Construction & Demolition Waste€¦ · 3. C&D Recycling - Overview Use of Construction Waste •...

Rafaela Craizer, 11/03/2020

Construction & Demolition Waste

2

Structure

1. What we do

3. C&D Recycling : Overview

4. C&D Recycling : Process

5. Success story in other countries

6. Project implementation: Step-to-step

7. Business models and market analyses

2. Introduction

8. Conclusions

3

1. What we do

TRADING & OPERATIONS CONSULTING

Worldwide in-situ operations for

hazardous waste assessments,

decontamination, repackaging, licensing

Worldwide waste trading and mediation to EU licensed disposal

facilities (we act as their international representatives)

Technical waste management

consultancy & project developers worldwide

(hazardous & non-hazardous waste)

1. What we do

Project Office locations: Germany | Kuwait | Brazil

Latin America: Argentina | Brazil | Guatemala | Honduras | Mexico

Europe: Greece | Italy | Portugal | Spain | UK

Africa: Algeria | Egypt | Ghana | Tunisia

Middle East: Afghanistan | Iraq | Jordan | Kuwait | Lebanon

| Oman| Pakistan | Qatar | Saudi Arabia | UAE |

Asia: India | Indonesia | Hong Kong | Malaysia | Myanmar

Russia

1. What we do

Hazardous materials in CDW (2012)

53%

38%

8%1%

Mineral waste from CDW Contaminated soils and dragging spoils

Asbestos containing waste Wood waste

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/pdf/CDW_Final_Report.pdfhttps://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/deliverables/CDW_Germany_Factsheet_Final.pdf

Types of Construction Waste - Germany

Materials in CDW (2012)

27%

8%57%

8%

Demolition waste Road construction waste

Soil and stones Construction waste**

6

**including plastics (PVC), metals and wood

Hazardous materials from CDW are in form of concrete, bricks, gypsum containing hazardous substances, asbestos-containing waste, wood waste containing chemicals (in part of construction waste and demolition waste)

2. Introduction

2. Introduction

• In 2016, recycling rate of construction

and demolition waste was 89.8%

• Based on § 14 para. 3 KrWG, recovery

rate of 70% (by weight) of construction

waste shall be reached by January

2020;

• A well-established network,

responsibility of the public sector,

universally accepted certificates,

public perception and acceptance, and

norms have proven to be major drivers

to sustainable CDW management

Technology for CDW treatment: German recycling experience

7https://www.baustoffindustrie.de/fileadmin/user_upload/bbs/Dateien/Downloadarchiv/Umwelt/11_KWB_Monitoring-Bericht.pdf

10,80%

11,00%

11,20%

11,40%

11,60%

11,80%

12,00%

12,20%

12,40%

12,60%

12,80%

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Shar

e o

f to

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on

stru

ctio

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ate

rial

de

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d f

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aggr

ega

tes

Ab

solu

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[m

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Year

Production of recycled aggregates: Development from 2006 to 2016

(Bundesverband Baustoffe – Steine und Erden e. V., 2018)

3. C&D Recycling - Overview

Use of Construction Waste

• Much of this waste is inert, such as demolished concrete, stone, brick, wood

• In addition, there may be toxic hazards such as paints and coatings, industrial adhesives,

fixtures containing toxic metals (such as old lead pipes), or other dangerous chemicals

that were not separated in the disposal process

• Much of the waste generated by construction activities is reusable - some C&D waste

actually consists of unused building material scrap that can still be employed for its

original purpose

• Other C&D wastes consist of materials that can not be reused but can be recycled - most

notably these include recyclable metals (rebar, pipes, etc.) and crushed concrete, which

can be used as an aggregate in the production of new concrete.

9

3. C&D Recycling - Overview

http://www.eurogypsum.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/N118.pdf

Fraction Recycle Reuse Resale

Wood

X (e.g., recycled as wood chips – fuel, compost amendment, fiber stock for roofing materials

production)

X(after careful removal and

separation techniques)

X(after removal of nails, screws and

metal brackets)

Gypsum boardsX

(e.g., recycled for soil amendment in agricultural applications, landscaping mulch)

n.a. n.a.

GlassX

(if there is sufficient amount)X

X(in intact or size-reduced form)

MetalsX

(e.g., recycled as ferrous, copper, aluminium in separate form, and mixed metals)

XX

(as a single or mixed metals)

CarpetsX

(e.g., recycled as new nylon fibre)X

X(without stain)

ConcreteX

(e.g., aggregate, landscaping rock)X

(e.g., for stream bank stabilization)n.a.

AsphaltX

(e.g., aggregate, landscaping rock)X

(e.g., for stream bank stabilization)n.a.

