Date post: | 22-Jan-2018 |
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CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
INTRODUCTION
It is a common fact that we find a wide variety of
construction machines on every construction sites, which
make the construction jobs easy, safe and quicker.
Depending on the application, construction machines are
classified into various categories which we are discussing
here.
A. Earthmoving equipments
B. Construction vehicles
C. Material handling equipments
D. Construction equipments
*Earthmoving equipment is used in the construction industry to :
- shift large amounts of earth,
- dig foundations and landscape areas.
*Types of earthmoving equipment include hydraulic excavators,bulldozers, compressors and loaders.
GROUP A : EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENTS
A1 : EXCAVATORS
Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house").
The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.
Excavators are also called diggers
Excavators are used in many ways: Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
Material handling
Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments
Forestry work
Demolition
General grading/landscaping
Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
River dredging
Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver
A1 : EXCAVATORS
A2 : LOADERS
A loader is a heavyequipment machine oftenused in construction,primarily used to Loadmaterial (such as asphalt,demolition debris, dirt,snow, feed, gravel, logs,raw minerals, recycledmaterial, rock, sand, andwoodchips) into or ontoanother type of machinery(such as a dump truck,conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar).
A3 : SKID STEER LOADERS
A skid loader or skid-steerloader is a small rigid frame,engine-powered machinewith lift arms used to attach awide variety of labor-savingtools or attachments.
Though sometimes they areequipped with tracks, skid-steer loaders are typicallyfour-wheel vehicles with thewheels mechanically lockedin synchronization on eachside, and the left-side drivewheels can be drivenindependently of the right-side drive wheels.
A4 : GRADERS
A grader, also commonlyreferred to as a roadgrader, a blade, amaintainer, or a motorgrader, is a constructionmachine with a long bladeused to create a flatsurface.
Typical models have threeaxles, with the engine andcab situated above therear axles at one end ofthe vehicle and a third axleat the front end of thevehicle, with the blade inbetween.
A4 : GRADERS
In civil engineering, the grader'spurpose is to "finish grade"(refine, set precisely) the "roughgrading" performed by heavyequipment or engineeringvehicles such as scrapers andbulldozers.
Graders are commonly used inthe construction and maintenanceof dirt roads and gravel roads.
In the construction of paved roadsthey are used to prepare the basecourse to create a wide flatsurface for the asphalt to beplaced on. Graders are also usedto set native soil foundation padsto finish grade prior to theconstruction of large buildings.
A5 : CRAWLER LOADERS
The crawler loader
combines the stability of
the crawler tractor with the
abilities of a wheel loader.
However, to construct a
reliable crawler loader it
requires more than simply
attaching a loader bucket
onto a crawler tractor. It
must be designed with its
specific purpose in mind to
ensure it has the strength
to withstand heavy
excavating.
A5 : CRAWLER LOADERS
The introduction of hydraulic
excavators diminished the
market for the crawler loader
because it was unable to match
the excavator's lifting power and
flexibility.
However, crawler loaders are
capable of maneuvering across
the entire construction site
under its own power, whereas
most hydraulic excavators
require towing or transport.
While crawler tractors are still
being manufactured today for
niche markets, they reached
their peak of popularity in the
1960s.
A6 : BACKHOE
A backhoe, also called a
rear actor or back actor, is
a piece of excavating
equipment or digger
consisting of a digging
bucket on the end of a two-
part articulated arm. They
are typically mounted on the
back of a tractor or front
loader.
A7 : BULLDOZERS
A bulldozer is a crawler(continuous trackedtractor) equipped with asubstantial metal plate(known as a blade) used topush large quantities ofsoil, sand, rubble, or othersuch material duringconstruction or conversionwork and typicallyequipped at the rear with aclaw-like device (known asa ripper) to loosendensely-compactedmaterials.
A8 : TRENCHERS
Trenchers, or ditchers asthey are sometimes called,are similar to excavators inthe sense that theypenetrate the earth,breaking soil and rock, andremove it from the ground.They differ fromexcavators in that the soilis removed in onecontinuous movement.Trenchers are specificallyused for digging trenchesfor pipes, but othermachines have beenimprovised in the past toserve this purpose.
A8 : TRENCHERS
Trenchers can come in two
types: ladder trenchers
and wheel trenchers, and
can dig trenches at speeds
that other machines
cannot compare to.
