Indonesia.EQTAP Conference,Kobe, Jepang, 2001.
[12] Boen, T., Disaster Mitigation of Non Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.EQTAPConference, Manila, 2001.
[13] Boen, T., Gempa Bumi Bengkulu: Fenomena, dan Perbaikan / Perkuatan Bangunan(Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap Bangunan-Bangunan yang Rusak akibatGempa Bumi Bengkulu, 4 Juni 2000), 2000.
[14] Fanella, David A., Seismic Detailing of Concrete Buidings, Portland Cement Association,
2000.[15] Tomazevic, Miha,Earthquake Resistant Design of Masonry Buildings, Imperial CollegePress 1999.
[16] Pande, et. al., Computer Methods in Structural Masonry, Proceeding 4th InternationalSymposium on Computer Methods in Structural Masonry, 1998.
[17] Boen, T.,Bencana Gempa Bumi: Fenomena, Akibat, dan Perbaikan / PerkuatanBangunan yang Rusak (Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap Bangunan-Bangunanyang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi Biak, 17 Februari 1996), 1996.
[18] Shah, H., and Boen, T.,ProbabilisticSeismic Hazard Model for Indonesia, 1996.[19] Kicklighter,Modern Masonry: Brick, Block, Stone,Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher, 1996.[20] Boen, T.,Manual Perbaikan dan Perkuatan Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi
(Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa BumiKerinci, 7 Oktober 1995), 1995.
[21] Boen, T.,Earthquake Hazard Mitigation in Developing Countries, the IndonesianExperience, 1994.
[22] Boen, T.,Manual Perbaikan Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi (Hasil SurveyGempa Lampung Barat, 16 Februari 1994), 1994.
[23] Boen, T.,Anjuran Perbaikan Detail Struktur Bangunan Sederhana yag Rusak akibatGempa Bumi (Hasil Surey Gempa Bumi Halamahera, 21-1-1994) , 1994.
[24] Boen, T.,Manual Perbaikan Bangunan Sederhana yang Rusak akibat Gempa BumiFlores, Desember 1992.
[25] Pauley & Priestley, Seismic Design of Reinforce and Masonry,John Wiley & Sons,Canada, Ltd, 1992.
[26] Brett, Peter,Formwork and Concrete Practice, Heineman Professional Publishing, 1988.
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REFERENCES
[27] Curtin, Shaw, Beck, Structural Masonry Designers Manual,BSP Professional Books,1987.
[28] IAEE Committee on Non-Engineered Construction, Guidelines for Earthquake ResistantNon-Engineered Construction , The International Association for EarthquakeEngineering, 1986.
[29] CIB/W-73, Small Buildings and Community Development. Proceedings,International Conference on Natural Hazards Mitigation Research and Practice, 1984.
[30] Boen, T.,Manual Bangunan Tahan Gempa (Rumah Tinggal), 1978.[31] National Science Foundation,Earthquake Resistant Masonry Construction: National
Workshop, 1977.[32] Sharma, S.K. dan Kaul, B.K.,A Text Book of Building Construction, S. Chand dan Co.
(Pvt) Ltd., 1976.
[33] Fintel, Mark,Handbook of Concrete Engineering, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1974.[34] Neville, A.M.,Properties of Concrete, Pitman Publishing, 1973.[35] Sahlin, Sven,Structural Masonry, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971.[36] Unesco,Reinforced Concrete, an International Manual, Butterworths, 1971.[37] Boen, T.,Dasar-Dasar Perencanaan Bangunan Tahan Gempa, 1969.[38] Portland Cement Association, Concrete Technology, Student Manual, D.B. Taraporevala
Sons dan Co. Private Ltd,. 1969.[39] Rooseno,Beton Tulang, Pembangunan Djakarta, 1954.
WORLD SEISMIC SAFETY INITIATIVE
TEDDY BOEN