Valuable materials from CDW

4. C&D Recycling Process

Use of Construction Waste

• Crushing and screening systems start with primary jaws, cones and/or large impactors taking rubble from 75cm to 1.2m.

• A secondary impactor may or may not need to be run depending upon the project, the equipment used and the final product desired.

• A screen will remove dirt and foreign particles.

• A fine harp deck screen will remove fine material from coarse aggregate.

• Further cleaning is necessary to ensure the recycled concrete product is free of dirt, clay, wood, plastic and organic materials.

• This is done by water floatation, hand picking, air separators, and electromagnetic separators.


11https://remexit.de/herstellung/

REMEX group

Raw materialFeeding hopper

Primary sieving

Screening station

Impact crusher Over belt magnet

Ferrous metal scrap

Flip-flow sieve

32/4516/328/165/80/545/X0/4

If needed

If needed0/45Final Product

Product name: Remexit

Input material: Rubble and road construction

Output material: Metallic fraction (iron), mineral fraction (aggregates 0/32 and 0/45 – used as substitute base layers in road

construction, and other fraction – mixed with different classes depending on the use

Source: REMEX Mineralstoff GmbH

Rubble recycling process

In Europe


Kiverco mobile recycling


Kiverco mobile recycling

Separate smaller from bigger

aggregates

Operating Length 14 m

Operating width 4,1 m

Operating height 5,6 m

Operation feed height 5 m

Weight 22,000 kg


14

Feeder Trommel

Source: Kiverco

Approximate CAPEX: 370.000€

Separate light from heavy fractions

Operating Length 9,2 m

Operating width 7m

Operating height 4,5

Discharge height 4 m

Weight 11,000 kg


15

Density separator

Source: Kiverco


➢ 2 to 6 bay sorting to recover

clean stone, wood, paper,

plastics, card etc

➢ Integrated magnetic separation

to recover ferrous metals

Operating Length 18,5 m

Operating width 3,4 m

Operating height 5,6 m

Weight 21,500 kg


16

Picking Station

Source: Kiverco



Description:

The ever-increasing demand for construction

materials on the island of Aruba led to a dramatic

increase in production.

The recycling plant includes the initial feeding

system, the attrition phase which scrubs the

aggregate product and removes unwanted

contaminants, the aggregate screening and

stockpiling system, a sand washing phase which

produces one washed recycled sand product, a

primary stage water treatment phase and a

sludge management system.


18

The CDW recycling plant at ATCO facility in Aruba, Venezuela

https://www.cdeglobal.com/case-studies/atco-concrete-products-aruba

Source: ATCO

Output material:

➢ Washed and recycled aggregates (5-10 mm and 10-20mm)

➢ Washed and recycled sand

➢ Maximum capacity: 100t/hour

Description:

Over 6000 tons of construction waste is processed daily atBee’ah’s CDW recycling facility. This plant is charged withwaste reduction and the recycling of construction,demolition and land clearing debris resulting from theconstruction industry.Input material:➢ Asphalt➢ Bricks➢ Cardboard➢ Concrete➢ Insulation➢ Metals➢ Wood➢ Plastic film from packaging➢ Window glass➢ Field office waste (paper, cans, glass and plastic

bottles and cardboard)Output material:The output materials are reused as aggregate for roads, pavements and walkways, or even for landscaping.


19

Bee’ah’s CDW recycling facility . United Arab Emirates

Source: Bee’ah Corporate Brochure (2011)


Step-to-step procedure: Project management CDW management

20

http://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_2269_de1b382786178835581fb21f5a81c3b1.pdfhttps://www.limerick.ie/sites/default/files/media/documents/2019-03/Opera_Site_Outline_Construction_Demolition_Waste_Management_Plan.pdf

Initiation phase

Planning phase

Execution phase

Controlling phase

Closing phase

Example:• Waste identification and analysis

Example:• Waste management planning• Resource planning

Example:• Training and educational programs• Waste management plan execution• Social/socio-economic evaluation, e.g. User-Need

Assessment and Requirements Analysis (UNARA)

Example:• Waste management program control

Example:• Waste management program administration and

records(Source: AECOM, 2015; Mortaheb & Mahpour, 2016)

• The objective of this procedure is to recover pure material fractions for recycling or reuse.

• The purpose of inventory of hazardous materials and decontamination is to identify hazardous materials that have to be removed prior to demolition and assess the recycling potential.

• To ensure high quality recovery, a selective demolition is followed by processing of material fractions.