A9 : SCRAPERS
In civil engineering, awheel tractor-scraper is apiece of heavy equipmentused for earthmoving.
The rear part has avertically moveable hopper(also known as the bowl)with a sharp horizontalfront edge. The hoppercan be hydraulicallylowered and raised. Whenthe hopper is lowered, thefront edge cuts into the soilor clay like a plane and fillsthe hopper.
A9 : SCRAPERS
When the hopper is full itis raised, and closed with avertical blade (known asthe apron). The scrapercan transport its load tothe fill area where theblade is raised, the backpanel of the hopper, or theejector, is hydraulicallypushed forward and theload tumbles out. Then theempty scraper returns tothe cut site and repeatsthe cycle.
A10 : WHEELED LOADING SHOVELS
A power shovel (also strippingshovel or front shovel orelectric mining shovel) is abucket-equipped machine,usually electrically powered,used for digging and loadingearth or fragmented rock and formineral extraction.
Power shovels are usedprincipally for excavation andremoval of overburden in open-cut mining operations, though itmay include loading of minerals,such as coal. They are themodern equivalent of steamshovels, and operate in a similarfashion.
A10 : WHEELED LOADING SHOVELS
A shovel's work cycle, or
digging cycle, consists of
four phases:
digging
swinging
dumping
returning
* Engineering or Construction vehicles are heavy-duty vehicles,
specially designed for executing construction (Civil engineering) tasks,
most frequently, ones involving earth moving.
GROUP B : CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES
B1 : DUMPERS
A dumper is a vehicle
designed for carrying bulk
material, often on building
sites. Dumpers are
distinguished from dump
trucks by configuration: a
dumper is usually an open
4-wheeled vehicle with the
load skip in front of the
driver, while a dump truck
has its cab in front of the
load.
B1 : DUMPERS
The skip can tip to dump
the load; this is where the
name "dumper" comes
from. They are normally
diesel powered. A towing
eye is fitted for secondary
use as a site tractor.
Modern dumpers have
payloads of up to 10 tones
and usually steer by
articulating at the middle of
the chassis.
B2 : TIPPERS
A truck or lorry the rear
platform of which can be
raised at the front end to
enable the load to be
discharged by gravity also
called tip truck.
B2 : TIPPERS
Tippers are suited for the
rough and tumble of
mining & quarrying
operations, as well as for
carrying bulk loads in
construction and
infrastructure industries.
Complete maneuverability,
high performance and
long-term endurance are
common to all trucks,
resulting in lower operating
costs.
B3 : TRAILERS
A trailer is generally an
unpowered vehicle pulled
by a powered vehicle.
Commonly, the term trailer
refers to such vehicles
used for transport of goods
and materials.
B3 : TRAILERS
GROUP C : MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
C1 : CRANES
A crane is a type of
machine, generally
equipped with a hoist, wire
ropes or chains, and
sheaves, that can be used
both to lift and lower
materials and to move
them horizontally. It is
mainly used for lifting
heavy things and
transporting them to other
places.
C1 : CRANES
It uses one or more simplemachines to createmechanical advantage andthus move loads beyondthe normal capability of aman. Cranes arecommonly employed in thetransport industry for theloading and unloading offreight, in the constructionindustry for the movementof materials and in themanufacturing industry forthe assembling of heavyequipment.
C2 : CONVEYORS
A conveyor system is acommon piece of mechanicalhandling equipment thatmoves materials from onelocation to another.Conveyors are especiallyuseful in applicationsinvolving the transportation ofheavy or bulky materials.Conveyor systems allowquick and efficienttransportation for a widevariety of materials, whichmake them very popular inthe material handling andpackaging industries
C2 : CONVEYORS
C3 : FORKLIFTS
A forklift truck (also called alift truck, a fork truck, aforklift, or a tow-motor) is apowered industrial truck usedto lift and transport materials.
Forklift trucks are available inmany variations and loadcapacities. In a typicalwarehouse setting mostforklifts used have loadcapacities between one tofive tons. Larger machines,up to 50 tons lift capacity areused for lifting heavier loads,
C3 : FORKLIFTS
C4 : HOISTS
A hoist is a device used
for lifting or lowering a load
by means of a drum or lift-
wheel around which rope
or chain wraps. It may be
manually operated,
electrically or
pneumatically driven and
may use chain, fiber or
wire rope as its lifting
medium. The load is
attached to the hoist by
means of a lifting hook
C4 : HOISTS
Also known as a Man-Lift,Buckhoist, temporary elevator,builder hoist, passenger hoist orconstruction elevator, this typeof hoist is commonly used onlarge scale constructionprojects, such as high-risebuildings or major hospitals.There are many other uses forthe construction elevator.
Many other industries use thebuckhoist for full timeoperations. The purpose isbeing to carry personnel,materials, and equipmentquickly between the ground andhigher floors, or between floorsin the middle of a structure.
GROUP D : CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
D1 : TUNNELING AND HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
A tunnel boring machine
(TBM) also known as a "mole",
is a machine used to excavate
tunnels with a circular cross
section through a variety of soil
and rock strata. They can bore
through anything from hard rock
to sand. Tunnel diameters can
range from a meter (done with
micro-TBMs) to 19.25 m to date.
Tunnels of less than a meter or
so in diameter are typically done
using trenchless construction
methods or horizontal
directional drilling rather than
TBMs.
D2 : CONCRETE MIXERS
A concrete mixer (also
commonly called a cement
mixer) is a device that
homogeneously combines
cement, aggregate such as
sand or gravel, and water to
form concrete. A typical
concrete mixer uses a revolving
drum to mix the components.
For smaller volume works
portable concrete mixers are
often used so that the concrete
can be made at the construction
site, giving the workers ample
time to use the concrete before
it hardens.
D2 : CONCRETE MIXERS
Special concrete transport
trucks (in–transit mixers) are
made to transport and mix
concrete up to the construction
site. They can be charged with
dry materials and water, with the
mixing occurring during
transport. With this process, the
material has already been
mixing. The concrete mixing
transport truck maintains the
material's liquid state through
agitation, or turning of the drum,
until delivery.
D3 : COMPACTORS
A compactor is a machine or
mechanism used to reduce the
size of waste material or soil
through compaction.
In construction, there are three
main types of compactor: the
plate compactor, the "Jumping
Jack" and the road roller. The
roller type compactors are used
for compacting crushed rock as
the base layer underneath
concrete or stone foundations or
slabs.
D3 : COMPACTORS
The plate compactor has a large
vibrating base plate and is
suited for creating a level grade,
while the jumping jack
compactor has a smaller foot.
The jumping jack type is mainly
used to compact the backfill in
narrow trenches for water or gas
supply pipes etc. Road rollers
may also have vibrating rollers.
D4 : PAVERS
A paver (paver finisher,
asphalt finisher, paving
machine) is an engineering
vehicle used to lay asphalt
on roadways. It is normally
fed by a dump truck. A
separate machine, a roller, is
then used to press the hot
asphalt mix, resulting a
smooth, even surface. The
sub-base being prepared by
use of a grader to trim
crushed stone to profile after
rolling.
D4 : PAVERS
D5 : SPRAYING AND PLASTERING MACHINES
Plaster spraying allows a
plasterer to skim a drywall more
than five times faster than using
a hand float to apply it. Although
classic gypsum-based plaster
can be sprayed if it is "spray
grade," most plaster sprayers
prefer the organic-based pre-
mixed plaster packaged in a
plastic bag because the plaster
spraying machine does not
need to be cleaned out after the
job is finished, providing that
plaster is kept moist.
D5 : SPRAYING AND PLASTERING MACHINES
Worm-drive pump
Most commonly, sprayers have
a worm-drive pump that pumps
the plaster up to a spray gun
that has a large nozzle, usually
4 to 8 mm, that extrudes the
plaster into a chamber on the
end of the gun
Piston pump
Newer types of plaster sprayer
have a piston pump, which has
sufficient pressure to spray
smooth (untextured) plaster
without compressed air.
D6 : ROAD ROLLER
A road roller (sometimes
called a roller-compactor,
or just roller) is a
compactor type
engineering vehicle used
to compact soil, gravel,
concrete, or asphalt in the
construction of roads and
foundations, similar rollers
are used also at landfills or
in agriculture.
D8 : SLURRY&HEAVY DUTY PUMPS
A Slurry pump is a type of
centrifugal pump in physics
principle that increases the
pressure of liquid and solid
particle mixture (aka slurry),
through centrifugal force (a
rotating impeller) and
converts electrical energy
into slurry potential and
kinetic energy.
A pump is a device used to
move fluids, such as liquids,
gases or slurries. A pump
displaces a volume by
physical or mechanical
action.
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