Step-to-step procedure: CDW selective demolition process (example: House dismantling)

21https://www.eionet.europa.eu/

Inventory of hazardous materials and

decontamination

Deconstruction (removal of interiors

and equipmentDismantling Demolition and sorting

- Asbestos- Polychlorinated

biphenyls (PCB)- Lead- Etc.

- Doors- Windows- Wood- Gypsum boards- Metal- Stairs

- Bricks- Beams- Components- Structures

- Mineral fraction (concrete)

- Wood- Scrap

Disposal/treatmentDisposal/treatment of rejects

Products for market (recycling)

Reuse Recycling

Size reduction, fractioning, removal of unwanted fractions, traceability

Cleaning, sorting, traceability

(Source: Lauritzen, 2018)

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7. Business plan and market analyses

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/pdf/CDW%20infrastructure%20study.pdf

CDW recycling business models: Fact sheet

Stationary Mixed CDW Processor/Collector

Value proposition Customer (downstream/upstream) and key partners

Services and products offered:• Collection and processing of

CDW at a fixed facility• Sales of recycled materials, most

often standardized and certified

Upstream customers:• Construction companies• Demolition companiesDownstream customers• Earthworks companies• (Road) construction companies• Niche CDW processors

Main technologies and processes Revenue mechanism(s)

Key processes are sorting, purification, crushing internal logistics, quality control and certification

Combination of payment per output ton of material and gate fee per input ton delivered. Distribution of revenue depends on the specific regional business context, e g., 25/75 or 50/50

Material streams processed Typical investment

Mixed construction and demolition waste (170904)Suggested that at least 100k ton of materials should be processed per year before it can be economically viable

Typical investment of EUR 2-3 million , with ca. 50% for equipment and ca. 50% for land/building

Main risks

Main risks for this business model are:• (Changes in the) regulatory framework, e.g., related to acceptance of

output materials• Market dynamics leading to price pressure on output materials• Lack of supply of input materials (e.g., due to lower demolition

activities)

23




Mobile Mixed CDW Processor/Collector



inert CDW at the building sitewith mobile processingequipment

Upstream customers:• Construction companies• Demolition companies• Downstream customers• Construction companies• Niche CDW processors

Main technologies and processes

Revenue mechanism(s)

Key processes aretransport, crushing,sieving

Most often a fixed fee per output ton delivered,with different prices applicable for variousoutput material fractions (e.g. broken concrete,mixed granulate, sand, broken asphalt).Sometimes, a small additional revenue can bemade from the metal content (e.g., Fe fromreinforced concrete)


Mixed construction and demolitionwaste (170904), focusing on inertfractions (concrete, stones,bituminous mixtures withoutcontaminants)

Typical investment of EUR 900-1,100,000 inequipment per mobile plant (including acombination machine with crusher andsieve integrated, a wheel loader and anexcavator) and EUR 200-500,000 in land,building and infrastructure

Main risks

Main risks for this business model are:• Contaminated input flows• Hindrance of activities due to nuisance caused to surroundings (dust,

noise)• High transportation costs• Low occupancy of mobile plant

24




Hazardous CDW Processor/Collector



hazardous CDW (e.g., tar containing asphalts) at a fixed facility)

• Sales of recycled materials

Upstream customers:• Infrastructure construction companies• Demolition companies• Generic CDW processors/collectorsDownstream customers:• Road construction companies• Users of granulate

Main technologies and processes Revenue mechanism(s)

Thermal cleaning for tar contaminated asphaltsPhysical/chemical treatment

Combination of gate fee per ton input material and material revenue per ton output, depending on local business context. Example: 70% gate fees, 30% output materials


Concrete (170101)Bricks (170102)Asphalt: Bituminous mixtures containing coal tar (170301) and bituminous mixtures other than those mentioned in 170301PCB (170902)Lead based paint (170204, 170409)In general, there are 2 types: fractions requiring thermal cleaning and fractions not requiring this process

No public information available, but very high investment requirements because of need of incinerator

Main risks

Main risks for this business model are:• (Changes in the) regulatory framework,

e.g., related to allowed impurities in recycled asphalt

• Main obstacles to sustainable CDW management:• Heterogeneous Legislation• Lack of economic incentives• Lack of enforcement• Lack of knowledge

• Main drivers to sustainable CDW management:• Advanced practices and a well-established network

• Responsibility of the public sector

• Public perception and acceptance

• Norms

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8. Conclusions

26Appropriate Recycling Solutions and Recovery of Waste on Islands

Rafaela Craizer, 11/04/2019

THANK YOU !

Rafaela Craizer

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Construction & Demolition Waste€¦ · 3. C&D Recycling - Overview Use of Construction Waste •...

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